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458 results for “incubator”
Fig 1 in Toxicity of cryoprotectants on Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (curimba) embryos in an experimental incubator (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)
Fig 1. Representative image of the experimental incubators.
Figure 6. Temperature, April 2014 in Assessment of the incubation period for each sex of Turkish semiwild Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita)
Figure 6. Temperature, April 2014.
Figure 2. Temperature, March 2013 in Assessment of the incubation period for each sex of Turkish semiwild Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita)
Figure 2. Temperature, March 2013.
Figure 4. Temperature, March 2015 in Assessment of the incubation period for each sex of Turkish semiwild Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita)
Figure 4. Temperature, March 2015.
Soil properties and Q10 values along a latitudinal transect and for a 4-year laboratory incubation
<p>Soil physicochemical protection, substrates and microorganisms data were included for soils collected from seven sites along a 5,000-km-long latitudinal transect and from a 4-year laboratory incubation experiment. Q10 values data for microorganism reciprocal transplant experiments and aggregate disruption experiments were also included.</p>
Color of artificial light at night affects incubation behavior in the great tit, Parus major
<p>Artificial light at night (ALAN) has been recognized as a biodiversity threat due to the drastic effects it can have on many organisms. In wild birds, artificial illumination alters many natural behaviors that are important for fitness, including chick provisioning. Although incubation is a key determinant of the early developmental environment, studies into the effects of ALAN on bird incubation behavior are lacking. We measured nest temperature in nest boxes of great tits during the incubation period in two consecutive years. Nest boxes were located in eight previously dark field sites that have been experimentally illuminated since 2012 with white, green, or red light, or were left dark. We tested if light treatment affected mean nest temperature, number of times birds leave the nest (off-bout frequency), and off-bout duration during the incubation period. Subsequently, we investigated if incubation behavior is related to fitness. We found that birds incubating in the white light during a cold, early spring had lower mean nest temperatures at the end of incubation, both during the day and during the night, compared to birds in the green light. Moreover, birds incubating in white light took fewer off-bouts, but off-bouts were on average longer. The opposite was true for birds breeding in the green light. Low incubation temperatures and few but long off-bouts can have severe consequences for developing embryos. In our study, eggs from birds that took on average few off-bouts needed more incubation days to hatch compared to eggs from birds that took many off-bouts. Nevertheless, we found no clear fitness effects of light treatment or incubation behavior on the number of hatchlings or hatchling weight. Our results add to the growing body of literature that shows that effects of ALAN can be subtle, can differ due to the spectral composition of light, and can be year-dependent. These subtle alterations of natural behaviors might not have severe fitness consequences in the short-term. However, in the long term they could add up, negatively affecting parent condition and survival as well as offspring recruitment, especially in urban environments where more environmental pollutants are present.</p>
Data from: Optimising the hatching success of artificially incubated eggs for use in a conservation program for the western saw-shelled turtle (Myuchelys bellii)
<p>Artificial incubation of eggs and the release of hatchlings into the wild is a common conservation intervention designed to augment threatened turtle populations. We investigate a range of incubation temperatures to establish an optimal temperature for maximum hatching success of western saw-shelled turtle (<em>Myuchelys</em> <em>bellii</em>) eggs. We report on the influence of incubation temperature on incubation duration and hatching success and describe two experimental incubation methods which, for the same incubation temperature, resulted in 77% and 97% hatching success, respectively. Eggs were incubated at constant temperatures (27°C, 28°C and 29°C) to determine the influence of temperature on incubation period, hatchling morphology and external residual yolk. Incubation duration was negatively correlated with incubation temperature. We report on the morphology of eggs and hatchlings and show that their dimensions are positively correlated with maternal adult size and mass. A constant incubation temperature of 27°C produced the highest hatching success and smallest external residual yolk on hatching and is therefore recommended for incubation of eggs for population reinforcement programs. Our study is the first to optimise artificial incubation procedures for <em>M</em>. <em>bellii</em> and will be a valuable resource for <em>M</em>. <em>bellii</em> and other threatened freshwater turtle conservation initiatives.</p>
Data for: Soil incubation data with intensified water variability
<p>The dataset is from an incubation experiment which was carried out in the dark at the temperature of 15°C and the relative humidity of 40% for approximately three months. The predominant soil sampled from a temperate grassland of northern China, it is chernozem and belongs to sandy loam, with sand, silt and clay percentages of 54%, 41% and 5%, respectively. The SOC content of the 0-10 cm layer is 4.2% and the pH is 6.9. This study manipulated soil water levels and the intensity of water variability with a total of six treatments. There were four replicates for each treatment for gas sampling. The average cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> release and the soil aggregate of the four replicates and its standard error (SE) are provided in the dataset. One additional group of destructive samplings and the soils for the gas sampling were collected at the wet end and dry end in the last drying-rewetting cycle, respectively. 14 phospholipid fatty acids (FLFA) markers were selected from the combination results of the wet and dry ends in the last drying-rewetting cycle.</p>
Eyes on the future: buffering increased costs of incubation by abandoning offspring
Abstract Life history theory states that the resources invested in current reproduction must be traded off against resources needed for survival and future reproduction. Long-lived organisms have a higher residual reproductive value and are therefore expected to be sensitive to reproductive investments that may reduce survival and future reproduction. Individuals within a population may vary in phenotypic quality, experience, access to resources etc. This may affect their optimal reproductive investment level. In this study we manipulated reproductive costs by shortening and extending the incubation period in common eiders Somateria mollissima without altering clutch size. Females whose incubation time was prolonged experimentally, suffered higher mass loss and increased clutch loss/nest desertion. These females were also more prone to abandon their brood after hatching. Both clutch loss and brood abandonment decreased with clutch size in all treatment categories, indicating higher phenotypic quality and/or better access to resources for females producing more eggs. However, although females with prolonged incubation were lighter at hatching, their return rate and breeding performance in the following year were unaffected. These results show that individual quality as expressed through clutch size and body mass is affecting current reproductive investment level as well as future survival and breeding performance. The results also show that individual birds are sensitive to changes in their own condition, and when reproductive effort is approaching a level where survival or future survival may be compromised, they respond by terminating their current reproductive attempt.
Singing on the nest is a widespread behavior in incubating Northern Mockingbirds and increases probability of nest predation
<p>In this study, we documented for the first time singing on the nest (SOTN) in 74% of 65 Northern Mockingbird (<em>Mimus</em> <em>polyglottos</em>) nests that were monitored with continuous-running video cameras (8,353.9 hrs sampled). As predicted, higher rates of SOTN significantly decreased daily survival rates of nests. SOTN occurred almost exclusively by females during the egg stage and in 86% (48/56) of nests for which we had sampling from the egg stage. While extensive at the population level, the average rate of SOTN per individual was very low (5.24 ± 1.24 s SOTN per hr video sampled). We found mixed support for the hypothesis that SOTN functions in territory maintenance. We found no support for the hypotheses that SOTN functions to coordinate parental care, defend nests, or aid in vocal learning. Given the limited attention SOTN has received and the mostly anecdotal accounts of it, our understanding of its costs and benefits is lacking. We conclude that while individual rates of SOTN are quite low, SOTN may be more widespread in populations than previously thought and that studies specifically designed to test hypotheses regarding potential functions are critically needed. </p>
A case report of an Eurasian Jay (Garrulus glandarius) attacking an incubating adult and depredating the eggs of the Japanese Tit (Parus minor)
<p>In May 2021, we opportunistically observed one Eurasian Jay (<em>Garrulus</em> <em>glandarius</em>) attacking an adult incubating Japanese Tit (<em>Parus</em> <em>minor</em>) and depredating nine tit eggs at a nestbox where a woodpecker had greatly enlarged the entrance. After the predation event, the Japanese tits abandoned the nest. We recommend that when using artificial nest boxes to protect hole-nesting birds, the appropriate entrance size should be proportional to the body size of the target species. This observation gives us a better understanding of the potential predators of secondary hole-nesting birds.</p>
Root litter quality incubation experiment
<p>The dataset contains data of a 2-year incubation experiment of C4 roots litter added to a C3 soil. The soil was sampled after 6, 12 and 24 months and fractionated into particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral associated organic carbon (MAOC) and each fraction (plus the bulk soil) was measured for total carbon content as well as the abundance of the stable isotope 13C, to distinguish between old (native) and new (added) carbon. There are two files: One contains the raw data with measured C contents, delta 13C values, fraction weights and the subsequently calculated amounts of new and old carbon in all fractions. The second file is related to the first, but contains the final dataset which was used to produce the graphs and tables in the paper.</p>
Data for: The effects of embryonic incubation temperature on subsequent growth and thermal tolerance in white sturgeon throughout onset of exogenous feeding to early juveniles
<p>An organism's phenotypic characteristics can be altered by environmental variation experienced during embryonic development, potentially leading to changes that persist into adulthood. Increasing global temperatures are a current concern that may be particularly acute for species already threatened or endangered, such as the white sturgeon, <em>Acipenser</em> <em>transmontanus</em>. Given the limited information on the effects of embryonic temperatures on subsequent physiological parameters such as thermal tolerance and growth in this species, the effects of global climate change on the future of white sturgeon populations are uncertain. To investigate carryover effects resulting from early rearing temperatures, white sturgeon embryos were incubated at different environmental temperatures (T<sub>e</sub>) of 12, 15, and 18 °C until hatch, after which fish were reared at a common 15 °C for 80 days post-hatch (dph). Individuals from each temperature treatment were tested for thermal tolerance using the critical thermal maximum method (CT<sub>max</sub>) at regular intervals from 13 to 80 dph, which bridged the time from the start of exogenous feeding through the transition into early juveniles. In addition, body length measures were taken to determine the effects of embryonic T<sub>e</sub> on growth through these life stages. We found that embryonic T<sub>e</sub> affected both thermal tolerance and growth; fish that developed at 18 °C had the lowest thermal tolerance, while those that developed at 12 °C grew largest over the observation period. This research represents a window into a critical period of development during which organisms are particularly vulnerable to climatic variation. The results can inform environmental managers on the best strategies to help conserve current white sturgeon populations across their range.</p>
OCS fluxes from a coastal Antarctic tundra and soils measured by in situ static chamber method and lab-based jar incubations
<p>The Antarctic tundra, dominated by non-vascular photoautotrophs (NVP) like mosses and lichens, serves as a vital habitat for sea animals, which contribute organic matter and oceanic sulfur to the land, potentially influencing sulfur transformations. Here, we measured OCS fluxes from the Antarctic tundra and linked them to soil biochemical properties.</p> <p>This dataset therefore is collected from these experiments. It includes the figure source data associated with a peer-reviewed publication that is currently under review. Once the manuscript is published, the URL and DOI number will be provided here and this description will be updated accordingly.</p> <p>Results revealed that the NVP-dominated upland tundra acted as an OCS sink (-1.0 ± 0.6 pmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>), driven by NVP and OCS-metabolizing enzymes from soil microbes (e.g., <em>Acidobacteria</em>, <em>Verrucomicrobia</em>, and <em>Chloroflexi</em>). In contrast, tundra within sea animal colonies exhibited OCS emissions (1.4 ± 0.4 pmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>), resulting from the introduction of organosulfur compounds that stimulated concurrent OCS production. Furthermore, sea animal colonization likely influenced OCS-metabolizing microbial communities and further promoted OCS production. Overall, this study highlighted the role of sea animal activities in shaping soil-atmospheric exchange of OCS through interacting with soil chemical properties and microbial compositions.</p>
Data for: Incubation behavior and nest predation rates for 21 songbird species studied in Borneo
<p>The Skutch (1949) Hypothesis that nest predation risk constrains parental nest activity has important implications for the evolution of parental care strategies, but the required conditions for the hypothesis to operate have been questioned. We found the necessary conditions existed in a montane tropical bird community where 95.4% of predation events (n=456) occurred during daylight hours and almost all predators (n=224) were visually-oriented. Moreover, incubation strategies for 21 passerine species were explained by nest predation rates as proposed by the Skutch Hypothesis. Hourly rates of visits to the nest were lower among species with higher nest predation rates, and achieved in part by longer on- and off-bouts. Incubation attentiveness (percent of time incubating) does not necessarily affect parental nest activity and was not related to nest predation rates. Nest predation rates were greater in enclosed- than open-nesting species, counter to long-standing views. Moreover, nest predation was usually higher in the nestling period when parents were more actively visiting nests than during incubation for enclosed- but not open-nesting species. This increase in nest predation in the nestling period for enclosed-nesting species might indicate proximate predation responses to parental nest activity that underlie the evolutionary patterns. Adult mortality also can exert selection on evolved strategies. Following life history theory, annual adult mortality probability explained residual variation in incubation behaviors, while accounting for nest predation, with longer-lived species exhibiting lower nest activity and attentiveness. Ultimately, the conditions for the Skutch Hypothesis were clear and evolved behaviors suggest an important influence of natural selection by nest predation in this montane tropical bird community. At the same time, different patterns of nest predation between open- and enclosed-nesting species emphasize a need for further research into how parental nest activity interacts with nest type to affect predator detection of nests.</p>
Heat-induced maternal effects shape avian eggshell traits and embryo development and phenotype at high incubation temperatures
<p>Phenotypic plasticity is an important avenue by which organisms may persist in the face of rapid environmental change. Environmental cues experienced by the mother can also influence the phenotype of offspring, a form of plasticity called maternal effects. Maternal effects can adaptively prepare offspring for the environmental conditions they will experience, however, their ability to buffer offspring against environmental stressors as embryos is understudied. Using captive zebra finches, we performed a maternal-offspring environmental match-mismatch experiment utilizing a 2x2x2 factorial design. Mothers were exposed to a mild heat conditioning (38 °C) or control (22 °C) treatment as juveniles, an acute high heat (42 °C) or control (22 °C) treatment as adults, then paired for breeding. The eggs produced by those females were incubated at a hyperthermic (38.5 °C) or optimal temperature (37.2 °C). We found that when mothers were exposed to a mild heat conditioning as juveniles, their embryos exhibited reduced water loss, longer development times, and produced hatchlings with heavier pectoralis muscles when incubated at high incubation temperatures, compared to embryos from control mothers. Mothers exposed to both the mild heat conditioning as juveniles and a high heat stressor as adults produced eggs with a higher density of shell pores, and embryos with lower heart rates during development. However, there was a cost when there was a mismatch between maternal and embryo environment. Embryos from these conditioned and heat-stressed mothers had reduced survival at control incubation temperatures, indicating the importance of offspring environment when interpreting potential adaptive effects.</p>
Data from: Minority-group incubators and majority-group reservoirs for the diffusion of climate change adaptations
<p>These data are part of a data portal that accompanies the special issue 'Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture,' published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B in 2023. To access the data portal, please visit <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4"><strong>10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4</strong></a>.</p> <p>This repository contains code and supporting documentation for the agent-based model analyzed in our paper, "Minority-group incubators and majority-group reservoirs for climate change adaptation". We performed and analyzed a suite of agent-based models that simulated the spread of an adaptation, i.e., a beneficial behavior, in a population with a minority and majority group, defined by group size and tendency to interact with others from one's own group versus another group (homophily). We ran 1000 trials per parameter setting, where parameters were systematically varied to test different homophily levels in each group, and the effect of whether the minority group, majority group, or both groups start with one member knowing the adaptation. The adaptation either spread from one agent in one or both groups to the rest of the members of both groups in the case of adaptation success, or the adaptation disappeared from the entire population (adaptation failure). We then calculated the success rate across all 1000 trials. We also measured the mean time to either adaptive success or failure.</p>
Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation
<p>Dataset with the article 'Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation', containing CO2 and CH4 data of sediment core incubations in a laboratory setting.</p> <p>Time is in days.</p> <p>Group identifiers: PC = control, PE = PE plastics (traditional), PR = Biodegradable plastics type 1, PS = biodegradable plastics type 2.</p>
Seaweed supplementation to organic dairy cows may reduce climate impact of manure in pasture soils during a laboratory incubation
<p>The attached dataset is the data used in the laboratory incubation titled "Seaweed supplementation to organic dairy cows may reduce climate impact of manure in pasture soils during a laboratory incubation" accepted for publication in Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment.</p>
Incubator Weaning of Moderately Preterm Infants
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02160002. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
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