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376 results for “morphological divergence”
FIGURE 11 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 11. Images of Ahaetulla sahyadrensis nom. nov. Images of BNHS2015. (a) Head dorsal. (b) Head lateral. (c) Section of body and ventrals. (d–f) Everted Hemipenis. (g) Full specimen. Images of live, uncollected individuals, (h) Near Jog falls, Karnataka, (i) from Agumbe, (j) Kudhremukh, (k) from Agumbe (Images a & b; d, e & f to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 12 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 12. Images of Ahaetulla pulverulenta, Sri Lanka. (a) Head dorsal, (b) Head lateral, (c) Whole animal (images not to scale).
Data from: Rapid morphological divergence of a stream fish in response to changes in water flow
Recent evidence indicates that evolution can occur on a contemporary time scale. However, the precise timing and patterns of phenotypic change are not well known. Reservoir construction severely alters selective regimes in aquatic habitats due to abrupt cessation of water flow. We examined the spatial and temporal patterns of evolution of a widespread North American stream fish (Pimephales vigilax) in response to stream impoundment. Gross morphological changes occurred in P. vigilax populations following dam construction in each of seven different rivers. Significant changes in body depth, head shape and fin placement were observed relative to fish populations that occupied the rivers prior to dam construction. These changes occurred over a very small number of generations and independent populations exhibited common responses to similar selective pressures. The magnitude of change was observed to be greatest in the first 15 generations post-impoundment, followed by continued but more gradual change thereafter. This pattern suggests early directional selection facilitated by phenotypic plasticity in the first 10–20 years, followed by potential stabilizing selection as populations reached a new adaptive peak (or variation became exhausted). This study provides evidence for rapid, apparently adaptive, phenotypic divergence of natural populations due to major environmental perturbations in a changing world.
Data from: Morphological, molecular, and ecological divergence in Pinus douglasiana and P. maximinoi
Pinus douglasiana and P. maximinoi (Pinus subsection Ponderosae) are closely-related New World pines with vague taxonomic boundaries where their natural ranges overlap in western Mexico. They are distinguished from each other by the width of their leaves and thickness of their cone scale apophyses. They are also sometimes confused with two other close relatives, Pinus pseudostrobus and P. yecorensis. We integrated morphological, molecular, and ecological data to clarify the taxonomic limits among these four species. Following previous studies, we evaluated 16 quantitative leaf and seed cone characters. Pinus douglasiana, P. maximinoi, and P. pseudostrobus formed non-discrete groups in multivariate space. The absence of leaf hypodermal intrusions, a persistent peduncle, and the shape of the seed cone are useful for differentiating P. pseudostrobus and P. yecorensis from P. douglasiana or P. maximinoi, and the latter two can usually be distinguished by needle width or cone scale apophysis thickness. Most individuals identified as P. douglasiana, and P. maximinoi shared haplotypes for a plastid ycf1 fragment that is relatively variable for the genus, while P. yecorensis has a closely related, exclusive haplotype. A distinct haplogroup included all individuals of P. pseudostrobus and the remaining individuals of P. douglasiana and P. maximinoi. Leaf width and cone scale thickness of P. douglasiana and P. maximinoi are correlated with elevation. According to potential distribution models, P. yecorensis is distributed in drier areas than P. douglasiana or P. maximinoi, while P. pseudostrobus occurs in more temperate areas, commonly at higher elevations. Pinus douglasiana and P. maximinoi can be considered as incipient species undergoing divergent evolution characterized by incomplete morphological, molecular, and ecological divergence.
Data from: The genomic bases of morphological divergence and reproductive isolation driven by ecological speciation in Senecio (Asteraceae)
Ecological speciation, driven by adaptation to contrasting environments, provides an attractive opportunity to study the formation of distinct species, and the role of selection and genomic divergence in this process. Here, we focus on a particularly clear-cut case of ecological speciation to reveal the genomic bases of reproductive isolation and morphological differences between closely related Senecio species, whose recent divergence within the last ~200,000 years was likely driven by the uplift of Mt. Etna (Sicily). These species form a hybrid zone, yet remain morphologically and ecologically distinct, despite active gene exchange. Here, we report a high-density genetic map of the Senecio genome and map hybrid breakdown to one large and several small quantitative trait loci (QTL). Loci under diversifying selection cluster in three 5 cM regions which are characterized by a significant increase in relative (F(ST)), but not absolute (d(XY)), interspecific differentiation. They also correspond to some of the regions of greatest marker density, possibly corresponding to 'cold-spots' of recombination, such as centromeres or chromosomal inversions. Morphological QTL for leaf and floral traits overlap these clusters. We also detected three genomic regions with significant transmission ratio distortion (TRD), possibly indicating accumulation of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities between these recently diverged species. One of the TRD regions overlapped with a cluster of high species differentiation, and another overlaps the large QTL for hybrid breakdown, indicating that divergence of these species may have occurred due to a complex interplay of ecological divergence and accumulation of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities.
Data from: Skull morphology diverges between urban and rural populations of red foxes mirroring patterns of domestication and macroevolution
<p class="western"><span><span><span>Human activity is drastically altering the habitat use of natural populations. This has been documented as a driver of phenotypic divergence in a number of wild animal populations. Here we show that urban and rural populations of red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) from London and surrounding boroughs are divergent in skull traits. These changes are primarily found to be involved with snout length, with urban individuals tending to have shorter and wider muzzles relative to rural individuals, smaller braincases, and reduced sexual dimorphism. Changes were widespread and related to muscle attachment sites and thus are likely driven by differing biomechanical demands of feeding or cognition between habitats. Through extensive sampling of the genus <i>Vulpes</i>, we found no support for phylogenetic effects on skull morphology, but patterns of divergence found between urban and rural habitats in <i>V. vulpes</i> quantitatively aligned with macroevolutionary divergence between species. The patterns of skull divergence between urban and rural habitats matched the description of morphological changes that can occur during domestication. Specifically, urban populations of foxes show variation consistent with 'domestication syndrome'. Therefore, we suggest that occurrences of phenotypic divergence in relation to human activity, while interesting themselves, also have the potential to inform us of the conditions and mechanisms that could initiate domestication. Finally, this also suggests that patterns of domestication may be developmentally biased toward larger patterns of interspecific divergence. </span></span></span></p>
Data from: The potential influence of morphology on the evolutionary divergence of an acoustic signal.
The evolution of acoustic behaviour and that of the morphological traits mediating its production are often coupled. Lack of variation in the underlying morphology of signalling traits has the potential to constrain signal evolution. This relationship is particularly likely in field crickets, where males produce acoustic advertisement signals to attract females by stridulating with specialized structures on their forewings. In this study, we characterize the size and geometric shape of the forewings of males from six allopatric populations of the black field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus) known to have divergent advertisement calls. We sample from each of these populations using both wild-caught and common-garden-reared cohorts, allowing us to test for multivariate relationships between wing morphology and call structure. We show that the allometry of shape has diverged across populations. However, there was a surprisingly small amount of covariation between wing shape and call structure within populations. Given the importance of male size for sexual selection in crickets, the divergence we observe among populations has the potential to influence the evolution of advertisement calls in this species
Data from: Geographic variation in morphology of Dark-eyed Juncos and implications for population divergence
Geographic variation in morphology that develops among closely related populations can help drive genetic divergence, and eventually speciation, when those morphological traits are the basis for social interactions that influence reproduction. The North American Dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) complex is an interesting case in speciation. The numerous subspecies have distinct breeding ranges and unique plumage coloration, but based on the presence of hybrid populations and recent genetic data, can be considered to belong to a single species. Research within various populations of juncos has shown first, that wing length and the amount of white on the tail feathers ("tail white") influence an individual's dominance status and mating success, and second, that these traits can undergo rapid evolution when social and environmental conditions change. Here, I used museum specimens to examine tail white and body size, as measured by wing and tail length, of males and females within and among 13 geographically distinct Dark-eyed Junco subspecies. I documented geographic variation of mean values for each of these morphological traits, as well as patterns of trait co-variation and the degree of sexual dimorphism. I discuss these results in relation to what they may indicate about the generation and maintenance of divergence among the subspecies.
Data from: A test of the "flexible stem" model of evolution: ancestral plasticity, genetic accommodation, and morphological divergence in the threespine stickleback radiation
If an ancestral stem group repeatedly colonizes similar environments, developmental plasticity specific to that group should consistently give rise to similar phenotypes. Parallel selection on those similar phenotypes could lead to the repeated evolution of characteristic ecotypes, a property common to many adaptive radiations. A key prediction of this "flexible stem" model of adaptive radiation is that patterns of phenotypic divergence in derived groups should mirror patterns of developmental plasticity in their common ancestor. The threespine stickleback radiation provides an excellent opportunity to test this prediction because the marine form is representative of the ancestral stem group, which has repeatedly given rise to several characteristic ecotypes. We examined plasticity of several aspects of shape and trophic morphology in response to diets characteristic of either the derived benthic or limnetic ecotypes. When marine fish were reared on alternative diets, plasticity of head and mouth shape paralleled phenotypic divergence between the derived ecotypes, supporting the flexible stem model. Benthic and limnetic fish exhibited patterns of plasticity similar to the marine population; however, some differences in population means were present, as well as subtle differences in shape plasticity in the benthic population, indicating a role for genetic accommodation in this system.
Data from: Morphological and genetic divergence between two lineages of Magnolia salicifolia (Magnoliaceae) in Japan
Uncovering how populations of a species differ genetically and ecologically is important for understanding evolutionary processes. We investigated genetic structure using nuclear microsatellites and chloroplast DNA sequences and geographical variation in leaf morphological traits among Magnolia salicifolia populations across its entire species range. Two distinct lineages, northern and southern lineages, were genetically detected and both lineages had substructure among populations. The width/length ratio and area of leaves showed latitudinal gradients, while the position of the maximum leaf width exhibited a discontinuous change between the lineages. Approximate Bayesian computation detected exponential population growth and stable population size from the past to the present in the northern and southern lineages, respectively. Small amounts of migrations between the lineages were inferred. Divergence time between the lineages was estimated to be the early to middle Pleistocene. Ecological niche modeling showed single large potential distribution area on the Sea of Japan side and multiple intermittent ones on the Pacific Ocean side during the last glacial maximum. We suggest that these distinct evolutionary histories of the northern and southern lineages after diversification have influenced not only neutral markers but also genes controlling leaf morphological traits.
FIGURE 74 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURE 74. Map of richness in indigenous species of all bumblebees excluding the subgenus Mendacibombus among equalarea grid cells. Map, grid, and grey scale as in Figs 71, 72.
FIGURE 68 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURE 68. Best estimate of phylogeny and absolute chronogram for the species of the subgenus Mendacibombus (as recognised in Figs 11, 12), from a linked-tree BEAST analysis of COI, 16S, PEPCK and opsin genes. Values above nodes of the maximum clade-credibility tree are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support. Numbers below nodes are the estimated ages of events in Ma (millions of years before the present) based on the Mendacibombus root-date estimate of 34 (25–40) Ma from Hines (2008). The grey bars represent the 95% confidence intervals for the estimates of the age of events.
FIGURES 56‒67 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURES 56‒67. Maps of the global distributions of species of the subgenus Mendacibombus from the material examined, with grey spots for specimen records and black spots for the samples with COI sequences (each species is unknown from regions outside the map boundaries shown); grey crosses for records of all species of Mendacibombus combined. Relief map with hill shading, Cartesian orthonormal projection, grey lines show borders to national administration according to UN maps, north at the top of the map. Image created in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 Esri.
FIGURES 69‒70 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURES 69‒70. Photos of (69) a worker of B. superbus (MD#4123) from (left) the dorsal and (right) the left lateral aspect (scale bar 10 mm), from the sample site (70) in the Tanggula mountains, Xizang, China (16.viii.2014, 32.86142°N 91.91739°E, GPS elevation ca 5220 m). Photos by (69) NHM digital imaging unit and (70) Z.-Y. Miao.
FIGURES 11‒12 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURES 11‒12. Recognising species from an estimate of phylogeny for 30 unique COI haplotypes of the subgenus Mendacibombus by BEAST, using GMYC models and the PTP procedure. From the GMYC models (11), the single threshold T is shown by the vertical grey bar so that the intersecting lineages are interpreted as indicating 12 separate species (black spots at coalescent nodes; outgroups not shown). Values below the nodes of the maximum clade-credibility tree are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support (groups with values <0.8 are considered unreliable) from the BEAST analysis with two billion MCMC generations and a 1% burn-in. The x-scale axis is calibrated in substitutions per nucleotide site. From the PTP procedure (12), the Bayesian PTP solution with highest support also indicates 12 species. Values above the nodes are PTP Bayesian support values that all daughter haplotypes are parts of a single species; values below the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support. The scale bar is calibrated in substitutions per nucleotide site. Each unique haplotype is represented by one of the longest available sample sequences, labelled with: the sequence length in number of base pairs, a taxon name or name for an unpublished colour pattern (light/dark/yellow/white/pale), and then a code that consists of a specimen identifier (MD#) from the project database and (after the hyphen) a sample identifier from BOLD or from GenBank, followed with its geographic origin.
FIGURES 24‒35 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURES 24‒35. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Mendacibombus from the dorsal aspect, anterior to the left of the image, posterior to the right: 24, B. superbus, China MD#339; 25, B. waltoni, China MD#216; 26, B. convexus, China MD#215; 27, B. makarjini, Kazakhstan MD#1240; 28, B. marussinus, Pakistan MD#408; 29, B. avinoviellus, India MD#404; 30, B. himalayanus, India MD#426; 31, B. turkestanicus, China MD#351; 32, B. defector, Kyrgyzstan MD#367; 33, B. margreiteri, China MD#294; 34, B. handlirschianus, Russia MD#835; 35, B. mendax, Spain MD#689.
FIGURES 15‒23 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURES 15‒23. Morphology of the female (queen) head from the ventral aspect (labrum and mandibles): 15, B. marussinus queen, Pakistan MD#482; 16, B. avinoviellus queen, India MD#598; 17, B. turkestanicus queen, Tajikistan MD#320; 18, B. defector queen, Kyrgyzstan MD#1080; 19, B. margreiteri queen, Mongolia MD#319; 20, B. himalayanus queen, India MD#453. Morphology of the female (queen) left hindleg tibia from the left lateral aspect, dorsal at the top of the image, anterior to the left: 21, B. defector, China MD#1251; 22, B. margreiteri, Mongolia MD#319; 23, B. turkestanicus, Kyrgyzstan MD#324.
FIGURE 14 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURE 14. Assessing morphological characters by assessing groups of species within the subgenus Mendacibombus from three characters of hair colour (characters 1‒3) and 13 characters of male genital morphology (characters 4‒16) by maximum parsimony analysis with TNT. Numbers above the branches of the tree are the character numbers from Table 6; solid squares show unique character-state changes; and open squares show parallel or reverse character-state changes.
FIGURE 10 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURE 10. Plot of (y axis) the number of lineages in the BEAST tree (Fig. 11) of unique COI haplotypes excluding outgroups on a log scale against (x axis) time as substitutions per nucleotide. T, the single threshold at maximum likelihood for the change in branching rate from the GMYC models.
FIGURE 9 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
FIGURE 9. Map of the global distribution of sites from which samples of the subgenus Mendacibombus have been examined (these bees are unknown from any other regions). Spots are coloured to show the site elevation above sea level (scale in metres to the left). Image showing vegetation, Cartesian orthonormal projection, with north at the top of the map.
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