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487 results for “population differences”
Population-level variation in parasite resistance due to differences in immune initiation and rate of response
<p>Closely related populations often differ in resistance to a given parasite, as measured by infection success or failure. Yet, the immunological mechanisms of these evolved differences are rarely specified. Does resistance evolve via changes to the host's ability to recognize that an infection exists, actuate an effective immune response, or attenuate that response? We tested whether each of these phases of the host response contributed to threespine sticklebacks' recently evolved resistance to their tapeworm <i>Schistocephalus solidus. </i>While marine stickleback and some susceptible lake fish permit fast-growing tapeworms, other lake populations are resistant and suppress tapeworm growth via a fibrosis response. We subjected lab-raised fish from three populations (susceptible marine 'ancestors', a susceptible lake population, a resistant lake population), to a novel immune challenge using an injection of: 1) a saline control, 2) alum, a generalized pro-inflammatory adjuvant that causes fibrosis, 3) a tapeworm protein extract, or 4) a combination of alum and tapeworm protein). With enough time, all three populations generated a robust fibrosis response to the alum treatments. Yet, only the resistant population exhibited a fibrosis response to the tapeworm protein alone. Thus, these populations differed in their ability to respond to the tapeworm protein but shared an intact fibrosis pathway. The resistant population also initiated fibrosis faster in response to alum, and was able to attenuate fibrosis, unlike the susceptible populations' slow but longer-lasting response to alum. As fibrosis has pathological side-effects that reduce fecundity, the faster recovery by the resistant population may reflect an adaptation to mitigate the costs of immunity. Broadly, our results confirm that parasite detection and immune initiation, activation speed, and immune attenuation simultaneously contribute to the evolution of parasite resistance and adaptations to infection in natural populations.</p>
Resilience of seagrass populations to thermal stress does not reflect regional differences in ocean climate
<p>1. The prevalence of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity among populations is critical to accurately predicting when and where climate change impacts will occur. Currently, comparisons of thermal performance between populations are untested for most marine species or overlooked by models predicting the thermal sensitivity of species to extirpation.</p> <p>2. Here we compared the ecological response and recovery of seagrass populations (<i>Posidonia oceanica</i>) to thermal stress throughout a year-long translocation experiment across a 2800 km gradient in ocean climate. Transplants in central and warm-edge locations experienced temperatures >29 ºC, representing thermal anomalies >5ºC above long-term maxima for cool-edge populations, 1.5ºC for central and <1ºC for warm-edge populations.</p> <p>3. Cool, central and warm-edge populations differed in thermal performance when grown under common conditions, but patterns contrasted with expectations based on thermal geography. Cool-edge populations did not differ from warm-edge populations under common conditions and performed significantly better than central populations in growth and survival.</p> <p>4. Our findings reveal that thermal performance does not necessarily reflect the thermal geography of a species. We demonstrate that warm-edge populations can be less sensitive to thermal stress than cooler, central populations suggesting that Mediterranean seagrasses have greater resilience to warming than current paradigms suggest.</p>
Genetic data and niche differences suggest that disjunct populations of Diglossa brunneiventris are not sister lineages
<p>Disjunct distributions within a species are of great interest in systematics and biogeography. This separation can function as a barrier to gene flow when the distance among populations exceeds the dispersal capacity of individuals, and depending on the duration of the barrier, it may eventually lead to speciation. Here we describe patterns of geographic differentiation of two disjunct populations of <em>Diglossa brunneiventris</em> separated by approximately 1000 km along the Andes. <em>Diglossa brunneiventris vuilleumieri </em>is isolated in northern Colombia, while <em>Diglossa brunneiventris brunneiventris</em> has a seemingly continuous distribution across Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of the two <em>Diglossa brunneiventris</em> subspecies to evaluate whether they form a monophyletic clade, while including the other three species within the carbonaria complex (<em>D. gloriosa</em>, <em>D. humeralis</em> and <em>D. carbonaria</em>). We also constructed ecological niche models for each <em>Diglossa brunneiventris </em>subspecies to compare their climatic niches. We found that when using all available molecular data, the two <em>D. brunneiventris</em> subspecies are not sister lineages. In fact, each subspecies is more closely related to other species in the carbonaria complex. Our niche modeling analyses showed that the subspecies are occupying almost entirely different climatic niches. An additional, and not expected result was that the carbonaria complex might encompass more cryptic species than previously considered. We suggest reevaluating the taxonomic status of these brunneiventris populations, especially the northern subspecies, given its highly restricted range and potential threatened status.</p>
Data from: Ecological genetics of Juglans nigra: differences in early growth patterns of natural populations
<p>Many boreal and temperate forest tree species distributed across large geographic ranges are composed of populations adapted to the climate they inhabit. Forestry provenance studies and common gardens provide evidence of local adaptation to climate when associations between fitness traits and the populations' home climates are observed. Most studies that evaluate tree height as a fitness trait do so at a specific point in time. In this study, we elucidate differences in early growth patterns in black walnut (<em>Juglans nigra L.</em>) populations by modeling height growth from seed up to age 11. The data comprise tree height measurements between ages 2 to 11 for 52 natural populations of black walnut collected through its geographic range and planted in one or more of 3 common gardens. We use the Chapman-Richards growth model in a mixed-effects framework and test whether populations differ in growth patterns by incorporating populations' home climate into the model. In addition, we evaluate differences in populations' absolute growth and relative growth based on the fitted model. Models indicated that populations from warmer climates had the highest cumulative growth through time, with differences in average tree height between populations from home climates with a mean annual temperature (MAT) of 13 °C and of 7 °C estimated to be as high as 80% at age 3. Populations from warmer climates were also estimated to have higher and earlier maximum absolute growth rate than populations from colder climates. In addition, populations from warm climates were predicted to have higher relative growth rates at any given tree size. Results indicate that natural selection may shape early growth patterns of populations within a tree species, suggesting that fast early growth rates are likely selected for in relatively mild environments where competition rather than tolerance to environmental stressors becomes the dominant selection pressure.</p>
Data for: Soil microbiota explain differences in herbivore resistance between native and invasive populations of a perennial herb
<p><span>Soil microbiota can either slow down or facilitate plant invasions through their effects on plant performance. Associations with soil microbiota can also modify other plant traits such as herbivore resistance, which can indirectly affect the outcome of plant introductions. </span></p> <p><span>We studied the effects of soil microbiota on the perennial herbaceous legume <em>Lupinus polyphyllus</em> that hosts nitrogen-fixing mutualistic bacteria. We compared the plant performance, herbivore resistance, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of plants from native (North American) and invasive (Finnish) populations of the species that were inoculated with intact or autoclaved soil from an invasive population. </span></p> <p><span>We found that plants of both origins greatly benefited from the intact soil inoculum with respect to all performance measures considered, suggesting that beneficial nitrogen-fixing rhizobia in the soil play a major role in shaping plant phenotypes. For three traits, effects of the intact soil inoculum were stronger in plants of native origin than in plants of invasive origin (number of leaves, herbivore resistance, and total biomass). With the intact soil inoculum, plants of invasive origin were more resistant to snails than plants of native origin. Strikingly, differences in resistance to snails between plants of different origins disappeared entirely when soil microbes were reduced. Soil inoculum treatment altered the composition of the leaf VOC bouquet similarly regardless of plant origin. </span></p> <p><span>Synthesis: These results demonstrate the ability of <em>L. polyphyllus</em> to associate with and benefit from putatively novel soil microbiota including rhizobia, which has likely contributed to its invasion success. Furthermore, it appears that the invasive populations have adapted to be less reliant on their symbionts, which further facilitates species spread. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that differences in herbivore resistance between native and invasive plant populations of the same species can depend entirely on soil microbiota.</span></p>
ASreml code and Data from the study "Between-population differences in the genetic and maternal components of body mass in roe deer"
<p>This repository contains the source code (ASremL input files) and the data used to perform the QG analyses (univariate, bivariate, random regression animal models) in the study "Between-population differences in the genetic and maternal components of body mass in roe deer". Quéméré E et al.</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 4 in Morphometric Differences Among Root Vole (Muridae: Microtus Oeconomus) Populations In Hungary
Fig. 4. Lingual view of the left mandible with landmarks
Fig. 3 in Morphometric Differences Among Root Vole (Muridae: Microtus Oeconomus) Populations In Hungary
Fig. 3. Dorsal view of root vole cranium with landmarks
Fig. 7 in P H E N O T Y P I C P L A S T I C I T Y A N D N U C L E A R D N A Polymorphism Of Two Differing Pinus Sylvestris L. Open-Pollinated Families Originating From The Same Population
Fig. 7. Heterozygosity at 5 loci among the investigated Scots pine families.
Striking differences in virulence, transmission, and sporocyst growth dynamics between two schistosome populations
<p>Dataset (v2) associated with the accepted publication in Parasites & Vectors - Striking differences in virulence, transmission, and sporocyst growth dynamics between two schistosome populations.</p>
Fig. 4 in Morphometric and molecular differences among Calvertius tuberosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations associated with Andean and coastal populations of Araucaria araucana in the La Araucanía Region, Chile
Fig. 4. ISSR analysis. (A): Dendrogram for the populations studied (control group A. viridans).
Figure 1 in Surveillance of population dynamics and breeding habitat diversity of Anopheles subpictus in different areas of Odisha, East Central India
Figure 1. Map showing (circle marks) study areas.
Figure 3. Unhatched egg from Jovein population. Head capsule showed embryo movement until day 14 in Developmental differences of local populations of alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Figure 3. Unhatched egg from Jovein population. Head capsule showed embryo movement until day 14.
Figure 1 in Developmental differences of local populations of alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Figure 1. Location of four Iranian populations analyzed in this study.
Tables and Appendix indicate population density and distribution of Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in different localities of AJ&K
<p><strong>Table 5 </strong>Population density (per sq. km.) of Cheer Pheasant <em>(Catreus wallichii) </em>in different localities of AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Table 6 </strong>Population density (per sq. km.) of Cheer Pheasant <em>(Catreus wallichii) </em>in different sub-localities of AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Table 7 </strong>Population density (per sq. km.) of Cheer Pheasant <em>(Catreus wallichii) </em>across the months in AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Appendix-I </strong>Distribution and Population density of Cheer Pheasant (<em>Catreus wallichi</em>) in Jhelum Velley, AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Appendix-II </strong>Distribution and Population density of Cheer Pheasant (<em>Catreus wallichii</em>) at Machiara National Park, Muzaffarabad AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Appendix-III </strong>Distribution and Population density of Cheer Pheasant (<em>Catreus wallichii</em>) at Phalla Game Reserve, Haveli, AJ&K.</p> <p><strong>Appendix-IV </strong>Distribution and Population density of Cheer Pheasant (<em>Catreus wallichii</em>) at Nar Sher Ali Khan, Bagh, Azad Jammu & Kashmir.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data for: Temperature effects on growth rates of Daphnia from different populations
<p>When comparing somatic growth thermal performance curves (TPCs), higher somatic growth across experimental temperatures is often observed for populations originating from colder environments. Such countergradient variation has been suggested to represent <em>adaptation to seasonality</em>, or shorter favorable seasons in colder climates. Alternatively, populations from cold climates may outgrow those from warmer climates at low temperature, and vice versa at high temperature, representing <em>adaptation to temperature</em>. Using modelling, we show that distinguishing between these two types of adaptation based on TPCs requires knowledge about (i) the relationship between somatic growth rate and population growth rate, which in turn depends on the scale of somatic growth (absolute or proportional), and (ii) the relationship between somatic growth rate and mortality rate in the wild. We illustrate this by quantifying somatic growth rate TPCs for three populations of <em>Daphnia magna</em> where population growth scales linearly with proportional somatic growth. For absolute somatic growth, the northern population outperformed the two more southern populations across temperatures, and more so at higher temperatures, consistent with <em>adaptation to seasonality</em>. In contrast, for the proportional somatic growth TPCs, and hence population growth rate, TPCs tended to converge towards the highest temperatures. Thus, if the northern population pays an ecological mortality cost of rapid growth in the wild, this may create crossing population growth TPCs consistent with <em>adaptation to temperature</em>. Future studies within this field should be more explicit in how they extrapolate from somatic growth in the lab to fitness in the wild.</p>
Block-level population projections in Washington state under different SSPs from 2020 to 2040
<p>This shapefile contains block-level population projections in Washington state under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) for every decade from 2020 to 2040. </p> <p>CONTENTS:</p> <p>Pop_proj_block.7z</p> <ul> <li>contains block-level rural/urban/total population projections under SSP2, SSP3, and SSP5 for 2020, 2030, and 2040. In the shape file, each population projection is stored in one column, with the first two character of the column name representing SSPs ("S2": SSP2; "S3":SSP3; "S5":SSP5), the third character indicating population type ("R": rural; "U": urban; "T": total), and the year information is attached in the end. For example, "S2R2040" represents rural population projection for year 2040 under SSP2.</li> </ul> <p>README.txt</p> <ul> <li>Illustrates population projection downscaling methods.</li> </ul>
Raising offspring increases ageing: Differences in senescence among three populations of a long-lived seabird, the Atlantic puffin
<p>1. Actuarial senescence, the decline of survival with age, is well documented in the wild. Rates of senescence vary widely between taxa, to some extent also between sexes, with the fastest life histories showing the highest rates of senescence. Few studies have investigated differences in senescence among populations of the same species, although such variation is expected from population-level differences in environmental conditions, leading to differences in vital rates and thus life histories.</p> <p>2. We predict that, within species, populations differing in productivity (suggesting different paces of life) should experience different rates of senescence, but with little or no sexual difference in senescence within populations of monogamous, monomorphic species where the sexes share breeding duties.</p> <p>3. We compared rates of actuarial senescence among three contrasting populations of the Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica. The data set comprised 31 years (1990–2020) of parallel capture-mark-recapture data from three breeding colonies, Isle of May (North Sea), Røst (Norwegian Sea) and Hornøya (Barents Sea), showing contrasting productivities (i.e. annual breeding success) and population trends. We used time elapsed since first capture (TFC) as a proxy for bird age, and productivity and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index (wNAO) as proxies for the environmental conditions experienced by the populations within and outside the breeding season, respectively.</p> <p>4. In accordance with our predictions, we found that senescence rates differed among the study populations, with no evidence for sexual differences. There was no evidence for an effect of wNAO, but the population with the lowest productivity, Røst, showed the lowest rate of senescence. As a consequence, the negative effect of senescence on the population growth rate (λ) was up to 3–5 times smaller on Røst (Δλ = -0.009) than on the two other colonies.</p> <p>5. Our findings suggest that environmentally induced differences in senescence rates among populations of a species should be accounted for when predicting effects of climate variation and change on species persistence. There is thus a need for more detailed information on how both actuarial and reproductive senescence influence vital rates of populations of the same species, calling for large-scale comparative studies.</p>
Different waves of postglacial recolonisation and genomic structure of bank vole population in NE Poland
<p><span>Previous studies indicated that in some species phylogeographic patterns obtained in analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers can be different. Such mitonuclear discordance can have important evolutionary and ecological consequences. In the present study, we aimed to check if there was any discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in the bank vole population in the contact zone of its two mtDNA lineages. We analysed the population genetic structure of bank voles using genome-wide genetic data (SNPs) and diversity of sequenced heart transcriptomes obtained from selected individuals from three populations inhabiting areas outside the contact zone. The SNP genetic structure of the populations confirmed the presence of at least two genetic clusters, and such division was concordant with the patterns obtained in analyses of other genetic markers and functional genes. However, genome-wide SNP analyses revealed a more detailed structure of the studied population, consistent with more than two bank vole recolonisation waves, as previously recognised in the study area. We did not find any significant differences between individuals representing two separate mtDNA lineages of the species in </span><span>functional genes </span><span>coding for protein-forming complexes, which are involved in the process of cell respiration in mitochondria. We concluded that the contemporary genetic structure of the populations and the width of the contact zone were shaped by climatic and environmental factors rather than by genetic barriers. The studied populations were likely isolated in separate Last Glacial Maximum refugia for an insufficient amount of time to develop significant genetic differentiation.</span></p>
Differences in volcanic risk perception among Goma's population before the Nyiragongo eruption of May 2021, Virunga volcanic province (DR Congo)
<p>A short presentation of a study published focussing on the Differences in volcanic risk perception among Goma’s population before the Nyiragongo eruption of May 2021, Virunga volcanic province (DR Congo).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.