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Fig. 7 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 7. Heatmap of the 130 volatile metabolites detected in the leaves of 46 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 4. Sparse partial least square discriminant analysis on the 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra based on 936 semi-polar metabolites: (a) Score plot showing the projection of the 48 accessions from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue) on the first two dimensions; (b) Selected variables representation on two dimensions on the correlation circles (0.5 and 1 correlation values). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 5. Box plots showing the variation in relative levels of 14 annotated semi-polar metabolites in the leaves of 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra. Lower and upper box boundaries represent 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, the line inside the box is the median, lower, and upper error lines are 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. Filled circles represent outliers. Putative identities: (a) LC2540: caffeoyl-oxalosuccinate; (b) LC3607: caffeoyl-hydroxycitric acid; (c) LC3341: dihydroxy-eudesmenolide-hexoside; (d) LC2765: Icariside B8; (e) LC3830: rhamnazin-hexoside-deoxyhexoside; (f) LC3890 quercetin-3-O-rutinoside; (g) LC880: glucocapparin; (h) LC 2021: caffeoyl-citric acid; (i) LC2468: coumaroyl-glucaric acid; (j) LC2400: glucaric acid-C26H26O14 conjugate; (k) LC2749: feruloylglucaric acid; (l) LC5323: dihydroxy-eudesmanolide-hexoside.

Fig. 6 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 6. Principal component analysis score plot of relative levels of 130 volatile metabolites detected in the leaves of 46 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). The first two dimensions explaining 52.9% of the total variation are shown. 95% confidence ellipses are presented for the three regions. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 3. Heatmap of 107 significant semi-polar metabolites with high PCA loadings (>|0.7|) in 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 2. Principal component analysis score plot of relative levels of 936 semi-polar metabolites detected in the leaves of 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). The first two dimensions explaining 39.6% of the total variation are shown. 95% confidence ellipses are displayed for the three regions. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Natural variation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in cultivated and wild rice species

Fig. 1. Accumulation of momilactones A and B in cultivars from the WRC and wild rice species after UV irradiation. (A) Momilactone A amounts in WRC cultivars. (B) Momilactone B amounts in WRC cultivars. (C) Correlation between the amounts of momilactones A and B. R2: decision coefficient. (D) Amounts of momilactones A and B in wild rice species. Or-I, Or-II, and Or-III indicate clades of O. rufipogon. O. gla: O. glaberrima; O. bar: O. barthii; O. glu: O. glumaepatula; O. mer: O. meridionalis; O. pun: O. punctata; O. bra: O. brachyantha. Values are means ± SD of three biological replicates. n.d.: not detected.

Fig. 2 in Natural variation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in cultivated and wild rice species

Fig. 2. Accumulation of phytocassanes A and D in cultivars from the WRC and wild rice species after UV irradiation. (A) Phytocassane A amounts in WRC cultivars. (B) Phytocassane D amounts in WRC cultivars. (C) Correlation between amounts of phytocassanes A and D. R 2: decision coefficient. (D) Amounts of phytocassanes A and D in wild rice species. Or-I, Or-II, and Or-III indicate clades of O. rufipogon. O. gla: O. glaberrima; O. bar: O. barthii; O. glu: O. glumaepatula; O. mer: O. meridionalis; O. pun: O. punctata; O. bra: O. brachyantha. Values are means ± SD of three biological replicates. n.d.: not detected.

Fig. 5 in Natural variation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in cultivated and wild rice species

Fig. 5. Analysis of the chemical structure of 2. (A) COSY (bold lines) and HMBC (black arrows from protons to carbon atoms) correlations of 2. (B) Chemical structure of phytocassane A. (C) NOESY correlations on the three-dimensional chemical structure of 2. (D) Chemical structure of 2.

Fig. 7 in Natural variation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in cultivated and wild rice species

Fig. 7. Accumulation of oryzalactone and phytocassane G in the WRC cultivars and wild rice species after UV irradiation. (A) Oryzalactone amounts in WRC cultivars. (B) Phytocassane G amounts in WRC cultivars. (C) Oryzalactone and phytocassane G amounts in wild rice species.Or-I, Or-II, and Or-III indicate clades of O. rufipogon. O. gla: O. glaberrima; O. bar: O. barthii; O. glu: O. glumaepatula; O. mer: O. meridionalis; O. pun: O. punctata; O. bra: O. brachyantha. Values are means ± SD of three biological replicates. n.d.: not detected.

Fig. 6 in Natural variation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in cultivated and wild rice species

Fig. 6. Accumulation of oryzalactone and phytocassane G in response to rice blast infection and the antifungal activities of these compounds against rice blast. (A) Accumulation of oryzalactone in 'Jaguary' leaves in response to rice blast infection. (B) Accumulation of phytocassane G in 'Basilanon' leaves in response to rice blast infection.Amounts of 1 and 2 were determined 72 h after the start of treatment. n.d.: not detected. Values are means ± SD of three biological replicates. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*p <0.05, **p <0.01; Dunnett's test). (C) Effect of compounds on the germination of P. oryzae 12 h after incubation. (D) Effect of compounds on conidial germ tube elongation, which was measured 12 h after treatment.Values and error bars are means ± SD (n = 3). Different letters indicate significant differences (p <0.05; Tukey–Kramer method).

Fig. 3 in Natural variation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in cultivated and wild rice species

Fig. 3. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram in momilactone A analysis. (A) Analysis of authentic momilactone A; retention time of 7.2 min. (B) Compound 1 was detected in the extract from 'Jaguary' with a retention time of 7.7 min. (C) Compound 2 was detected in the extract from 'Basilanon' with a retention time of 7.4 min.