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679 results for “intraspecific variation”
Intraspecific variation and economics spectrum of Phragmites australis in lakeshore wetland of (semi-) arid regions
<p><em>Phragmites australis</em>, as a widely distributed species, has a high degree of intraspecific variation in functional traits and is able to respond to external climatic and environmental changes and adjust its adaptation strategies on time. The plant economic spectrum can reflect the adaptation strategies of resource acquisition and storage of plants in different climatic regions, and provide a scientific basis for understanding the ecological differentiation of plants in different habitats and their adaptation mechanisms. In this study, the morphological traits, nutrient contents and stoichiometric ratios of <em>P. australis</em> in lakes and lakeshore wetlands of semi-arid and arid climatic regions from east to west in Inner Mongolia Plateau were investigated to reveal the variability of plant functional traits at different regional scales and the influencing factors, and to reveal the ecological adaptation strategies of <em>P. australis</em> in different regions through plant economic spectrum. The results showed that soil moisture gradient, geographic location and regional scale effected the intraspecific variation of functional traits of <em>P. australis</em>. At the local scale, soil moisture gradients had opposite effects on the response to functional traits of <em>P. australis</em> in the arid and semi-arid regions. At the regional scale, climatic factors dominated the variation of reed functional traits across the latitudinal gradient, while the correlation with soil properties was not significant (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Plant economic spectrum theory is also applicable to the functional traits of various organs and whole plants of <em>P. australis</em> populations at different regional scales, and the acquisition and assimilation of resources is conservative in arid regions, while in semi-arid regions it is an acquisition strategy. This study provides a new understanding of the ecological niche differentiation and drivers of plant populations and ecological adaptation strategies of species at the regional scale, and provides a theoretical basis for the restoration and reconstruction of degraded wetland ecosystems.</p>
Intraspecific trait variation in a dryland tree species corresponds to regional climate gradients
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Intraspecific trait variation is fundamental to understanding a species' adaptive capacity. Assessing phenotypic variation at different ecological scales is useful for evaluating species' vulnerability to changing environmental conditions. Here we quantify the ecological scale of variation of phenotypic functional traits for a widespread dryland tree species in the western United States, <em>Pinus monophylla</em>, and evaluate the strength of trait-environment relationships across spatial gradients and in response to interannual variability in weather conditions.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Western United States</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Conifer tree (Pinaceae): <em>Pinus monophylla</em></p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Nine reproductive and foliar morphological traits were measured from 23 sampling locations in nine mountain ranges, stratified across broad-scale gradients of precipitation timing and quantity and local gradients of elevation. We partitioned trait variation within and among nested ecological scales (mountain range, site, tree, and tree growth year). We then used multivariate methods to quantify the association between environmental variables and ecological trade-offs associated with both reproductive and foliar traits.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Most variation was explained at the scale of individual trees (18–46%) and between growth years (20–30%), with smaller but variable contributions at the scale of sites (8–25%) and mountain ranges (0–15%). Trait values had low correlation with environmental variables (13%); however, 94% of the trait-environment covariance was explained by two major axes of variation: (1) the drought-stress gradient covarying with reproductive traits, and (2) precipitation patterns covarying with foliar morphology.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> High levels of individual trait variation indicate within-population adaptive capacity. Consistent relationships among range-wide patterns of foliar and reproductive traits and broad-scale climate gradients provide indirect evidence of local adaptation and may inform seed sourcing for restoration or the potential for assisted migration efforts. Quantification of intraspecific trait variation across multiple ecological scales is important for understanding the potential climate change response of dryland tree species.</p>
Mycorrhizae influence plant vegetative and floral traits and intraspecific trait variation
<p>Premise. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can strongly influence host plant vegetative growth, but less is known about AMF effects on other plant traits, the relative impacts of AMF on vegetative growth versus floral traits, or AMF-induced intraspecific variation in traits.</p> <p>Key results. AMF species varied in their effects on host plants, from negative to positive effects. AMF often had inconsistent effects on vegetative biomass versus floral traits, and therefore quantifying one or the other may provide a misleading representation of potential AMF effects. AMF treatments generated key variation in plant traits, especially floral traits, with potential consequences for plant-pollinator interactions. Given increased intraspecific trait variation in Linum lewisii plants across AMF species compared to uninoculated individuals or single AMF treatments, local AMF diversity and their host plant associations may scale up to influence community-wide patterns of trait variation and species interactions.</p> <p>Conclusions. These results have implications for predicting how aboveground communities are affected by belowground communities. Including AMF effects on not just host plant biomass but also functional traits and trait variation will deepen our understanding of community structure and function, including pollination.</p>
Range-wide intraspecific variation reflects past adaptation to climate in a gypsophile Mediterranean shrub
<p>Phenotypic differences among populations stem from the interaction between neutral and adaptive processes, and phenotypic plasticity. Although clinal trait variation along climatic gradients often evolves in widely-distributed species, it is unknown whether substrate specialization, such as that of Mediterranean gypsum plants, has constrained adaptation to climate. Using a common garden experiment with two contrasting watering treatments, we quantified phenotypic plasticity, assessed evidence for footprints of selection using FST - QST comparisons, and identified the ecological factors driving genetically-based phenotypic differentiation of 11 populations encompassing the full environmental range of the gypsum shrub Lepidium subulatum. We found evidence for genetic differentiation among populations related to climatic differences, with populations from warmer and drier sites showing lower specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf N, earlier phenology, greater water use efficiency (WUE) and greater fitness. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that this differentiation was driven by past divergent selection rather than neutral processes. All populations showed high phenotypic plasticity, indicating that plasticity has not been selected against, even in populations from sites with harsher climatic conditions.<br>Synthesis. Our results indicate that, despite strong substrate specialization, adaptive differentiation related to climatic gradients occurs in this species. However, we also found that populations from mesic sites may be particularly vulnerable to future climate change given their relatively lower fitness under both wet and dry conditions.</p>
Quantifying intraspecific variation in host resistance and tolerance to a lethal pathogen
<p>Testing for intraspecific variation for host tolerance or resistance in wild populations is important for informing conservation decisions about captive breeding, translocation, and disease treatment. Here, we test the importance of tolerance and resistance in multiple populations of boreal toads (<em>Anaxyrus boreas boreas</em>) against <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (Bd), the amphibian fungal pathogen responsible for the greatest host biodiversity loss due to disease.</p> <p>Boreal toads have severely declined in Colorado (CO) due to Bd, but toad populations challenged with Bd in western Wyoming (WY) appear to be less affected. We used a common garden infection experiment to expose post-metamorphic toads sourced from four populations (2 in CO and 2 in WY) to Bd and monitored changes in mass, pathogen burden, and survival for eight weeks. We used a multi-state modeling approach to estimate weekly survival and transition probabilities between infected and cleared states, reflecting a dynamic infection process that traditional approaches fail to capture.</p> <p>We found that WY boreal toads are more tolerant to Bd infection with higher survival probabilities than those in CO when infected with identical pathogen burdens. WY toads also appeared more resistant to Bd with a higher probability of infection clearance and an average of five days longer to reach peak infection burdens. Our results demonstrate strong intraspecific differences in tolerance and resistance that likely contribute to why population declines vary regionally across this species.</p> <p>Our multi-state framework allowed us to gain inference on typically hidden disease processes when testing for host tolerance or resistance. Our findings demonstrate that describing an entire host species as 'tolerant' or 'resistant' (or lack thereof) is unwise without testing for intraspecific variation.</p>
Evolution of intraspecific floral variation in a generalist-specialist pollination system
<p>Intraspecific processes impact macroevolutionary patterns through individual variation, selection, and ecological specialisation. According to the niche variation hypothesis, the broader ecological niche of generalist species has been proposed to increase in variation among individuals, either because they are constituted of diversified specialised individuals each exploiting a fraction of the species' niche, or because they are constituted of true generalist individuals that experience relaxed selection. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the individual floral morphology of species of Antillean Gesneriaceae, a group that has transitioned between specialisation for hummingbird pollination and generalisation multiple times throughout its evolutionary history. We characterised the profiles of corollas using geometric morphometrics and compared the intraspecific shape variance of specialists and generalists in a phylogenetic context. We used three approaches that differently accounted for the high dimensionality of morphological traits, the ancestral reconstruction of pollination syndromes over time, and the error associated with the estimation of the intraspecific variance. Our findings provide partial support for the niche variation hypothesis. If considering the whole shape in the analysis corroborated this idea, decomposing the shape into principal components indicated that not all aspects of the corolla exhibit the same pattern of variation. Specifically, pollination generalists tend to display greater intraspecific variation than specialists in terms of tubularity, but not of curvature. Accounting for the error in the estimation of the variance also reduced the support for the hypothesis, suggesting that larger sample sizes may be required to reach stronger conclusions. This study emphasises the reciprocal influence between plants and their pollinators on floral morphology at different biodiversity scales, by affecting intraspecific floral variation that can result in macroevolutionary patterns.</p>
Figure 5 in Redescription of the ocellus-bearing cuskeel Neobythites kenyaensis (Ophidiidae), with new Southeast African records and remarks on intraspecific morphological and colour variation
Figure 5. – Quantitative otolith characters in Neobythites kenyaensis plotted against SL.
Figure 3 in Redescription of the ocellus-bearing cuskeel Neobythites kenyaensis (Ophidiidae), with new Southeast African records and remarks on intraspecific morphological and colour variation
Figure 3. – Right otolith of Neobythites kenyaensis, SAIAB 98891, 121 mm SL (M. Krag).
Figure 2 in Intraspecific C-value variation and the outcomes in Psidium cattleyanum Sabine essential oil
Figure 2. Chemical structure of the major compounds found in accessions of Psidium cattleyanum.
Figure 3 in Studies on the intraspecific variations in Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus) (Odonata: Libellulidae)
Figure 3. Wing variations in male
Figure 2 in Studies on the intraspecific variations in Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus) (Odonata: Libellulidae)
Figure 2. Female
Figure 4 in Studies on the intraspecific variations in Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus) (Odonata: Libellulidae)
Figure 4. Wing variations in female
Data from: Intraspecific variation and symmetry of the inner-ear labyrinth in a population of wild turkeys: implications for paleontological reconstructions
The cochlea and semicircular canals of the inner ear are vital neurosensory devices. There are associations between the anatomy of these sensorineural structures, their function, and the function of related biological systems, e.g., hearing ability, gaze stabilization, locomotor agility, and posture. The endosseous labyrinth is frequently used as a proxy to infer the performance of the hearing and vestibular systems, locomotor abilities, and ecology of extinct species. Such fossil inferences are often based on single specimens or even a single ear, representing an entire species. To address whether a single ear is representative of a population, we used geometric morphometrics to quantitatively assess the variation in shape and symmetry in a sample of endosseous labyrinths of wild turkeys Meleagris gallopavo of southern Ohio. We predicted that ears would be symmetrical both within individuals and across the sample; that labyrinth shape and size would covary; that labyrinth shape would vary with the size of the brain, measured as width of the endocranium at the cerebellum; and that labyrinths would be morphologically integrated. To test these predictions, we microCT-scanned the heads of 26 cadaveric turkeys, digitally segmented their endosseous labyrinths in Avizo, and assigned 15 manual landmarks and 20 sliding semilandmarks to each digital model. Following Procrustes alignment, we conducted an analysis of bilateral symmetry, a Procrustes regression analysis for allometry and other covariates including side and replicate, and analyses of global integration and modularity. Based on Procrustes distances, no individual's left and right ears were clearly different from each other. When comparing the ears of different specimens, statistically clear differences in shape were found in only 66 of more than 1300 contrasts. Moreover, effects of both directional and fluctuating asymmetry were very small—generally, two orders of magnitude smaller than the variance explained by individual variation. Statistical tests disagreed on whether these asymmetric effects crossed the threshold of significance, possibly due to non-isotropic variation among landmarks. Regardless, labyrinths appeared to primarily vary in shape symmetrically. Neither labyrinth size nor endocranial width was correlated with labyrinth shape, contrary to our expectations. Finally, labyrinths were found to be moderately integrated in a global sense, but four weakly separated modules—the three semicircular canals and cochlea—were recovered using a maximum-likelihood analysis. The results show that both fluctuating and directional asymmetry play a larger role in shape variation than expected—but nonetheless, endosseous labyrinths are symmetrical within individuals and at the level of the population, and their shape varies symmetrically. Thus, inferences about populations, and very possibly species, may be confidently made when only a single specimen, or even a single ear, is available for study.
Pleistocene divergence in the absence of gene flow among populations of a viviparous reptile with intraspecific variation in sex determination
<p>Polymorphisms can lead to speciation if there is differential mating success among conspecifics divergent for a trait. Polymorphism for sex determining system might be particularly expected to isolate gene pools, given strong selection for the production of viable males and females and the low success of heterogametic hybrids when sex chromosomes differ (Haldane's rule). We investigated this question using a rare example of a species exhibiting polymorphism for sex determination: the viviparous snow skink <i>Carinascincus ocellatus</i>. While a coparatively high elevation population has entirely genotypic sex determination, in a lower elevation population there is an additional environmental component to sex determination. These systems also exhibit minor differences in sex-linked genotypes. Using 'Isolation with Migration' analysis of neutral loci, we estimated that these populations and their sex determining systems diverged in the absence of gene flow, across multiple periods of geographic proximity during Pleistocene glaciations. Our analysis suggests that populations of <i>C. ocellatus</i> with divergent sex determining systems are likely reproductively isolated, even though they are presently underlined by only subtle DNA differences. Given the influence of temperature on sex in one lineage, we also discuss the implications for the persistence of this polymorphism under climate change.</p>
Data from: Explaining productivity variation in response to nitrogen addition and warming requires intraspecific variability
<p>1. Recent studies have shown that intraspecific trait variability is an important source of total trait variation. However, the contribution of intraspecific variability to ecosystem functions in the face of global change remains unknown.</p> <p>2. We measured plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content and leaf thickness of 26 species at individual or leaf level and aboveground net primary productivity in 48 subplots subjected to 8 years of nitrogen addition and warming in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We split community weighted mean (CWM) and Rao's quadratic entropy (Rao) of individuals' traits within a given community into "fixed value" (only caused by interspecific difference of traits) and intraspecific variability (only caused by intraspecific difference), respectively, using a variance partitioning method.</p> <p>3. We found that productivity showed a humped back response to nitrogen addition: it was highest at intermediate levels of nitrogen fertilization. The response trend was mediated by the changes of plant functional structure. Productivity was positive with fixed Rao of plant height and intraspecific variability of leaf area, i.e. community having higher fixed variability of plant height and individuals producing bigger leaf area can increase productivity via niche complementary and dominance effect. Warming reduced productivity directly and marginally decreased individuals' leaf area which suppresses productivity indirectly.</p> <p>4. Our research suggests the non-negligible role of plant intraspecific trait variability in maintaining ecosystem functions, especially in the face of global change.</p>
Intraspecific variation in mycorrhizal response is much larger than ecological literature suggests
<p>Mycorrhizal response is the most common metric for characterizing how much benefit a plant derives from mycorrhizal symbiosis. Traditionally, ecologists have used these metrics to generalize benefit from mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant species, ignoring the potential for plant intraspecific trait variation to alter the outcome of the mutualism. In order for mean trait values to be useful as a functional trait to describe a species, as has been attempted for mycorrhizal response traits, interspecific variation must be much larger than intraspecific variation. While the variation among species has been extensively studied with respect to mycorrhizal response traits, variation within species has rarely been examined. We conducted a systematic review and analyzed how much variation for mycorrhizal growth and nutrient response typically exists within a plant species. We assessed 26 publications that included 56 individual studies testing mycorrhizal response in at least five genotypes of a plant species, and we found that intraspecific trait variation for mycorrhizal response was generally very large and highly variable depending on study design. The difference between the highest and lowest growth response in a study ranged from 10% to 350% across studies, and 37 of the studies included species for which both positive and negative growth responses to mycorrhizae were observed across different genotypes. Phosphorus concentration and content were measured in 15 studies and variation was similar to variation in growth responses. We also found that plant genotype was just as important for predicting mycorrhizal response as the effects of fungal inoculant identity. Our analysis highlights not only the potential importance of intraspecific trait variation for mycorrhizal response but also the lack of research that has been done on the scale of this variation in plant species. Including intraspecific variation in research on the interactions between plants and their symbionts can increase our understanding of plant coexistence and ecological stability.</p>
Data for: Intraspecific variation for host immune activation by the spider mite Tetranychus evansi
<p>Many parasites can interfere with their host's defences to maximize their fitness. Here, we investigated if there is heritable variation in the spider mite <em>Tetranychus</em> <em>evansi</em> for traits associated with how they interact with their host plant. We also determined if this variation correlates with mite fecundity. <em>Tetranychus</em> <em>evansi</em> can interfere with jasmonate (JA) defences which are the main determinant of anti-herbivore immunity in plants. We investigated (i) variation in fecundity in the presence and absence of JA defences, making use of a wild-type tomato cultivar and a JA-deficient mutant (<em>defenseless</em>-<em>1</em>), and (ii) variation in the induction of JA defences, in four <em>T. evansi</em> field populations and 59 inbred lines created from an outbred population originating from controlled crosses of the four field populations. We observed a strong positive genetic correlation between fecundity in the presence (on wild-type) and the absence of JA defences (on <em>defenseless</em>-<em>1</em>). However, fecundity did not correlate with the magnitude of induced JA defences in wild-type plants. Our results suggest that the performance of the specialist <em>T. evansi</em> is not related to their ability to manipulate plant defences, either because all lines can adequately reduce levels of defences, or because they are resistant to them.</p>
Data and Code supplement to: Effects of intraspecific variation in a native species´ phenology on its coexistence with non-native plants
<p>Data and code to generate the results of the paper published at Oikos "Effects of intraspecific variation in a native species´ phenology on its coexistence with non-native plants". </p> <p>Both R files can be independently run, and datasets include the raw data to generate the interaction coefficients according Lasthenia phenology or simulations to investigate the effect of intraspecific trait variation of Lasthenia population abundances. </p>
Intraspecific variation among Chinook salmon populations indicates physiological adaptation to local environmental conditions
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Quantifying intraspecific variation in host resistance and tolerance to a lethal pathogen
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