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FIG. 10 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 10. Coendou prehensilis with erected cranial quills. The inflated nasofrontal sinuses of this species provide increased surface area for quill deployment, and their convex margins allow erected quills to point anteriorly and laterally to protect adjacent soft tissues. Photographed at the Frankfurt Zoo in 2008 (courtesy of Marek Polster).

FIG. 9 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 9. Maximum-likelihood reconstructions of ancestral phenotypes for three morphological characters of Recent erethizontids. Branch tips representing species of Coendou are labeled with corresponding epithets only. See text for character definitions and scoring criteria and table 8 for divergence-date estimates. Pie diagrams at internal nodes represent estimated probabilities of alternative states.

FIG. 8 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 8. Lateral cranial views: A, Coendou prehensilis (AMNH 134064); B, C. melanurus (AMNH 266565). The inflated nasofrontal sinuses of C. prehensilis (type species of the genus Coendou) result in a strongly convex dorsal profile by contrast with the flat dorsal profile of C. melanurus (referred to Sphiggurus by some authors; see text). Both skulls are life size (×1).

FIG. 7 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 7. Coendou rufescens (FMNH 88524), previously referred to Echinoprocta by many authors. This is a shorttailed species that (like C. prehensilis) appears completely spiny because the quills conceal its short, sparse fur.

FIG. 6 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 6. Coendou melanurus (AMNH 266565), referred to Sphiggurus by Husson (1978) and other authors. This is a long-tailed species in which the quills are concealed beneath long, dense fur.

FIG. 5 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 5. Coendou prehensilis (INPA 2875), the type species of Coendou. This is a long-tailed species that appears completely spiny because the quills conceal its short, sparse fur.

FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny for 45 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny for 45 ingroup (erethizontid) terminals; outgroup taxa are not shown. Labeling conventions and nodal support statistics are the same as in figure 3. Capital letters (A, B, C) indicate unnamed clades discussed in the text.

FIG. 3 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 3. Strict consensus of 14 equally most-parsimonious trees for 29 unique erethizontid cytochrome-b haplotypes (only ingroup relationships are shown). Sequenced specimens of Coendou are identified by country of origin, next-largest political unit (state, department, or province), collection locality number (mapped in fig. 1), and an alphanumeric identifier (tissue, voucher, or GenBank accession number; see tables 2 and 3). Nodal support values are bootstrap percentages.

FIG. 1 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 1. Collection localities of sequenced specimens of Neotropical erethizontids (Chaetomys and Coendou). See gazetteer (appendix 1) for geographic coordinates and other information.

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FIG. 15 in Morphology and evolution of larval outgrowths of Tingidae (Insecta, Heteroptera), with description of new larvae

FIG. 15. — Kapiriella maynei (Schouteden, 1919), detail of medi- an abdominal tubercles on. Scale bar: 10 μm.

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FIG. 2 in Morphology and evolution of larval outgrowths of Tingidae (Insecta, Heteroptera), with description of new larvae

FIG. 2. — Amblystira peltogyne Drake & Hambleton, 1935, medi- an abdominal tubercle. Scale bar: 10 μm.

Figure 19 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 19. Abdominal sense organ in the Pterioidea. A, histological cross-section of the abdominal sense organ in the sagittal plane (7 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's trichrome stain), Pinctada longisquamosa (AMNH 298904, 18.1 mm); diagrammatic posterior view of the adductor muscle showing the arrangement of the abdominal sense organs in the Pterioidea: B, Crenatula, Electroma, Pinctada, Vulsella; C, most Pteria; D, Malleus; E, most Isognomon. Abbreviations: am (posterior) adductor muscle; an, anus; aso, abdominal sense organ; in, intestine; n, nerve; se, sensory epithelium; vg, visceral ganglia. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 18 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 18. Pedo-byssal musculature in the Pterioidea. Diagrammatic lateral view. A, Malleus, some Pteria; B, Isognomon; C, most Pterioidea. Abbreviations: am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; arm-1, anterior pair of anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; arm-2, posterior pair of anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; by, byssus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles (arm-1/arm-2); pam, posterior adductor muscle; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle.

Figure 8. Tentacle morphology. A in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 8. Tentacle morphology. A, simple tentacles on IF-2 at posteroventral part of left mantle lobe, Isognomon alatus (AMNH 298023, 43.41 mm); B, branched tentacles on IF-2 along ventral shell margin, Pinctada imbricata (FK-689 AMNH). Abbreviations: ct, ctenidium, t, tentacles. (Photograph by R. Bieler.)

Figure 16 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 16. Anatomy of pterioidean stomach. A diagrammatic lateral view through the right stomach wall showing differences in the morphology of the fleshy fold, the course of the tongue of the major typhlosole, and its association with the ducts of digestive diverticula. A, most Pterioidea; B, Isognomon, Pulvinites, some Malleus spp. Abbreviations: cs, crystalline style; ddd, ducts of digestive diverticula; ff, fleshy fold; fff, finger-like processes of fleshy fold; gs, gastric shield; in, intestine (co-joined with style sac); oe, oesophagus; pw, partition wall; td, tongue of major typhlosole diving into digestive diverticula; ty, major typhlosole; tty, tongue of major typhlosole.

Figure 17 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 17. Anal funnel. Ventral view showing different shapes: A, rounded (posterior view of adductor muscle), Electroma alacorvi (ANSP 289178, 58.5 mm); B, lanceolate, Pinctada imbricata (AMNH 308115, 45.7 mm); C, triangular, Isognomon alatus (AMNH 298023, 43.41 mm). Abbreviations: af, anal funnel; an, anus; am, posterior adductor muscle; in, intestine. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 12 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 12. Morphology of interlamellar junctions. Diagrammatic frontal section through demibranch. A, most Pterioidea; B, Isognomon; C, Pinnidae and Mytilidae. Abbreviations: cb, cross-bars; s, complete septa; ds, dorsal septa; l, gill lamellae.

Figure 7 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 7. Mantle edge morphology in the Pterioidea. Histological cross-section (5 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's trichrome stain). A, three-fold condition: Pinctada mazatlanica (AMNH 311790, 107.6 mm; scale bar = 1 mm); B, four-fold condition: Isognomon radiatus (AMNH 298944, 29.3 mm height; scale bar = 0.1 mm); C, Pteria colymbus (AMNH 298920, 63.6 mm; scale bar = 0.1 mm). Inset (B), close up of the distal extremity of the OF-1 fold (boxed) showing the ocellus (scale bar = 0.02 mm). The right panel of (C) shows two close ups of the distal extremity of the OF-1 fold (boxed) at different focal planes (scale bar = 0.03 mm). Abbreviations: c, circumpallial artery; ec, eosinophilic cells [putative photoreceptors sensu Morton (2001)]; if, inner mantle fold; n, circumpallial pallial nerve; o, ocellus; of, outer fold; p, periostracum; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle.

Figure 15 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 15. Ordinary filament anatomy. Transverse histological section (7 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's trichrome stain). Filament without (A) and with (B) intrafilamentar septum, Pteria colymbus (AMNH 298920, 63.6 mm). Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; ch, chitinous skeleton; ifs, intrafilamentar septum; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cirri; mc, mucocyte. Scale bar = 0.01 mm.

Figure 4 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 4. Single most-parsimonious cladogram (length = 317; consistency index = 0.54; retention index = 0.56). Branches are depicted proportional to the branch length. Mapped apomorphies are unambiguously optimized nonhomoplastic (black squares) and homoplastic (white squares) character states. The numbers above and below the squares denote characters and corresponding character states, respectively (as numbered and described in Appendix 1). Jackknife values are shown by numbers in rectangles at corresponding nodes. Numbers in circles enumerate nodes discussed in the Results.