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222 results for “photosynthesis”
Photosynthesis Leaf Carbon and Nitrogen:BioCON : Biodiversity, Elevated CO2, and N Enrichment
BioCON (Biodiversity, CO2, and Nitrogen) is an ecological experiment started in 1997 at the University of Minnesota's Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve. BioCON's goal is to explore the ways in which plant communities will respond to three environmental changes that are known to be occurring on a global scale: increasing nitrogen deposition, increasing atmospheric CO2, and decreasing biodiversity. Why Biodiversity, CO2, and Nitrogen? While there are many uncertainties in global change biology, there are also some well documented facts. Some of these are: 1. The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is rising. Since the industrial revolution, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased from approximately 275 parts per million (ppm) to about 378 ppm today. This has been largely the result of fossil fuel burning. It is expected that CO2 levels will continue to rise, and that by the year 2050 these levels will be approximately 550 ppm. CO2 is the raw material for photosynthesis and is known to affect plant growth and development. 2. The amount of nitrogen moving through terrestrial ecosystems has increased in the recent past. While natural "background" levels of nitrogen fixation have remained constant, human additions to the system through fertilizer production and fossil fuel use have increased dramatically. Nitrogen is a key nutrient for plant growth and plays a critical role in plant community structure and composition in many environments. 3. Biodiversity levels are falling. While the research and data are not as complete as they are for CO2 and nitrogen, data indicate that the number of species globally, is being reduced. Perhaps more important for ecosystem function, diversity levels on local to regional scales have fallen due to land use change, biotic invasion and many other drivers. While much is known about how each of these factors affects ecosystem functioning, many questions remain. There is also little data on how these issues affe
Data from: Photosynthesis, growth, and decay traits in Sphagnum – a multispecies comparison
Peat mosses (Sphagnum) largely govern carbon sequestration in Northern Hemisphere peatlands. We investigated functional traits related to growth and decomposition in Sphagnum species. We tested the importance of environment and phylogeny in driving species traits and investigated trade-offs among them. We selected 15 globally important Sphagnum species, representing four sections (subgenera) and a range of peatland habitats. We measured rates of photosynthesis and decomposition in standard laboratory conditions as measures of innate growth and decay potential, and related this to realized growth, production, and decomposition in their natural habitats. In general, we found support for a trade-off between measures of growth and decomposition. However, the relationships are not strong, with r ranging between 0.24 and 0.45 for different measures of growth versus decomposition. Using photosynthetic rate to predict decomposition in standard conditions yielded R2 = 0.20. Habitat and section (phylogeny) affected the traits and the trade-offs. In a wet year, species from sections Cuspidata and Sphagnum had the highest production, but in a dry year, differences among species, sections, and habitats evened out. Cuspidata species in general produced easily decomposable litter, but their decay in the field was hampered, probably due to near-surface anoxia in their wet habitats. In a principal components analysis, PCA, photosynthetic capacity, production, and laboratory decomposition acted in the same direction. The species were imperfectly clustered according to vegetation type and phylogeny, so that some species clustered with others in the same section, whereas others clustered more clearly with others from similar vegetation types. Our study includes a wider range of species and habitats than previous trait analyses in Sphagnum and shows that while the previously described growth–decay trade-off exists, it is far from perfect. We therefore suggest that our species-specific trait measures offer opportunities for improvements of peatland ecosystem models. Innate qualities measured in laboratory conditions translate differently to field responses. Most dramatically, fast-growing species could only realize their potential in a wet year. The same species decompose fast in laboratory, but their decomposition was more retarded in the field than that of other species. These relationships are crucial for understanding the long-term dynamics of peatland communities.
Data from: C4 photosynthesis boosts growth by altering physiology, allocation and size
C4 photosynthesis is a complex set of leaf anatomical and biochemical adaptations that have evolved more than 60 times to boost carbon uptake compared with the ancestral C3 photosynthetic type1,2,3. Although C4 photosynthesis has the potential to drive faster growth rates4,5, experiments directly comparing C3 and C4 plants have not shown consistent effects1,6,7. This is problematic because differential growth is a crucial element of ecological theory8,9 explaining C4 savannah responses to global change10,11, and research to increase C3 crop productivity by introducing C4 photosynthesis12. Here, we resolve this long-standing issue by comparing growth across 382 grass species, accounting for ecological diversity and evolutionary history. C4 photosynthesis causes a 19–88% daily growth enhancement. Unexpectedly, during the critical seedling establishment stage, this enhancement is driven largely by a high ratio of leaf area to mass, rather than fast growth per unit leaf area. C4 leaves have less dense tissues, allowing more leaves to be produced for the same carbon cost. Consequently, C4 plants invest more in roots than C3 species. Our data demonstrate a general suite of functional trait divergences between C3 and C4 species, which simultaneously drive faster growth and greater investment in water and nutrient acquisition, with important ecological and agronomic implications.
Continous observations of chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis at XTS site (October 2020- June 2021)
<p>This is the dataset of continuous observations of chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis at the Xiaotangshan (XTS, Beijing) site. The dominant species during the observation period was winter wheat, and the data was provided at an interval of half an hour.</p>
Elevated CO2 alleviates adverse effects of drought on plant water relations and photosynthesis: a global meta-analysis
<p><span>1. </span><span>The elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2) is expected to improve plant water relations and carbon (C) uptakes, with a potential to mitigate drought stress. However, the interactive effects of eCO2 and drought on plant physiology and growth are not clear. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We performed a meta-analysis on the interactive effects of eCO2 and drought on plant water relations, photosynthesis, biomass production and allocation. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found that eCO2 did not lead to conservation of soil water, but improved leaf water status under drought conditions as evidenced by a higher leaf relative water content and a less negative midday leaf water potential, resulting from reduced stomatal conductance (gs) and increased root to shoot ratio. Elevated CO2 retarded gs response to drought, which may be mediated by decreases in leaf abscisic acid concentration under eCO2 and drought. Drought imposed stomatal limitations on photosynthesis (A), which was alleviated by eCO2 via increasing intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). This led to a stronger A response to eCO2 under drought, supporting the "low Ci effect". However, no interaction of eCO2 and drought was detected on plant biomass production. Intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) increased proportionally with eCO2, while plant-scale WUE was less responsive to eCO2 regardless of water availability. The advantages of eCO2 on C3 plants over C4 plants under well-watered conditions diminished under drought conditions. Within C3 plants, drought caused a greater reduction in biomass for woody plants than for herbs. Biomass declined progressively as drought prolonged for plants growing in both ambient CO2 and eCO2. The physiology and biomass of plants growing in pots showed more negative responses to drought than those growing in field. Biomass increase in free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiments was significantly less than those in growth chamber and open top chamber experiments. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis</span><span>. These findings suggest that eCO2 can alleviate the adverse impacts of drought on plant water relations and C sequestration, and are of significance in the prediction of plant growth and ecosystem productivity under global changes.</span></p>
Morpho-functional traits of the coral Stylophora pistillata enhance light capture for photosynthesis at mesophotic depths
<p><span>The morphological architecture of photosynthetic corals modulates the light capture and functioning of the coral-algal symbiosis on shallow-water corals. Since corals can thrive on mesophotic reefs under extreme light-limited conditions, we hypothesized that microskeletal coral features enhance light capture under low-light environments. Utilizing micro-computed tomography scanning, we conducted a novel comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) assessment of small-scale skeleton morphology of the depth-generalist coral <em>Stylophora pistillata</em> collected from shallow (4-5 m) and mesophotic (45-50 m) depths. We detected a high phenotypic diversity between depths, resulting in two distinct morphotypes, with calyx diameter, theca height, and corallite marginal spacing contributing to most of the variation between depths. To determine whether such depth-specific morphotypes affect coral light capture and photosynthesis on the corallite-scale, we developed 3D simulations of light propagation and photosynthesis. We found that microstructural features of corallites from mesophotic corals provide a greater ability to use solar energy under light-limited conditions; while corals associated with shallow morphotypes avoided excess light through self-shading skeletal architectures and the results from our study suggest that skeleton morphology plays a key role in coral photoadaptation to light limited environments.</span></p>
"Field integration of shoot gas exchange and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to study the long-term regulation of photosynthesis in situ" data set
<p>The main data used in the "Field integration of shoot gas exchange and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to study the long-term regulation of photosynthesis in situ" publication, as well as the readme-file for the dataset. Supplementary figures are available at the Tree Physiology website.</p>
RCP8.5 CO2 for "Acclimation of photosynthesis to CO2 increases ecosystem carbon storage due to leaf nitrogen savings"
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Decline in coupling between vegetation photosynthesis and greening in northern ecosystems during the photosynthesis-up period
<p>The maximum seasonal vegetation photosynthesis (Pho<sub>max</sub>) is crucial to regulating the global carbon dynamics. Among them, the seasonal increments in vegetation photosynthesis (ΔPho) have major implications for understanding Pho<sub>max</sub>. However, the interannual variability of ΔPho within the photosynthesis-up period (PUP) and its influencing factors remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we identified PUP and quantified the multi-year characteristics of ΔPho using satellite-derived solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. We further investigated the response of ΔPho in northern ecosystems to climate change and vegetation greening by integrating climate data and the normalized difference vegetation index. In the northern ecosystems, longer PUP often spatially correlated with a higher ΔPho. An increasing trend was evident regarding the multi-year variations in ΔPho, suggesting enhanced vegetation photosynthesis within the PUP. This phenomenon is primarily driven by increased solar radiation and intensified vegetation greening. Additionally, based on the results derived from satellite data, we found three pieces of evidence for the decoupling trend between vegetation photosynthesis and greening under the influence of climate change: first, the inconsistent trends between ΔPho and greening; second, the declining moving trend in the correlation coefficient between ΔPho and greening, approximately 9.17 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>4</sup>; and third, the weakened dominant role of greening on ΔPho. The findings are also partially validated by the results from ecosystem model simulations. This study provides insights into the interannual variability of ΔPho and its influencing factors, and indicates that vegetation dynamics and terrestrial carbon cycle are likely to become more complex under future climate change scenarios.</p>
Fig. 3 in High irradiation and increased temperature induce different strategies for competent photosynthesis in young and mature fig leaves
Fig. 3. Relative abundances of Rubisco LSU in mature (ML) and young (YL) leaves of common fig. Relative abundances were measured in the morning (PPFD = 150 ± 20 μmol m −2 s −1; T = 17 ± 1 ̊C) and at midday (PPFD = 1300 ± 100 μmol m −2 s −1; T = 35 ± 2 ̊C). Vertical bars represent mean values ± SD. Values are displayed as % relative to values measured in the morning in ML (100%).
Fig. 4 in High irradiation and increased temperature induce different strategies for competent photosynthesis in young and mature fig leaves
Fig. 4. Changes in concentration of TBARS (μmol g −1 FW, a) and specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; U mg −1 proteins, b), catalase (CAT; ΔA min−1 mg −1 protein, c) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; ΔA min−1 mg−1 protein, d) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX; ΔA min−1 mg−1 protein, e) in mature (ML) and young (YL) common, fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves measured in the morning (PPFD = 150 ± 20 μmol m −2 s −1; T = 17 ± 1 ̊C) and at midday (PPFD = 1300 ± 100 μmol m −2 s −1; T = 35 ± 2 ̊C). Vertical bars represent mean values ± SD. The vertical bars with different lower-case letters are significantly different from each other at p <0.05 according to Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test.
Data from: Exploring the possible role of hybridization in the evolution of photosynthetic pathways in Flaveria (Asteraceae), the prime model of C4 photosynthesis evolution
<p><em>Flaveria</em> (Asteraceae) is the prime model for the study of C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis evolution and seems to support a stepwise acquisition of the pathway through C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>4</sub> intermediate phenotypes, still existing in <em>Flaveria</em> today. Molecular phylogenies of <em>Flaveria</em> based on concatenated data matrices are currently used to reconstruct the complex sequence of trait shifts during C<sub>4</sub> evolution. To assess the possible role of hybridization in C<sub>4</sub> evolution in <em>Flaveria</em>, we re-analyzed transcriptome data of 17 <em>Flaveria</em> species to infer the extent of gene tree discordance and possible reticulation events. We found massive gene tree discordance as well as reticulation along the backbone and within clades containing C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>4</sub> intermediate and C<sub>4</sub>-like species. An early hybridization event between two C<sub>3</sub> species might have triggered C<sub>4 </sub>evolution in the genus. The clade containing all C<sub>4</sub> species plus the C<sub>4</sub>-like species F. vaginata and<em> F. palmeri </em>is highly supported in our phylogenetic analyses, but it might be of hybrid origin involving <em>F. angustifolia</em> and<em> F. sonorensis</em> (both C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>4</sub> intermediate) as parental lineages. Hybridization seems to be a driver of C<sub>4</sub> evolution in<em> Flaveria</em> and likely promoted the fast acquisition of C<sub>4</sub> traits. This new insight can be used in further exploring C<sub>4</sub> evolution and can inform C<sub>4</sub> bioengineering efforts.</p>
Data from: C4 photosynthesis boosts growth by altering physiology, allocation and size
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Data for variation of magnesium drives plant adaption to heterogeneous environments by regulating efficiency in photosynthesis on a large scale
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Data from: Molecular evolution of key metabolic genes during transitions to C4 and CAM photosynthesis
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Compensatory photosynthesis in Pseudoroegneria spicata
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Data from: Photosynthesis, growth, and decay traits in Sphagnum – a multispecies comparison
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Electron flow during photosynthesis is regulated by location of Ferredoxin:NADP(H) Oxidoreductase
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Morpho-functional traits of the coral Stylophora pistillata enhance light capture for photosynthesis at mesophotic depths
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Data from: C4 photosynthesis evolved in warm climates but promoted migration to cooler ones
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