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Figure 3 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton
Figure 3. Morphometric comparisons of humereral and femoral proportions., Loxodonta africana; A, Elephas maximus, Z, Mammuthus (columbi, imperator, meridionalis, and primigenius); Δ, gomphotheres s.l. (Archaeobelodon filholi, Cuvieronius hyodon, Eubelodon morrilli, Gomphotherium angustidens, Gomphotherium productum, Mammut americanum, Serbelodon barbourensis, and Stegomastodon platensis).
Figure 2 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree structure of the 19 included proboscidean genera, along with inferred clade ages. References used in constructing the tree topology and assigning clade ages were Tassy & Pickford (1983), Tassy (1994, 1995a, b, c), Lister (1995), Kalb et al. (1995), Lambert (1995), Saunders (1995), Shoshani (1995b), Shoshani & Tassy (1995b), Shoshani et al. (1995, 1998), Tobien (1995), Todd & Roth (1995), Gheerbrant et al. (1996), and Thomas et al. (2000).
Figure 1 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton
Figure 1. Proboscidean limb bones: 1–5, humeri; 6–10, femora. 1 and 6, Loxodonta africana; 2 and 7, Elephas maximus; 3 and 8, Mammuthus imperator; 4 and 9, Stegomastodon superbus; 5 and 10, Mammut americanum.
Figure 13. A, right trunk limb 12 in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding
Figure 13. A, right trunk limb 12 seen from outer (anterior) side. The endopodite is largely obscured by endite 5. Although not visible from this angle, the gnathobase bears two very small, but robust, denticulate spines like its anterior homologues. Scale bar 200 Mm. B, enlargement of A showing detail of the spinous armature of the gnathobase of trunk limb 12, which drags and pushes food into the food groove. C, eggs. Scale bar 100 Mm. D, slightly oblique anterior view of the head of a female. The two eye-like patches are the sensory fields where numerous short setae arise from areas of thin cuticle. Scale bar 1 mm. E, antennule. Scale bar 100 Mm.
Figure 12 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 12. Abnormal morphologies observed during limb development in Phrynops hilarii. A, the arrows point to a condensation of centrale 3 that seems to be duplicated. B, the arrows point to three ossification nuclei representing the primary cartilages of the fibulare, intermedium, and centrale 4 in the proximal tarsal.
Figure 13 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 13. Scheme of limb development in pleurodiran turtles. These patterns were also observed in other turtles. In the forelimbs (A and B), developmental variation involves the number of cartilaginous primordia of the central series. At advanced embryonic stages and after hatching, secondary fusion may occur in the distal carpal series. In the hindlimbs (C and D), centrale 4 may originate as a distinct cartilaginous primordium, or fuse with the intermedium condensation. The astragalus ossification will develop in the intermedium–centrale cartilage. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c1–c4, centrale 1–4; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; f, fibulare; F, femur; Fi, fibula; H, humerus; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; Ul, ulna.
Figure 9 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 9. Histological sections of limb buds of Podocnemis unifilis at stage 16. A, scale bar: 0.5 mm. The rectangle indicates the area of the carpal section on the right. B, dorsoventral section showing cartilaginous foci of distal carpalia, metacarpalia, and the centrale 4. C, scale bar: 0.5 mm. The rectangles point the areas of the tarsal sections in (D–F). D, the relationships between distal tarsalia 5 and 4 seem to be similar to those of other distal tarsalia. E, the large cartilaginous mass of the intermedium can be seen. F, there are no relationships between the end of the tibia and the cartilaginous condensations of the tarsus. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c4, centrale 4; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; T, tibia. Scale bars: 0.2 mm in (D–F).
Figure 8 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 8. Hindlimb development in Phrynops hilarii. Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 17; B, stage 18; C, stage 19; D, stage 20; E, stage 23. The centrale 4 is completely integrated with the intermedium mass forming the proximal tarsale. Distal elements of toe V were lost in this specimen. Abbreviations: 1–5, tarsalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c4, centrale 4; f, fibulare; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; Ti, tibia. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 3 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 3. Early forelimb development in Podocnemis unifilis (A–F) and Podocnemis sextuberculata (G–J). Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 14; B, stage 15; C, stage 16; D, stage 17; E, stage 18; F, stage 19; G, stage 12; H, stage 15; I, stage 16; J, stage 19. Abbreviations: 1–5, carpalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c2, centrale 2; c3, centrale 3; c4, centrale 4; cc, centralia; H, humerus; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; R, radius; U, ulna; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 6. A–E in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 6. A–E, the sequence of reduction of the distal phalanx in toe V observed in Podocnemis unifilis (stages 20, 22, 23, 24, and juvenile). Three cartilaginous phalanges are segmented during digit development, but the distal one is lost before ossification. F, in Podocnemis sextuberculata, the third phalanx ossifies before hatching (stage 24). Abbreviations: 5, distal tarsale 5; mt V, metatarsale V; ph1–3, phalanges 1–3. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 5 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 5. Sequence of ossification in Podocnemis unifilis, dorsal view of left limbs. A–H, forelimbs. A1–H1, hindlimbs. A and A1, stage 18; B and B1, stage 19; C and C1, stage 20; D and D1, stage 21; E and E1, stage 22; F and F1, stage 23; G and G1, stage 24; H and H1, post-hatched specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 10 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 10. Morphological and structural features of the hook in extant reptiles. A, Liolaemus multicolor, juvenile specimen. The hook has cartilaginous distal and proximal epiphyses, and a short ossified diaphysis. This ossification is perichondral. The proximal epiphysis forms a small concave surface to articulate with distal tarsale 4. The distal epiphysis is rounded. B, Caiman latirostris, juvenile specimen. The hook is a semispherical ossified element with a short and stout distal process. It is related to distal tarsale 4 and metatarsale IV, but lacks distinct articular surfaces. Toe V in crocodiles is reduced to this element only. C, Podocnemis unifilis, juvenile specimen. The hook is a subspherical element with a nucleus of endochondral ossification. It has a wide concave articular surface with the distal tarsale 4, and a distal and convex articular process with metatarsale V. The dorsal and outer surface of distal tarsale 5 bears fibers of two muscles of the crus: peroneus anterior and gastrocnemius (black mark). One of the ligaments of the gastrocnemius muscle is fused to the plantar aponeurosis, and attaches to the outer process of metatarsale V (black mark). The muscles flexor digiti brevis and interosseum insert along the anterior border of metatarsale V, and the posterior border of metatarsale IV (white marks). D, Liolaemus multicolor, adult specimen. The hook bears a fully ossified epiphyses and diaphysis. Secondary centres of ossification are visible in the proximal epiphyses and in the lateroposterior medial crest. The peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, and gastrocnemius muscles, as well as the superficial femoral aponeurosis, are attached to the lateral plantar process of the fifth hooked metatarsale. There are also fibers of the deep femoral aponeurosis (formed by tendons of the peroneus and gastrocnemius muscles) attached to the outer lateral plantar tubercle (black mark). Insertions of the interosseum (or intermetatarsale) muscle occur on the hook (white marks). Abbreviations: 3, 4, tarsalia 3 and 4; d, diaphysis; e, epiphysis; f, fibulare; olt, outer lateral plantar tubercle; op, outer process; soc; secondary ossification centre.
Figure 4 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 4. Early hindlimb development in Podocnemis unifilis (A–F) and Podocnemis sextuberculata (G–I). Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 14; B, stage 15; C, stage 16; D, stage 17; E, stage 18; F, stage 19; G, stage 12; H, stage 15; I, stage 19. Abbreviations: 1–5, tarsalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c, centrale; f, fibulare; F, femur; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; Ti, tibia. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 7 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 7. Forelimb development in Phrynops hilarii. Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 17; B, stage 18; C, stage 19; D, stage 20; E, stage 23. Abbreviations: 1–5, carpalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c1, centrale 1; c2, centrale 2; c3, centrale 3; c4, centrale 4; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 2 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 2. Fully ossified autopodia of adults of Podocnemis sextuberculata MZUSP 3218 (A and B), and Podocnemis unifilis MZUSP 3209 (C and D). A, dorsal view of right hand. B, dorsal view of right foot. C, dorsal view of right hand. D, dorsal view of rigth foot. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; as, astragalus; c2, lateral centrale or centrale 2; cc, centralia; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; fi, fibulare; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; tp, proximal tarsale; Ul, ulna; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 1. Autopodia of adult Phrynops hilarii. Grey areas indicate cartilages. A, dorsal view of right hand. B, dorsal view of right foot. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c2, lateral centrale or centrale 2; cc, centralia; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; tp, proximal tarsale; Ul, ulna; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 5 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 5. Regression plots of anatomical variables to log running speed in km h-1, showing the distinct curvilinearity of some of the samples, in this case, log forelimb length in mm (a) and olecranon process/radius ratio (b). The polynomial regression model yielded a significantly better fit to the data than ordinary least squares regression lines. For equation see Table 5.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the 76 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the 76 species of mammals used in the study. Numbers adjacent to the nodes refer to split ages in units of millions of years. Total height of tree is 85 million years. Literature sources used in constructing the tree are Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (1979), Bennett (1980), Janis (1982), Savage & Russel (1983), Lanave et al. (1985), Shoshani (1986), Janis & Scott (1987), Wayne & O'Brien (1987), Gentry & Hooker (1988), Flynn et al. (1988), Novacek et al. (1988), Padmadisastra (1988), Prothero et al. (1988), Tassy & Shoshani (1988), Georgiadis et al. (1990), Marshall (1990), Miyamoto et al. (1990), Nowak (1991), Geffen et al. (1992), Novacek (1992a,b), Garland & Janis (1993), Wyss & Flynn (1993), Flynn (1996), Hunt (1996), Foote et al. (1999) and Penny et al. (1999).
Figure 3 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 3. Regression plots of independent contrasts for fore limb parameters. Log running speed is in km h-1. a, Fore limb length in mm/3÷body mass in kg; b, radius/humerus ratio; c, metacarpus/humerus ratio; d, olecranon process length in mm/ 3÷body mass in kg. Regression lines fitted to the contrasts by means of least squares (model I) analysis.
Figure 4 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 4. Regression plots of independent contrasts for hind limb parameters. Log running speed is in km h-1. a, Hind limb length in mm/3÷body mass in kg; b, metatarsus/femur ratio; c, cnemial crest height in mm/3÷body mass in kg; d, calcaneal tuber length in mm/3÷body mass in kg. Regression lines fitted to the contrasts by means of least squares (model I) analysis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.