Find research datasets worth reusing

opennotspecifiedSep 2024View details →

Figure 9 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)

Figure 9. Histological transversal sections of the zone of aedeagus around the flagellum opening. A, L. furcatus; B, L. cordobanus; C, L. fretalis; D, L. nitiduloides; E, L. truncatellus (a1 broken); F, L. pilicauda; G, L. maurus. (Orientation, indication, and abbreviations are the same as in Figure 8.)

dryad32/100

Data from: Testing for unequal rates of morphological diversification in the absence of a detailed phylogeny: case study from characiform fishes

This study develops the random phylogenies rate test (RAPRATE), a likelihood method that simulates morphological evolution along randomly generated phylogenies, and uses it to determine whether a considerable difference in morphological diversity between two sister clades of South American fishes should be taken as evidence of differing rates of morphological change or lineage turnover. Despite identical ages of origin, similar species richness, and sympatric geographic distributions, the morphological and ecological diversity of the superfamily Anostomoidea exceeds that of the Curimatoidea. The test shows with 90% confidence (using variance among species as the measure of morphological diversity) or 99% confidence (using volume of occupied morphospace) that the rate of morphological change per unit time in the Anostomoidea likely exceeded that of the Curimatoidea. Variation in the rate of lineage turnover (speciation and extinction rates) is not found to affect greatly the morphological diversity of simulated clades and is not a likely explanation of the observed difference in morphological diversity in this case study. Though a 17% or greater delay in the onset of diversification in the Curimatoidea remains a possible alternative explanation of unequal morphological diversification, further simulations suggest that two clades drawn from the possible treespace of the Anostomoidea and Curimatoidea will rarely differ so greatly in the onset of diversification. Several uniquely derived morphological and ecological features of the Anostomoidea and Curimatoidea may have accelerated or decelerated their rate of morphological change, including a marked lengthening of the quadrate that may have relaxed structural constraints on the evolution of the anostomoid jaw.

opencc-zeroDec 2006View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Peripheral morphology is associated with restricted lineage diversification and endemism across a large passerine radiation

Aim: Across a variety of taxonomic scales species diversity is unevenly distributed among its constituent units, and clades with few species are more common than expected assuming homogeneous rates of speciation and extinction among lineages. In order to explain the prevalence of species poor families among a global and speciose radiation of passerine birds, we test whether these groups share common eco-morphological, geographic and phylogenetic attributes. Location: Global Time period: Late Oligocene to the present day Major taxa studied: The Corvides (ca. 790 species) Methods: We obtained 10 linear measurements of external morphology for 782 species of corvoid passerines. Using these measurements as a proxy for species ecology, we assessed the positioning of corvoid families in eco-morphological trait space, and how these factors are associated with their species richness and rates of lineage diversification. Subsequently, we compared these same characteristics (species richness, morphological positioning and rates of lineage diversification), between families that are currently endemic to the Australasian ancestral area of the Corvides, with those that have dispersed and diversified throughout other continental and insular landmasses. Results: Families with low species richness and rates of diversification tend to occupy the most peripheral positions in eco-morphological trait space, with almost all of these groups being endemic to Australasia. The peripheral eco-morphological positioning of the Australasian groupings is generally greater than expected upon accounting for differences in phylogenetic isolation and heterogeneity in rates of trait evolution, implying that species poor corvoid families commonly evolved towards marginal areas of morphospace. Main conclusions: The overrepresentation of species poor clades across diverse sets of organismal groups is consistent with their evolution towards, and the maintenance in, marginal areas of ecological niche space. The evolution of peripheral eco-morphological characters represents a potentially significant limit to rates of range expansion and lineage diversification.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

opennotspecifiedNov 2008View details →

FIGURE 3 in Allozyme differentiation among populations of the Pyrenean newt Calotriton asper (Amphibia: Caudata) does not mirror their morphological diversification

FIGURE 3. An example of differentiation among populations of C. asper at the morphological level. Both specimens are representative of full grown adults from Fanlo (smaller, SVL 47.15 mm) and Susqueda (larger specimen, SVL 81.35 mm). Their size and shape, as in this case, together with coloration differences, have been used as indications for taxonomic subdivisions in C. asper.

opennotspecifiedNov 2008View details →

FIGURE 2 in Allozyme differentiation among populations of the Pyrenean newt Calotriton asper (Amphibia: Caudata) does not mirror their morphological diversification

FIGURE 2. Snout-vent-length distribution of C. asper in the Pi Valley. Above the axis, SVL of specimens from a first capture; below the axis, SVL distribution of recaptured specimens. Arrows indicate the low proportion of small adults in the recaptured sample.

opennotspecifiedNov 2008View details →

FIGURE 1 in Allozyme differentiation among populations of the Pyrenean newt Calotriton asper (Amphibia: Caudata) does not mirror their morphological diversification

FIGURE 1. Map of the Pyrenees, comprising the complete geographic distribution of Calotriton asper (not delineated). The sampling sites for the allozyme study are indicated by numbers: 1.- Zuriza, 2.- Espelunciecha, 3.- Piedrafita, 4.- San Juan de la Peña, 5.- Fanlo, 6.- Pi, 7.- Susqueda. The solid circle represents Calotriton arnoldi populations.

Figure 3. Consensus Bayesian tree for 28 in Patterns of morphological diversification of mainland Anolis lizards from northwestern South America

Figure 3. Consensus Bayesian tree for 28 species of mainland Colombian Anolis, their main clades, and their geographical distribution. Values at nodes indicate posterior probability (PP); black circles at nodes indicate PP = 1.0. Coloured ovals at tips identify morphotypes (MTs) as follows: blue: MT1, green: MT2; black: MT3, purple: MT4; yellow: MT5; red: MT6; cyan: MT7; grey: MT8, orange: MT9, white: MT10. Filled bars indicate geographical distribution: montane (white), cis-Andean (grey), trans-Andean (black), and wide distribution (red).

Figure 12 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 12. Response curve of the maximum entropy (Maxent) model. A, response curves of the precipitation of the coldest quarter, used to calculate the western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) Maxent model of the Eirenis persicus species group; B, response curves of the minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C), used to calculate the nigrofasciatus and eastern OTU Maxent model of the E. persicus species group. The logistic prediction values changed as each environmental variable was varied one by one whilst keeping all other environmental variables at their average sample value. In (A), boxplots represent the precipitation of the coldest quarter in the habitat of E. persicus specimens in southwestern Iran (SW-IR), Turkey and western Iran (TK, W-IR), and northern Iran (N-IR); in (B), boxplots represent the minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C) in the habitat of E. persicus specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU (nig), eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU (E-IR, TM), north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU (NE-PK), and specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni (mc).

Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A, western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) specimens; B, eastern and nigrofasciatus OTUs. The model was reclassified into ten equal probability classes. Only classes with probabilities greater than 60% are presented here. Maximum training sensitivity plus specificity logistic threshold (dark grey) is equal to 15.7% in (A) and 23% in (B). In (A), circles indicate the south-western Iran sub-OTU, ◆ indicate the south-eastern Turkey and western Iran sub-OTU, and plus symbols indicate the northern Iran specimens. In (B), circles indicate specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU, triangles indicate the eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU, plus symbols indicate the north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU, and stars indicate the localities of the specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni.

Figure 10 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 10. Median joining network of Eirenis persicus cytochrome b haplotypes. Abbreviations: PE, E. persicus specimens with persicus morph with bases of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, PW, persicus morph with unicoloured dorsal scales; W, walteri morph; nigrofasciatus, nigrofasciatus morph. Numbers indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions.

Figure 9 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 9. Maximum likelihood chronogram representing the evolution of the genus Eirenis and its immediate ancestors, as well as the hypothetical ancestral distribution of Eirenis persicus over the Eurasia plate. A, divergence of E. persicus (vertical line) from the Eirenis lineage (square) 16–18 Mya. B, divergence of E. persicus into the western and eastern clades 10–13 Mya. Abbreviations: Pleis., Pleistocene; Plioc., Pliocene.

Figure 8 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 8. Bayesian inference tree of the members of the Eirenis persicus species group and their relatives. Branch support measures are Bayesian posterior probabilities (×100)/maximum likelihood bootstrap support (the latter value presented only for the E. persicus species group). Abbreviations: PE, E. persicus specimens of the persicus morph with bases of their anterior dorsal scales are darker than the rest of scales; PW, persicus morph with unicoloured dorsal scales; W, walteri morph; nigrofasciatus, nigrofasciatus morph. The scale bar shows the length of branch that represents 3% genetic divergence.

Figure 3 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 3. Geographical positions of the different operational taxonomic units (OTUs): eastern OTU (dotted line), western OTU (dashed line), nigrofasciatus OTU (solid line), novum OTU (stars).

Figure 2 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 2. All available distribution records of the Eirenis persicus species group. Circles indicate the E. persicus specimens, with the persicus morph bearing unicoloured dorsal scales; squires indicate specimens from eastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and southern and western Pakistan, having both persicus morph that base of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, and walteri morph; stars indicate specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni (Wall, 1911); plus symbols indicate specimens in north-eastern Pakistan, having both persicus morphs that base of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, and with walteri morph; asterisks indicate specimens with the novum pattern; triangles indicate specimens of the nigrofasciatus morph. Circle 29 indicates the type locality of Cyclophis persicus Anderson, 1872; squire 2 indicates the type locality of Pseudocyclophis walteri Boettger, 1888; squire 7 indicates the type locality of Contia zebrina Wall, 1923; triangle 6 indicates the type locality of Contia persica var. nigrofasciata Nikolsky, 1907; star 3 indicates the type locality of Contia angusticeps Boulenger, 1894; plus symbols 2–5 indicate the type series localities of Contia mcmahoni Wall, 1911. For more details, see Appendix 1.

Figure 1 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 1. Different morphs of the Eirenis persicus species group: A, persicus morph from Dasht-e Arjan, Fars province, south-western Iran (photo by F. Hidary); B, walteri morph from Dehbakri, Kerman province, south-eastern Iran (photo by R. Nazarov); C, new morph from Sisakht, Yasuj province, central Zagros mountains, Iran (photo by H. Esmaeili); D, persicus morph from Kafir Kot, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan (photo by R. Masroor); E, nigrofasciatus morph from Dezful, Khuzestan province, south-western Iran (photo by F. Hidary).

Figure 14 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 14. Dorsal body (A), dorsal head (B), and lateral head (C) view of the holotype of Eirenis (Pseudocyclophis) occidentalis sp. nov.

Figure 2 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 2. The total-evidence consensus tree. Red nodes, numbered 1–6, are those found in previous studies (see Fig. 1): node 1, vociferator clade (vociferator group of Morando et al., 2013); node 2, bibronii clade (present study); node 3, verdugo lineage (clade F of Lobo et al., 2012a; verdugo group of Morando et al., 2013); node 4, mallimaccii subclade (clade G of Lobo et al., 2012a; mallimacci group of Morando et al., 2013); node 5, antofagastensis lineage (clade H of Lobo et al., 2012a); node 6, punae lineage (clade I of Lobo et al., 2012a); node 7, roigorum subclade (roigorum group of Morando et al., 2013), but including the verdugo lineage (node 3). Values below branches are jackknife percentages. Phymaturus illustrating the tree, from top to the bottom: males of Phymaturus damasense, Phymaturus roigorum, Phymaturus verdugo, and Phymaturus williamsi. For more details, see the main text.

Figure 6. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 6. A, transparent mesenterium of Phymaturus palluma (MCN 2651; character 213). Scale bar: 10 mm. B, same mesenterium, but completely melanic in Phymaturus patagonicus (MCN 3561). Scale bar: 10 mm. C, external surface of rectum of Phymaturus verdugo (MCN 1961; character 214). Scale bar: 5 mm. D, Longitudinal folds of the internal mucosa of rectum in Phymaturus payuniae (MCN 2879; character 215). Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 1. A, C in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 1. A, C, recent Phymaturus palluma group topologies published using different sources of data. A, morphological hypothesis of Lobo et al. (2012a); B, molecular ('all genes') topology of Morando et al. (2013). Numbers indicates congruent nodes (relationships) between both studies. Even though these two studies share only half of the terminal taxa, respectively, and different optimality criteria for phylogenetic analyses were used (parsimony versus Bayesian), almost half of the resulting nodes are congruent. B, D, Pruning these two topologies (deleting terminal taxa not shared by both analyses), the same topology is recovered for both studies, with the exception of the position of Phymaturus roigorum.

Figure 4 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 4. Ontogeny of melanism in throat, chest, sides, and dorsum of head in Phymaturus dorsimaculatus. A, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views of juvenile male (65.1 mm snout–vent length, SVL; MCN 1578); B, juvenile male (80.3 mm SVL; MCN 1570); C, adult male (89.8 mm SVL; MCN 1572). D–G, colour pictures of different species of males of Phymaturus: D, colour picture of a live Phymaturus dorsimaculatus male (photo by F. Lobo); E, Phymaturus verdugo (photo by F. Lobo); F, Phymaturus punae (photo by J.C. Acosta); G, Phymaturus bibronii (photo by A. Laspiur).