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Figure 8 in Before the freeze: otoliths from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica, reveal dominance of gadiform fishes (Teleostei)

Figure 8. Eocene palaeogeography in south polar projection and the distributions of selected taxa of Protacanthopterygii, Paracanthopterygii and Berycoidei. Regions studied for fossil otoliths are marked by an asterisk (each region may contain multiple locations). Otolith data are compiled from Schwarzhans (1980, 1985); the palaeogeographical reconstruction is based on Reguero et al. (2013); the delimitation of the Weddellian bioprovince is based on Zinsmeister (1982); the reconstruction of palaeocurrents is composed from Crame (1999) and Huber et al. (2004).

Figure 7 in First Cretaceous teleostean otolith assemblage (Arkadelphia Formation, upper Maastrichtian) from Arkansas, USA, early Gadiformes, and the Western Interior Seaway

Figure 7. Otoliths from the Cretaceous Arkadelphia Formation. All specimens unless otherwise noted are inner views of right sagittae. Length in mm. A. Apateodus crenellatus? Schwarzhans and Stringer (2020b), DMNH 2021-09-17, 1.78 mm. B. Palaeogadus? belli sp. nov., DMNH 2021-09-18, 1.25 mm (paratype). C. Palaeogadus? belli sp. nov., DMNH 2021-09-19, 1.78 mm (paratype). D. Palaeogadus? belli sp. nov., 2021-09-20, 2.21 mm (paratype). E. Palaeogadus? belli sp. nov., DMNH 2021-09-21, 2.34 mm (paratype). F. Palaeogadus? belli sp. nov., DMNH 2021-09-22, 3.13 mm (holotype). G. Palaeogadus? belli sp. nov., DMNH 2021-09-22, 3.13 mm (holotype, outer view). H Palaeogadus? belli sp. nov., DMNH 2021-09-22, 3.13 mm (holotype, dorsal view).

Figure 5 in First Cretaceous teleostean otolith assemblage (Arkadelphia Formation, upper Maastrichtian) from Arkansas, USA, early Gadiformes, and the Western Interior Seaway

Figure 5. Otoliths from the Cretaceous Arkadelphia Formation. All specimens unless otherwise noted are inner views of right sagittae. Length in mm. A. Elops sp., DMNH 2021-09-01, 1.89 mm. B. Albuliformes indeterminate, DMNH 2021-09-02, 1.42 mm. C. Elopothrissus sp. DMNH 2021-09-03, 1.83 mm. D. Genartina sp. DMNH 2021-09-04, 0.85 mm. E. Osmeroides sp. DMNH 2021-09-05, 3.85 mm. F. Anguilla? chickasawae Schwarzhans and Stringer (2020b), DMNH 2021-09-6, 1.90 mm. G. Echiophis aff. E. semisphaeroides Schwarzhans (2003), DMNH 2021-09-07, 3.25 mm. H. Muraenanguilla? sp. DMNH 2021-09-08, 2.18 mm.

Figure 8 in First Cretaceous teleostean otolith assemblage (Arkadelphia Formation, upper Maastrichtian) from Arkansas, USA, early Gadiformes, and the Western Interior Seaway

Figure 8. Otoliths from the Cretaceous Arkadelphia Formation. All specimens unless otherwise noted are inner views of right sagittae. Lapilli are macular views. Length in mm. A. Palaeogadus cf. P. weltoni Schwarzhans and Stringer (2020a), DMNH 2021-09- 23, 1.46 mm. B. Gadiformes indeterminate, DMNH 2021-09-24, 1.56 mm. C. Tippaha mythica Schwarzhans and Stringer (2020a), DMNH 2021-09-25, 3.85 mm. D. Eutawichthys maastrichtiensis Nolf and Stringer (1996), DMNH 2021-09-26, 3.93 mm. E. Eutawichthys zideki Nolf and Stringer (1996), DMNH 2021-09-27, 1.42 mm. F. Eutawichthys cf. E. stringeri Schwarzhans, Huddleston, and Takeuchi (2018b), DMNH 2021-09-28, 1.85 mm. G. Ampheristus cf. A. americanus Schwarzhans and Stringer (2020a), DMNH 2021-09-29, 1.58 mm. H. Protobythities brzobohatyi Schwarzhans (2010), DMNH 2021-09-30, 1.68 mm. I. Lapillus type 1, DMNH 2021-09-31, 2.98 mm.

Figure 2 in First Cretaceous teleostean otolith assemblage (Arkadelphia Formation, upper Maastrichtian) from Arkansas, USA, early Gadiformes, and the Western Interior Seaway

Figure 2. Regional map of otolith-bearing Cretaceous sites mentioned in the text. Dashed line shows approximate shoreline during the late Maastrichtian (Roberts and Kirschaum 1995, Dastas et al. 2014, Stringer and Sloan 2018).

Figure 4 in First Cretaceous teleostean otolith assemblage (Arkadelphia Formation, upper Maastrichtian) from Arkansas, USA, early Gadiformes, and the Western Interior Seaway

Figure 4. Geologic section of borings B-5, B-6, B-8, B-9, and B-10 at the Cabot site, Lonoke County, Arkansas, USA. Black shapes designate the approximate level at which otoliths were recovered (bgl m=below ground level in meters). The shape is indicative of the number of otoliths recovered at that level: circle=less than 10 specimens; triangle=11–100 specimens; rectangle=101–500 specimens; and star=greater than 500 specimens.

Figure 1 in First Cretaceous teleostean otolith assemblage (Arkadelphia Formation, upper Maastrichtian) from Arkansas, USA, early Gadiformes, and the Western Interior Seaway

Figure 1. Stratigraphy of the Arkadelphia Formation and other formations discussed in the text based primarily on McFarland (2004). The gray-shaded area represents an unconformity.

Figure 9 in First Cretaceous teleostean otolith assemblage (Arkadelphia Formation, upper Maastrichtian) from Arkansas, USA, early Gadiformes, and the Western Interior Seaway

Figure 9. Maastrichtian otolith localities in North America and otolith-based faunal communities (bioprovinces) based on Schwarzhans and Stringer (2020a). The Western Interior Seaway community is outlined in green, and the localities are shown in green circles. The Appalachian community is outlined in red, and the localities are shown in red circles. The number in the circle is the number of species known from the localities. The white star is the Arkadelphia Formation site at Cabot, Arkansas, and the focus of this study. The base paleogeographic map was modified from Blakey (2014) and Scotese (2014).

Figure 6 in First Cretaceous teleostean otolith assemblage (Arkadelphia Formation, upper Maastrichtian) from Arkansas, USA, early Gadiformes, and the Western Interior Seaway

Figure 6. Otoliths from the Cretaceous Arkadelphia Formation. All specimens unless otherwise noted are inner views of right sagittae. Length in mm. A. Kokenichthys navis Schwarzhans and Stringer (2020b), DMNH 2021-09-9, 4.10 mm. B. Clupeiform? indeterminate DMNH 2021-09-10, 1.42 mm. C. Arius subtilis Schwarzhans and Bratishko (2011), DMNH 2021-09-11, 4.61 mm. D. Vorhisia vulpes Frizzell (1965b), DMNH 2021-09-13, 2.49 mm. E. Vorhisia vulpes Frizzell (1965b), DMNH 2021-09-14, 3.06 mm. F. Vorhisia vulpes Frizzell (1965b), DMNH 2021-09-15, 3.99 mm. G. Vorhisia vulpes Frizzell (1965b), DMNH 2021-09-16, 7.98 mm. H. Vorhisia vulpes Frizzell (1965b), DMNH 2021-09-12, 19.36 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry provide insights into the stock structure of bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata

FIGURE 6 Quadratic discriminant function analysis of the (a) spawning energetics, (b) otolith element:Ca ratios and (c) both techniques combined in female Ethmalosa fimbriata sampled at Joal (Senegalese southern coast), Djifer (Saloum River mouth) and Foundiougne (Saloum River middle reaches) from February to October 2014. Ellipsoids encompass c. 50% of a sampling station's data points

FIGURE 4 in Spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry provide insights into the stock structure of bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata

FIGURE 4 Relationships between Ethmalosa fimbriata oocyte dry mass and (a) lipid content, and (b) protein content from fish in southern Senegalese coastal waters. Specimens were sampled at Joal (Senegalese southern coast), Djifer (Saloum River mouth) and Foundiougne (Saloum River middle reaches) from February to October 2014

FIGURE 2 in Spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry provide insights into the stock structure of bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata

FIGURE 2 Ground otolith of a female Ethmalosa fimbriata specimen (total length, LT = 23.1 cm) embedded in epoxy resin. The specimen was sampled at Foundiougne (Sine Saloum, Senegal) in May 2014. The ablation path can be seen along the edge of the otolith's rostrum

FIGURE 1 in Spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry provide insights into the stock structure of bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata

FIGURE 1 The Senegalese southern coast and the Sine Saloum Estuary, including sampling sites (): Joal, Senegalese southern coast; Djifer, Saloum River mouth; Foundiougne, Saloum River middle reaches

FIGURE 3 in Spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry provide insights into the stock structure of bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata

FIGURE 3 Total length–frequency distribution of Ethmalosa fimbriata females with hydrated oocytes. Sampling took place at Joal (Senegalese southern coast), Djifer (Saloum River mouth) and Foundiougne (Saloum River middle reaches) from February to October 2014

FIGURE 7 in Spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry provide insights into the stock structure of bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata

FIGURE 7 Mean (a) Ba:Ca and (b) Sr:Ca ratios of female Ethmalosa fimbriata otoliths in relationship with surface water temperature. Individuals were sampled at Joal (Senegalese southern coast), Djifer (Saloum River mouth) and Foundiougne (Saloum River middle reaches) from February to October 2014

FIGURE 5 in Spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry provide insights into the stock structure of bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata

FIGURE 5 (a) Monthly mean (SD; n, sample size) oocyte energy content and (b) boxplots (, median; ⊺, 5th and 95th percentiles;, outliers) of spawning batch energy content of female Ethmalosa fimbriata sampled at Joal (Senegalese southern coast), Djifer (Saloum River mouth) and Foundiougne (Saloum River middle reaches) from February to October 2014. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05). Movfree, Ovary-free body mass

F I G U R E 1 in Staining protocols affect use of otolith to estimate the demography of the damselfish sergeant major (Abudefduf vaigiensis)

F I G U R E 1 Mark quality in different concentrations of stain in the sagittae, lapilli, and asterisci. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals and letters represent significant differences. Capitalized letters compare across treatments and lower-case letters compare within a treatment.

F I G U R E 3 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 3 Images of the proximal and distal sides of the right and left otoliths from black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789). Scale bar and the plane at which the length and width of the otolith were measured are shown.

F I G U R E 1 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 1 Three specimens of black fish (Centrolophus niger) caught during the International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas in 2021. Specimens were photographed prior to freezing. Photograph by James Kennedy.

F I G U R E 8 Total length v in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 8 Total length v. (a) total weight, (b) fork length, and (c) standard length for black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) from the current and previous studies. The origin of the previous data is indicated in the legend. (a) Nonlinear and (b, c) linear regression models are shown. Note that total weight corresponds to frozen weight for measurements in the current study, whereas for previous studies, corresponds to the weight given in the respective study.