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Fig. 9 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 9. Relative abundance of the reptiles found during surveys from 2012–2016 in the Premontane Moist Forest (PMF) on Cerro Chucantí. * Species observed in PWF and PMF on Cerrro Chucanti, but outside a transect; ** Species of likely occurrence that have been found in similar habitat and elevations in adjacent peaks of Majé Mountains.

Fig. 10 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 10. Relative abundance of the reptiles found during surveys from 2012–2016 in the Premontane Wet Forest (PWF) on Cerro Chucantí. 1 indicates provisional identification; * Species observed in PWF and PMF on Cerrro Chucanti, but outside a transect; ** Species of likely occurrence that have been found in similar habitat and elevations in adjacent peaks of Majé Mountains.

Fig. 8 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 8. Relative abundance of amphibians found during surveys from 2012–2016 in the Premontane Wet Forest (PWF) on Cerro Chucantí. * Species observed in PWF and PMF on Cerrro Chucanti, but outside a transect.

Fig. 7 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 7. Relative abundance of amphibians found during surveys from 2012–2016 in the Premontane Moist Forest (PMF) on Cerro Chucantí. * Species observed in PWF and PMF on Cerrro Chucanti, but outside a transect; ** Species of likely occurrence that have been found in similar habitat and elevations in adjacent peaks of Majé Mountains.

Fig. 3. Selected amphibian species found during the 2012–2016 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 3. Selected amphibian species found during the 2012–2016 surveys on Cerro Chucantí. (A) Dermophis aff. glandulosus; (B) second known specimen of Bolitoglossa chucantiensis, recently described and endemic (Batista et al. 2014a); (C) Bolitoglossa aff. biseriata; (D) Oedipina aff. complex; (E) Strabomantis bufoniformis; (F) Diasporus majeensis, recently described and endemic (Batista et al. 2016a); (G) Pristimantis gaigei; (H) Pristimantis moro.

Fig. 4. Selected amphibian species found during the 2012–2016 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 4. Selected amphibian species found during the 2012–2016 surveys on Cerro Chucantí that await formal description or clarification of relationships. (A) Colostethus aff. pratti; (B) Silverstoneia sp.; (C) Pristimantis aff. latidiscus; (D) Pristimantis aff. ridens.

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FIGURE 2. 3D in The inner morphology of the petrosal bone of the endemic elephant of Tilos Island, Greece

FIGURE 2. 3D reconstruction of the petrosals, samples (A-C) T2406 along with transparent views locating the orientation of the labyrinth in the bone, (D-F) T2506 and (G-I) T137. A, D, G ventrolateral view; B, E, H dorsolateral view; C, F, I dorsomedial view. See text for abbreviations.

Fig. 20 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 20 - Fragment of decoration on a memorial temple to the Egyptian queen Hatshepsut (15th century BC) of the 18th Dynasty (Deir el-Bahari, Upper Egypt). It shows a baboon climbing a doum palm, Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart., 1838; a herd of long-horn cattle; and the head of a sub-adult giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis L., 1758, from the mythical Land of Punt.

Fig. 7 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 7 - Skull of a subadult female of �rabian hamadryas baboon, Papio hamadryas arabicus Thomas, 1900, found on the island of Farasan Kebir in �pril 1984 (photo by Saulo Bambi; courtesy of the Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Universita di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia "La Specola").

Fig. 17 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 17 - Skull of an adult female of the extant Farasan gazelle, Gazella gazella farasani Thouless & �l Bassri, 1991 (catalogue number: MZUF 11330, Zoological Museum, University of Florence) (photo Saulo Bambi; courtesy of the Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Universita di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia "La Specola", Florence).

Fig. 21 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 21 - Skull of an adult male domestic goat collected on the island of Dumsuq (Farasan archipelago, Saudi �rabia) in 1984. It is evidence of the deliberate introduction of mammals by man to the Red Sea islands. It is another specimen of the Somali ethnic group, but in this case a primitive type, with straight, involute horns (photo by Saulo Bambi, courtesy of the Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Universita di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia "La Specola").

Fig. 18 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 18 - The Sarso island racer, Platyceps insulanus (Mertens, 1965), photographed in November 1964 on the namesake island of the Farasan archipelago during the "Meteor" Expedition in the Indian Ocean launched by the Senckenberg-Museum (from Mertens, 1965).

Fig. 15 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 15 - Soemmerring's gazelles, Nanger soemmerringii (Cretzschmar, 1828), have practically no predator on the island of Dahlak Kebir. However, because ospreys, Pandion haliaetus (L., 1758), sometimes use their bones as building material for their nests, some authors have hypothesised that these birds, which are notoriously piscivorous, can occasionally prey upon the gazelles (see Roghi & Baschieri, 1954) (photo by Giuseppe De Marchi).

Fig. 14 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 14 - In the foreground, two sub-adult domestic Somali goats, once widely known also as Galla (male, black; female, spotted). Both seem not to exceed 70 cm at the withers. This is approximately the height also of the Soemmerring's gazelle, Nanger soemmerringii (Cretzschmar, 1828), in the background, which is in contrast with the range of the species (between 81 cm and 98 cm) (see: Dorst & Dandelot, 1969; Funaioli, 1971; Haltenorth & Diller, 1977; and Kingdon, 2004) (photo by Giuseppe De Marchi).

Fig. 10 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 10 - Northeast African spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus (É. Geoffroy, 1803), photographed on Dur Ghella island (Dahlak archipelago, Eritrea). The range of this species is basically west of the distribution of the morphologically similar Eastern spiny mouse, A. dimidiatus (Cretzschmar, 1826), which is distributed from the Sinai peninsula and the Levant to the Middle East (photo by Giuseppe De Marchi).

Fig. 3 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 3 - Domestic goat of the Galla Somali race climbing an Acacia tree in search of food on the island of Dahlak Kebir (Eritrea). The paucity of food and water on the Red Sea islands makes life hard for mammals (photo by Giuseppe De Marchi).

Fig. 2 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 2 - Marsá al Marākh, located 9 km south-west of Taba, near the Israeli–Egyptian border, is a small inlet of the northern Red Sea – also known as the "fjord" – regarded as the geographical point at which the Afro-Syrian Great Rift Valley enters the Eurasian mainland (photo by Marco Masseti).

Fig. 19 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 19 - The holotype of Platyceps insulanus (Mertens, 1965) (catalogue number: SMF 60027, Senkenberg Museum, Frankfurt) (photo by Michael Franzen; courtesy of Senkenberg Museum, Frankfurt).

Fig. 13 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 13 - Soemmerring's gazelle, Nanger soemmerringii (Cretzschmar, 1828), is present on the island of Dahlak Kebir with a variety of reduced dimensions, very likely caused by the "island rule" effect. The size difference between a continental subspecies (N. s. berberana Matschie, 1893) and the insular population is clearly shown here by the skulls of two adult males of comparable age (photo by Giorgio Bardelli; Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano).

Fig. 6 in Forbidden islands. The absence of endemics among the insular non-volant terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Red Sea

Fig. 6 - The skull of a small soricid (Crocidura sp.), characterised by a flat braincase, found in a pellet from a barn owl, Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769), in a cave on Isratu island, Dahlak archipelago, in 2009 (photo by Michele Zilioli; Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano).