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Table 3 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
<p><b>Table 3.</b> (Continued).</p><table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Theraphosid</th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>R.C. West, W.W. Lamar</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phlogiellus longipalpus</i></th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Sai Thong Watthana, Kamphaengphet Province,</td><td>Chomphuphuang <i>et al</i>.</td></tr><tr><th>Chomphuphuang <i>et al</i>., 2017</th><td></td><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>(2017)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phlogiellus</i> sp.</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Khao Pu–Khao Ya National Park, Si Banphot District,</td><td>[10]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Phatthalung, Thailand</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Plesiophrictus</i> sp.</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td><i>Anoplolepis gracilipes</i> F. Smith, 1857</td><td>Peringottukurissi South, Chulanur, Kerala, India</td><td>[11]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Plesiophrictus</i> sp.</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td><i>Anoplolepis gracilipes</i> F. Smith, 1857</td><td>Peringottukurissi South, Chulanur, Kerala, India</td><td>[12]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>Stichoplastoris</i> cf. <i>obelix</i> (Valerio, 1980) Theraphosinae</th><td><i>Labidus coecus</i> (Latreille, 1802)</td><td>Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa</td><td>Lapinski (2019)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Rica</td><td>(Figure 7C, D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tapinauchenius cupreus</i> Schmidt and</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td><i>Camponotus femoratus</i> (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>Ecuador; Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Bauer, 1996</th><td></td><td><i>Pseudomyrex</i> (?) sp.</td><td></td><td>(Figure 7B)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tapinauchenius plumipes</i> (C.L. Koch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td><i>Camponotus femoratus</i> (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>El Triunfo, Bolívar, Venezuela</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1842)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Tapinauchenius</i> sp.</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>Hirschi (1991)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"><b>Blattodea: Isoptera</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria gomesiana</i> Mello-</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>São Paulo, Brazil</td><td>Macedo <i>et al</i>. (2021)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Leitão, 1923</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>Acanthoscurria paulensis</i> Mello-Leitão, Theraphosinae</th><td><i>Armitermes</i> sp. (Nasutitermitidae)</td><td>Federal District, Brazil</td><td>Lourenço (1978)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1923</th></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Cornitermes cumulans</i> (Kollar, 1832)</td><td>Emas National Park, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil</td><td>Costa <i>et al</i>. (2009)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Termitidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>Avicularia juruensis</i> Mello-Leitão, 1923 Aviculariinae</th><td>Unidentified</td><td>nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru</td><td>[13] (Figure 8A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachionopus</i> sp.</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td><i>Trinervitermes</i> sp. (Termitidae)</td><td>Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng</td><td>[14] (Figure 8F)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Province, South Africa</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Harpactira marksi</i> Purcell, 1902</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Paarl, Western Cape, South Africa</td><td>[15]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu coloratovillosus</i> (Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil</td><td>[16] (Figure 8C)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1998)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu coloratovillosus</i> (Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil</td><td>D. Fenolio (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>1998)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 8D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nesiergus insulanus</i> Simon, 1903</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td>Kalotermitidae</td><td>Frégate Island, Seychelles</td><td>Canning <i>et al</i>. (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 9A–F)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phlogiellus longipalpus</i></th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Sai Thong Watthana, Kamphaengphet Province,</td><td>Chomphuphuang <i>et al</i>.</td></tr><tr><th>Chomphuphuang <i>et al</i>., 2017</th><td></td><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>(2017)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>Psalmopoeus cambridgei</i> Pocock, 1895 Psalmopoeinae</th><td>Unidentified</td><td>West Indies</td><td>S. Crews (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 8E)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
<p><b>Table 3.</b> A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]</p><table><thead><tr><th colspan="5">Theraphosid</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"><b>Squamata: Serpentes</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma armada</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Rena dulcis</i> Baird and Girard, 1853</td><td colspan="2">Emma Long Metropolitan Park, Travis County, Austin, [1]</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>(Leptotyphlopidae)</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachypelma boehmei</i> Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Sonora michoacanensis</i> (Duges, 1884)</td><td>Guerrero State, Mexico</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Klaas, 1993</th><td></td><td>(Colubridae)</td><td></td><td>(Figure 6F)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phoneyusa</i> sp.</th><td>Eumenophorinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Banalia, Democratic Republic of the Congo</td><td>[2]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"><b>Amblypygi</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Megaphobema velvetosoma</i> Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Parque Nacional Yasuní, Ecuador</td><td>[3] (Figure 6B)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1995</th></tr><tr><th><i>Phormictopus cautus</i> (Ausserer, 1875)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Vinales, Pinar del Río Province, Cuba</td><td>[4] (Figure 6D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Panamá Oeste, Panama</td><td>[5] (Figure 6A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Paraphrynus laevifrons</i> (Pocock, 1894)</td><td>Santa María de Dota, San José Province, Costa Rica</td><td>[6] (Figure 6C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Phrynidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Theraphosa blondi</i> (Latreille, 1804)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Kaw Mountains, Roura District, French Guiana</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tliltocatl vagans</i> (Ausserer, 1875)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Belmopan, Belize</td><td>[7]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"><b>Opiliones</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Brachypelma klaasi</i> (Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>El Tuito, Jalisco, Mexico</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Krause, 1994)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Hapalotremus vilcanota</i> Ferretti <i>et al</i>.,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">2018</th></tr><tr><th><i>Hapalotremus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Ischnocolinae (undescribed)</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Río Tigre, Loreto, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phalangiidae)</td><td>Upala, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica</td><td>[8] (Figure 6E)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Theraphosa blondi</i> (Latreille, 1804)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Kaw Mountains, Roura District, French Guiana</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><b>Hymenoptera: Formicidae</b></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria geniculata</i> (C.L. Koch,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Solenopsis</i> (?) sp.</td><td>Pará State, Brazil</td><td>R. Bertani (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1841)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Avicularia avicularia</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</th><td>Aviculariinae</td><td><i>Camponotus femoratus</i> (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>El Triunfo, Boliva, Venezuela</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Avicularia purpurea</i> Kirk, 1990</th><td>Aviculariinae</td><td><i>Camponotus femoratus</i> (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>Ecuador; Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Pseudomyrex</i> (?) sp.</td><td></td><td>(Figure 7A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Megaphobema velvetosoma</i> Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Eciton burchellii</i> Westwood, 1842</td><td>Río Nanay, Loreto, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1995</th></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria rufilata</i> Pocock, 1899</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Oecophylla smaragdina</i> Fabricius, 1775</td><td>Pulliyil, Kerala, India</td><td>[9]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Atta sexdens</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Río Tigre, Loreto, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th><i>Psalmopoeus pulcher</i> Petrunkevitch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>San José Island, Panama</td><td>Cifuentes and Bertani</td></tr><tr><th>1925</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2022)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Psalmopoeus pulcher</i> Petrunkevitch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td><i>Nasutitermes corniger</i> (Motschulsky, 1855)</td><td>Cocobolo National Reserve, Panama</td><td>[17]</td></tr><tr><th>1925</th><td></td><td>(Termitidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Umbyquyra gurleyi</i> Sherwood and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Goiás Parque Nacional Das Emas, nr. Mineiros, Brazil</td><td>Sherwood and Gabriel</td></tr><tr><th>Gabriel, 2020</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2020)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Vitalius dubius</i> (Mello-Leitão, 1923)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São</td><td>I. Sazima (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Paulo, Brazil</td><td>(Figure 8B)</td></tr><tr><th>Unidentified</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>6 km E of Duri-Kandis, Sumatra, Indonesia</td><td>Hood <i>et al</i>. (2020)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/24310668, [2] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112637602, [3] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183754892, [4] https://www.ina turalist.org/observations/20270936, [5] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17577628, [6] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/30022408, [7] https://www.inaturalist.org/observa tions/120033087, [8] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/201566087, [9] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1113324, [10] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192056961, [11] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195352827, [12] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195657003, [13] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132441110, [14] https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/198061382, [15] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/213491484, [16] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183223392, [17] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/6736913.</p>
Table 1. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
<p><b>Table 1.</b> A list of mutualistic associations between theraphosids and anurans reported in the literature.</p><table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Theraphosid</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Reference</td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Leptodactylus bufonius</i> Boulenger, 1894</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Yande Yari, Santa Cruz Department,</td><td>Schalk and Sezano (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Bolivia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Rhinella major</i> (Müller and Hellmich,</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Yande Yari, Santa Cruz Department,</td><td>Schalk and Sezano (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1936)</td><td></td><td>Bolivia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Waggoner County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>Dundee (1999)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Redbud Nature Reserve, Rogers County,</td><td>Yeary (1979); Dundee <i>et al</i>.</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oklahoma, USA</td><td>(2012)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Tulsa County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>Blair (1936)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Fort Worth, Texas, USA</td><td>Hunt (1980)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne carolinensis</i> (Holbrook,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri,</td><td>Dundee <i>et al</i>. (2012)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td>1835)</td><td></td><td>Louisiana, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>South Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma,</td><td>Mulvany (1983)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td colspan="2">Twin Hills, Okmulgee County, Oklahoma, Mulvany (1983)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma seemanni</i> (F.O.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Tamarindo, Guanacaste Province, Costa</td><td>Hooijer (2005) (Figure 2B)</td></tr><tr><th>Pickard-Cambridge, 1897)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td colspan="2">Cuitláhuac, Veracruz State and Temascal, Powell <i>et al</i>. (1984)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oaxaca State, Mexico</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachypelma auratum</i> Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Craugastor occidentalis</i> (Taylor, 1941)</td><td>Craugastoridae</td><td>Los Reyes, Michoacán State, Mexico</td><td>West (2005)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1992</th></tr><tr><th><i>Ceratogyrus darlingi</i> Pocock, 1897</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td><i>Sclerophrys</i> sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Ingwelala Reserve, Hoedspruit, South</td><td>“Spider keeping frogs as pets”</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Africa</td><td>(2017) (Figure 4C)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Haploclastus kayi</i> Gravely, 1915</th><td>Thrigmopoeinae</td><td><i>Microhyla</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Kerala,</td><td>Siliwal and Ravichandran</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>India</td><td>(2008)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu carapoensis</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i> (Boettger,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Balneario Pinamar, Paraguarí</td><td>Bascoulès and Smith (2021)</td></tr><tr><th>Lucas, 1983***</th><td></td><td>1885)</td><td></td><td>Department, Paraguay</td><td>(Figure 2C)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Undet.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cerro Blanco, Guayaquil, Ecuador</td><td>Samadi (2009)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis royi</i> Peloso <i>et al</i>., 2014</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de</td><td>von May <i>et al</i>. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Dios Region, Peru</td><td>(Figure 5A, D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td colspan="2"><i>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</i> (Andersson, Microhylidae</td><td>Posada Amazonas Lodge, Tambopata,</td><td>Csakany (2003)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1945)</td><td></td><td>Madre de Dios Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp. *</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 1 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
<p><b>Table 1.</b> (Continued).</p><table><thead><tr><th colspan="6">Theraphosid</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Reference</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td colspan="2"><i>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</i> (Andersson,</td><td>Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios</td><td>Cocroft and Hambler (1989)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1945)</td><td></td><td>Region, Peru</td><td>(Figures 2F, 5B)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp. *</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Hamptophryne boliviana</i> (Parker, 1927)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Bolivia; Peru</td><td>Miller (2003)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus jamacoaque</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Jama, Manabí Province, Ecuador</td><td>Sherwood <i>et al</i>. (2023)</td></tr><tr><th>Peñaherrera-R. <i>et al</i>., 2023</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria fasciata</i> (Latreille,</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Uperodon taprobanicus</i> (Parker, 1934)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Eluwankulama, Puttalam District, Sri</td><td>Karunarathna <i>et al</i>. (2012)</td></tr><tr><th>1804)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Lanka</td><td>(Figure 4E)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica</i></th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Uperodon taprobanicus</i> (Parker, 1934)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Rameshwaran Island, Tamil Nadu State,</td><td>Siliwal and Ravichandran</td></tr><tr><th>Smith, 2004</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>India</td><td>(2008)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria ornata</i> Pocock, 1899</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Uperodon nagaoi</i> (Manamendra-</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sri Lanka (multiple locations)</td><td>Karunarathna and</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Amarasinghe (2009)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria</i> cf. <i>subfusca</i> Pocock,</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Uperodon nagaoi</i> (Manamendra-</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sri Lanka (multiple locations)</td><td>Karunarathna and</td></tr><tr><th>1895</th><td></td><td>Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Amarasinghe (2009)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pterinochilus</i> sp.</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td><i>Sclerophrys</i> sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe</td><td>“Spider keeping frogs as pets”</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2017) (Figure 4B)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma rubronitens</i> Ausserer,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>N of Panama City, Panama</td><td>Samadi (2014)</td></tr><tr><th>1875</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Veraguas Province, Panama</td><td>Samadi (2014)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tliltocatl kahlenbergi</i> (Rudloff,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Xalapa, Veracruz State, Mexico</td><td>Bokma (2006)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">2008)**</th></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Taunay, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul,</td><td>[1] (Figure 5C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td>Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria chacoana</i> Brèthes,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Poconé (Pantanal), Mato Grosso, Brazil</td><td>[2]</td></tr><tr><th>1909</th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>McAllen, Texas, USA</td><td>N. Villareal (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, USA</td><td>[3] (Figure 2E)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>B. Hendrixson (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>La Victoria, Starr County, Texas, USA</td><td>O. Lnskns (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Incilius nebulifer</i> (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Mission, Hildalgo County, Texas, USA</td><td>[4]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma armada</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>St. Edwards Park, Austin, Travis County,</td><td>[5] (Figure 3A)</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma armada</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>The Hills, Austin, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[6]</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma armada</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Austin, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[7]</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> cf. <i>armada</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Burleson, Texas, USA</td><td>K. Myers (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 2A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Austin, Texas, USA</td><td>A. Raciti (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>B. Hendrixson (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Nowata County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>B. Molone (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> cf. <i>olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Collin County, Texas, USA</td><td>W. Adams (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Double Helix Ranch, Pontotoc, Mason</td><td>[8] (Figure 2D)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Heyburn Lake WMA, Creek County,</td><td>S. Ridgway (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oklahoma, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Bartlesville, Washington County, Oklahoma,</td><td>J. Cherry (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[9]</td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cedar Valley, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[10]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Hill Country State Natural Reserve, Bandera</td><td>[11] (Figure 3C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cherokee Wildlife Management Area,</td><td>[12]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Muskogee County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Woodcreek, Hays County, Texas, USA</td><td>[13]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Helotes, Bexar County, Texas, USA</td><td>[14] (Figure 3D)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sandy Sanders State Wildlife Management</td><td>[15]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Area North, Beckham County, Oklahoma,</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>15 km W of Blanco, Blanco County, Texas,</td><td>[16]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Dickson, Carter County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[17]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>10 km SE of Pipe Creek, Bandera County,</td><td>[18] (Figure 3B)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[19]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Incilius nebulifer</i> (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, USA</td><td>[20]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Anaxyrus debilis</i> (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Kenton, Cimarron County, Colorado, USA</td><td>[21]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma seemanni</i> (F.O.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Incilius</i> sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste</td><td>[22]</td></tr><tr><th>P-Cambridge, 1897)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cotulla, La Salle County, Texas, USA</td><td>[23]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>7 km SE of Granford, Parker County, Texas,</td><td>[24]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sun City, Williamson County, Texas, USA</td><td>[25]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Arkansas Bend Park, Lago Vista, Travis</td><td>[26]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, USA</td><td>[27]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Ruoso (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachypelma klaasi</i> (Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Hypopachus</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>S coast of Jalisco State, Mexico</td><td>R.O. Torres (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Krause, 1994)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cymbiapophysa</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Pristimantis</i> sp.</td><td>Strabomantidae</td><td>Guayaquil, Guayas Province, Ecuador</td><td>G.C. Romo (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu carapoensis</i> Lucas, 1983</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Taunay, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul,</td><td>P. Yushchenko (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td>Brazil</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu carapoensis</i> Lucas, 1983</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Trachycephalus</i> cf. <i>typhonius</i></td><td>Hylidae</td><td>Fazenda Barranco Alto, Aquidauana, State of</td><td>[28]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Laurenti, 1768)</td><td></td><td>Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Orphnaecus</i> sp.</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td><i>Rhinella</i> cf. <i>marina</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Sison, Province of Pangasinan, Philippines</td><td>D.C. Acuña (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 4D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Tambobata National Reserve, Madre de Dios</td><td>[29]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Andersson, 1945)</td><td></td><td>Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Amarakaeri Communal Reserve, Manú</td><td>W.W. Lamar (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Andersson, 1945)</td><td></td><td>Province, Madre de Dios Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo de los</td><td>N. Pedersen (pers.comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Tsáchilas Province, Ecuador</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Phormictopus atrichomatus</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Eleutherodactylus inoptatus</i></td><td>Eleutherodactylidae</td><td>Villa Mella, Santo Domingo, Dominican</td><td>A. Tosto (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Schmidt, 1991</th><td></td><td>(Barbour, 1914)</td><td></td><td>Republic</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Psalmopoeus reduncus</i> (Karsch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td><i>Oophaga pumilio</i> (Schmidt, 1857)</td><td>Dendrobatidae</td><td>La Selva Biological Station, Puerto Viejo de</td><td>[30]</td></tr><tr><th>1880)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Sarapiquí, Heredia Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Rancho Carge, Campana, Panamá Oeste</td><td>V. von Wirth (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Province, Panama</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santa Fé de Veraguas, Veraguas Province,</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Panama</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santa Catalina, Veraguas Province, Panama</td><td>A. Hooijer (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>nr. La Soledad, Veraguas, Panama</td><td>M. Hüsser (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 4A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Chiriquí Province, Panama</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Sortová, Chiriquí Province, Panama</td><td>H. Forbes (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Tliltocatl kahlenbergi</i> (Rudloff,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Coyocillo, Veracruz State, Mexico</td><td>E. Hijmensen (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>2008)</th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Xenesthis intermedia</i> Schiapelli and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Colombia</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>Gerschman, 1945</th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Xenesthis</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Barichara, Santander Department, Colombia</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Xenesthis</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Rhinella horribilis</i> (Wiegmann, 1833)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Guayabal de Síquima, Cundinamarca,</td><td>[31]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Colombia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Pleurodema thaul</i> (Schneider, 1799)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Laguna Verde, Valparaíso, Chile</td><td>I. Ma (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Bosque del Rio Tigre, Golfito, Puntarenas</td><td>[32]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Rhinella marina</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Manu National Park, Madre do Dios, Peru</td><td>[33]</td></tr></tbody></table><p>*Misidentified as <i>Xenesthis immanis</i> (Ausserer, 1875); **misidentified as <i>Tliltocatl vagans</i> (Ausserer, 1875); ***misidentified as <i>Eupalaestrus campestratus</i> (Simon, 1891).</p><p>[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172411312, [2] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/125458764, [3] https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10160781211613712, [4] https:// www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=411156599666996, [5] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/266251, [6] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/209144699, [7] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/206501111, [8] https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10153238906520170, [9] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/117511527, [10] https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/67928814, [11] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2981542, [12] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110802457, [13] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ 151080, [14] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20414694, [15] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69356138, [16] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72305901, [17] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78145809, [18] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162334153, [19] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155826470, [20] https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/16261103, [21] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/163547664, [22] https://www.facebook.com/profile/100063464321508/search/?q =seemanni, [23] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112197934, [24] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203122573, [25] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/47659937, [26] https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/10620369, [27] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16617418, [28] https://www.flickr.com/photos/colms_photos/15447166140/, [29] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/516215, [30] https://fineartamerica.com/featured/tarantula-and-frog-gregory-g-dimijian-md.html, [31] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92328064, [32] https:// www.flickr.com/photos/birdernaturalist/8570818315, [33] https://www.flickr.com/photos/rainforests/4592123067/in/album-72157623917519157/.</p>
Data from: Metabarcoding dietary analysis of coral dwelling predatory fish demonstrates the minor contribution of coral mutualists to their highly partitioned, generalist diet
Understanding the role of predators in food webs can be challenging in highly diverse predator/prey systems composed of small cryptic species. DNA based dietary analysis can supplement predator removal experiments and provide high resolution for prey identification. Here we use a metabarcoding approach to provide initial insights into the diet and functional role of coral-dwelling predatory fish feeding on small invertebrates. Fish were collected in Moorea (French Polynesia) where the BIOCODE project has generated DNA barcodes for numerous coral associated invertebrate species. Pyrosequencing data revealed a total of 292 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) in the gut contents of the arc-eye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus), the flame hawkfish (Neocirrhites armatus) and the coral croucher (Caracanthus maculatus). One hundred forty-nine (51%) of them had species-level matches in reference libraries (>98% similarity) while 76 additional OTUs (26%) could be identified to higher taxonomic levels. Decapods that have a mutualistic relationship with Pocillopora and are typically dominant among coral branches, represent a minor contribution of the predators' diets. Instead, predators mainly consumed transient species including pelagic taxa such as copepods, chaetognaths and siphonophores suggesting non random feeding behavior. We also identified prey species known to have direct negative interactions with stony corals, such as Hapalocarcinus sp, a gall crab considered a coral parasite, as well as species of vermetid snails known for their deleterious effects on coral growth. Pocillopora DNA accounted for 20.8% and 20.1% of total number of sequences in the guts of the flame hawkfish and coral croucher but it was not detected in the guts of the arc-eye hawkfish. Comparison of diets among the three fishes demonstrates remarkable partitioning with nearly 80% of prey items consumed by only one predator. Overall, the taxonomic resolution provided by the metabarcoding approach highlights a highly complex interaction web and demonstrates that levels of trophic partitioning among coral reef fishes have likely been underestimated. Therefore, we strongly encourage further empirical approaches to dietary studies prior to making assumptions of trophic equivalency in food web reconstruction.
Data from: Mutualisms in a warming world—how increased temperatures affect the outcomes of multi-mutualist interactions
<p><span>In nature, plant species simultaneously interact with many different mutualistic partners. These mutualists may influence one another through direct interference or indirectly by competing for shared reward resources or through alteration of plant traits. Together, these mutualists also may combine to affect plant hosts in ways that may not be predictable based on pairwise</span><span> int</span><span>eractions. </span><span>Given that the outcome of mutualistic interactions often depends on environmental conditions, multi-mutualist effects on one another and their plant hosts may be affected by global changes. Here, we grew focal plants under simulated global warming conditions and manipulated the presence of partner mutualists to test how warming affects the outcome of interactions between focal plants and their partners (nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, ant defenders, and pollinators) and interactions among these partner mutualists. We find that </span><span>warming alters the fitness benefits plants receive from rhizobium resource mutualists but not ant mutualists and that warming altered plant investment in all mutualists. We also find that mutualist partners interact, often by altering the availability of plant-produced rewards that facilitate interactions with other partners. Our work illustrates that global changes may affect some but not all mutualisms, often asymmetrically (e.g., affecting investment in the mutualist partner but not plant host benefits) and also highlights the ubiquity of interactions between the multiple mutualists associating with a shared host.</span></p>
Data from: Single mutation makes Escherichia coli an insect mutualist
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Data from: Mutualistic mimicry and filtering by altitude shape the structure of Andean butterfly communities
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Data from: Attracting mutualists and antagonists: plant trait variation explains the distribution of specialist floral herbivores and pollinators on crops and wild gourds
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Data from: Protection mutualists affect colonization and establishment of host-associated species in a coral reef cryptofauna community
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Data from: Cooperation and coexpression: how coexpression networks shift in response to multiple mutualists
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Data from: Diplogastrellus nematodes are sexually transmitted mutualists that alter the bacterial and fungal communities of their beetle host
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Importance of intraspecific variation in the pollination and seed dispersal functions of a double mutualist animal species
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Data from: Camponotus floridanus ants incur a trade-off between phenotypic development and pathogen susceptibility from their mutualistic Endosymbiont Blochmannia
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Data from: Functional outcomes of mutualistic network interactions: a community-scale study of frugivore gut passage on germination
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Data from: Intra-population genomics in a model mutualist: population structure and candidate symbiosis genes under selection in Medicago truncatula
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Data from: Ecological outsourcing: a pitcher plant benefits from transferring pre-digestion of prey to a bat mutualist
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Data from: Effect of mutualist partner identity on plant demography
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Data from: Quantifying the climatic niche of symbiont partners in a lichen symbiosis indicates mutualist-mediated niche expansions
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Data from: Geographical variation in mutualistic networks: similarity, turnover and partner fidelity
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.