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F I G U R E 1 in Review of the chemical ecology of homoterpenes in arthropod-plant interactions

F I G U R E 1 Chemical structures of homoterpenes central to arthropod–plant interactions: n = 1, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT); n = 2, 4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT). R0, R00 = methyl

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Evolutionary winners are ecological losers among oceanic island plants

Aim: Adaptive radiation, in which successful lineages proliferate by exploiting untapped niche space, provides a popular but potentially misleading characterization of evolution on oceanic islands. Here we analyse the respective roles of members of in situ diversified vs. non-diversified lineages in shaping the main ecosystems of an archipelago to explore the relationship between evolutionary and ecological 'success'. Location: Canary Islands. Taxon: Vascular plants. Methods: We quantified the abundance/rarity of the native flora according to the geographical range (number of islands where present and geographical extent of the range), habitat breadth (climatic niche) and local abundance (cover) using species distribution data based on 500 × 500 m grid cells and 2000 vegetation inventories located all over the archipelago. Results: Species of diversified lineages have significantly smaller geographic ranges, narrower climatic niches and lower local abundances than those of non-diversified lineages. Species rarity increased with the degree of diversification. The diversified Canarian flora is mainly comprised by shrubs. At both archipelagic and island level, the four core ecosystems (Euphorbia scrub, thermophilous woodlands, laurel forest and pine forest) were dominated by non-diversified lineages species, with diversified lineages species providing <25% cover. Species of diversified lineages, although constituting 54% of the archipelagic native flora, were only abundant in two rare ecosystems: high mountain scrub and rock communities. Main conclusions: Radiated species, endemic products of in situ speciation, are mostly rare in all three rarity axes and typically do not play an important role in structuring plant communities on the Canaries. The vegetation of the major ecosystem types is dominated by plants representing non-diversified lineages (species that derive from immigration and accumulation), while species of evolutionarily successful lineages.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Links across ecological scales: Plant biomass responses to elevated CO2

Despite the wide agreement that increased plant biomass accumulation under elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) might play a key role in climate change, the effect of e[CO2] on plant biomass levels remains a major uncertainty in climate models. In the review associated with this dataset, we discuss the evidence for increased biomass levels under e[CO2] across multiple levels of ecological organization, scaling from physiological responses to changes in population-, community-, ecosystem-, and global-scale dynamics. We find that evidence for a sustained biomass response to e[CO2] varies across ecological scales, leading to diverging conclusions about the responses of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. We identify key research gaps in our understanding of the effect of e[CO2] on plant biomass and highlight the need to integrate knowledge across scales of ecological organization so that large-scale modeling can represent the finer-scale mechanisms needed to constrain our understanding of future terrestrial C storage.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Dataset for the manuscript: Phylogenetic and functional constraints of plant facilitation rewiring. ECOLOGY

The following directory contains the data necessary  to replicate the results obtained in the manuscript entitled: Phylogenetic and functional constraints of plant facilitation rewiring We provided two spreadsheets containing the data "Adult species data" and "Interactions data.xlsx". Each archive contains a readme textbox with detailed information on the variables included in the archives

opennotspecifiedFeb 2011View details →

Fig. 2 in Flowering phenology of co-occurring Asteraceae: a matter of climate, ecological interactions, plant attributes or of evolutionary relationships among species?

Fig. 2 Number of Asteraceae species growing in Chaco Serrano forests of La Serranita-Los Aromos that bear flowers during each month of the year; for calculation, see text in Material and methods Section

opennotspecifiedFeb 2011View details →

Fig. 1 in Flowering phenology of co-occurring Asteraceae: a matter of climate, ecological interactions, plant attributes or of evolutionary relationships among species?

Fig. 1 Diagram of phylogenetic relationships between Asteraceae taxa studied in this work (adapted from Panero and Crozier 2008; Panero and Funk 2008)

opennotspecifiedFeb 2011View details →

Fig. 4 in Flowering phenology of co-occurring Asteraceae: a matter of climate, ecological interactions, plant attributes or of evolutionary relationships among species?

Fig. 4 Plot of PCA scores for 43 co-occurring Asteraceae species in Chaco Serrano forests of La Serranita-Los Aromos, showing first two principal component axes from analysis of flowering phenology considering plant traits and taxonomic membership. Vectors corre-

opennotspecifiedAug 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in Pauesia species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking Eulachnini aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) on coniferous plants in Lithuania: ecological and mitochondrial COI diversity

Fig. 2 Haplotype networks of Pauesia species attacking Eulachnini aphids in Lithuania based on partial COI fragment

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Experimental assemblage of novel plant-herbivore interactions: ecological host shifts after 40 million years of isolation

Geographic isolation is the first step in insect herbivore diet specialization. Such specialization is postulated to increase insect fitness, but may simultaneously reduce insect ability to colonize novel hosts. During the Paleocene-Eocene, plants from the order Zingiberales became isolated either in the Paleotropics or in the Neotropics. During the Cretaceous, rolled-leaf beetles diversified in the Neotropics concurrently with neotropical Zingiberales. Using a community of Costa Rican rolled-leaf beetles and their Zingiberales host plants as study system, we explored if previous geographic isolation precludes insects to expand their diets to exotic hosts. We recorded interactions between rolled-leaf beetles and native Zingiberales by combining DNA barcodes and field records for 7450 beetles feeding on 3202 host plants. To determine phylogenetic patterns of diet expansions, we set 20 field plots including five exotic Zingiberales, recording beetles feeding on these exotic hosts. In the laboratory, using both native and exotic host plants, we reared a subset of insect species that had expanded their diets to the exotic plants. The original plant-herbivore community comprised 24 beetle species feeding on 35 native hosts, representing 103 plant-herbivore interactions. After exotic host plant introduction, 20% of the beetle species expanded their diets to exotic Zingiberales. Insects only established on exotic hosts that belong to the same plant family as their native hosts. Laboratory experiments show that beetles are able to complete development on these novel hosts. In conclusion, rolled-leaf beetles are pre-adapted to expand their diets to novel host plants even after millions of years of geographic isolation.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

The ecological role of native-plant landscaping in residential yards to birds during the nonbreeding period

Residential yards are a form of urban land use that cover a considerable amount of area in cities worldwide and provide important habitat for wildlife, especially when landscaped with native plants. Nevertheless, most native-plant landscaping and wildlife research in the northern temperate regions of the world has been conducted during the spring and summer breeding periods, leaving a gap in our understanding of the importance of residential yards and native plants as habitats for animals during the nonbreeding period. To fill this gap, we quantified the ecological role of native-landscaped yards to avifauna throughout Greater Los Angeles, California (L.A.) during the winter nonbreeding period, which is a time of year when the region hosts a high abundance and diversity of migratory and resident birds. We surveyed birds and habitat features from October-March of 2020 and 2021 at 22 pairs of native and nonnative-landscaped yards plus ten additional native-landscaped yards. We had three objectives for our study. First, we compared avifaunal communities, including feeding and nonfeeding behaviors, and habitat features between native and non-native-landscaped yards. Second, we quantified relationships between habitat features and bird richness, abundance, and feeding and nonfeeding behaviors — focusing on species affiliated with urban or natural terrestrial ecosystems of the region. Third, we documented feeding and nonfeeding behaviors by birds with native and non-native plants. Native-landscaped yards had a greater cover of native trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and a higher cover of natural habitat elements, including leaf litter and bare-ground cover. Bird richness and abundance — especially bird species affiliated with tree and shrub-dominated ecosystems — were greater in native than nonnative-landscaped yards. Further, yards with a higher cover of native plants supported greater numbers of feeding birds, with individuals focusing their foraging behaviors on distinct native trees and shrubs, including Quercus spp. (oak), Heteromeles spp. (toyon), Arctostaphylos spp. (manzanita), and Salvia spp. (sage). Our results suggested that residential yards landscaped with native plants provide important habitats for birds during the nonbreeding period and are a viable approach for residents and cities if improving conditions for birds throughout the annual cycle is a goal.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Individual flowering phenology shapes plant-pollinator interactions across ecological scales affecting plant reproduction

1. The balance of pollination competition and facilitation amongst co-flowering plants and abiotic resource availability can modify plant species and individual reproduction. Floral resource succession and spatial heterogeneity modulate plant-pollinator interactions across ecological scales (individual plant, local assemblage, interaction network of agroecological infrastructure across the farm). Intraspecific variation in flowering phenology can modulate the precise level of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in floral resources, pollen donor density and pollinator interactions that a plant individual is exposed to, thereby affecting reproduction. 2. We tested how abiotic resources and multi-scale plant-pollinator interactions affected individual plant seed set, modulated by intraspecific variation in flowering phenology and spatio-temporal floral heterogeneity arising from agroecological infrastructure. We transplanted two focal insect-pollinated plant species (Cyanus segetum and Centaurea jacea, n = 288) into agroecological infrastructure (10 sown wildflower, 6 legume-grass strips) across a farm-scale experiment (125 ha). 3. We applied an individual-based phenologically explicit approach to match precisely the flowering period of plant individuals to the concomitant level of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in plant-pollinator interactions, potential pollen donors, floral resources and abiotic conditions (temperature, water, nitrogen). 4. Individual plant attractiveness, assemblage floral density and conspecific pollen donor density (C. jacea) improved seed set. Network linkage density increased focal species' seed set and modified the effect of local assemblage richness and abundance on C. segetum. Mutual dependence on pollinators in networks increased C. segetum seed set, while C. jacea seed set was greatest where both specialization on pollinators and mutual dependence was high. Abiotic conditions were of little or no importance to seed set. 5. Intra- and interspecific plant-pollinator interactions respond to spatio-temporal heterogeneity arising from agroecological management affecting wild plant species reproduction. The interplay of pollinator interactions within and between ecological scales affecting seed set implies a co-occurrence of pollinator-mediated facilitative and competitive interactions among plant species and individuals.

FIGURE 6 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 6. Metriocnemus eurynotus associated with Impatiens sp. cotyledons. a. cotyledon with mine containing two larvae; b–f. larvae in mines; g. two larvae in mine; h. three larvae in mine; i. two larvae interacting; j. older larvae feeding externally; k. pupa on cotyledon surface; l. reared adult female.

FIGURE 7 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 7. Metriocnemus sp. "Oregon", larva (a–c). a. habitus; b. antenna; c. labrum and premandible; d. mandible; e. mentum; f. posterior portion of the larva.

FIGURE 4 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 4. Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov., larvae and leaf mines on Erythranthe spp. (a–d), larvae and mines on Veronica sp. (e–h). a. on E. glabrata; b. on E. guttata; c. on E. moschata (larva establishing new mine); d. on E. moschata; e. larva in newly established leaf mine; f. larva mining leaf; g. larvae in new leaf mines; h. larva in stem mine, with mining in the adjacent petiole.

FIGURE 12 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 12. Secondary inhabitants in leaf mines of Metriocnemus erythranthei on Veronica sp. a., larva of M. eurynotus (upper left) and two larvae of M. erythranthei (center and upper right); b., larva of Limnophyes sp. (prob. L. viribus) (lower left) in vacated mine.

FIGURE 3 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 3. Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov., pupa (a–c), larval (d–h). a. frontal apotome; b. abdominal tergites; c. abdominal sternites; d. habitus; e. antenna; f. labrum and premandible; g. mandible; h. mentum.

FIGURE 2 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 2. Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov., female (a–d). a. antenna; b. wing; c. genitalia ventral view; d. genitalia, dorsal view.

FIGURE 5 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 5. Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov., pupation on Veronica sp. (a–e), adults (f–g). a. pupa in leaf mine; b. same; c. pupa in stem mine; d. pupal exuviae protruding from leaf mine; e. leaf mine opened to show vacated pupation site, with larval exuviae and gelatinous mass; f. female reared from Erythranthe glabrata; g. male reared from Veronica sp.

FIGURE 1 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 1. Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov., male (a–d). a. tentorium; b. thorax; c. wing; d. hypopygium.

FIGURE 8 in Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae

FIGURE 8. Comparison of some characteristics of Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. (a, c, e, g) and Metriocnemus eurynotus (Holmgren, 1883) (b, d, f, h). a–b. male antenna; c–d. male hypopygium; e–f. female last flagellomere; g–h. larval mentum. Scale bars are 50 µm.