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195 results for “reflective surface”
ASTER L2 Surface Reflectance VNIR and SWIR V004
The Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Surface Reflectance VNIR and SWIR (AST_07) data product contains measures of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected from the Earth’s surface to the ASTER instrument corrected for atmospheric effects and viewing geometry for both the Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) sensors. The AST_07 product has a spatial resolution of 15 meters (m) for the VNIR bands and 30 m for the SWIR bands.Known Issues* Level 2 products that are on the international date line/anti-meridian have incorrect bounding coordinates for the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone defined in the file metadata.* SWIR data acquired after April 2008 may exhibit anomalous saturation and striping. Users should consult the ASTER SWIR User Advisory for additional details.Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Enhanced Atmospheric Correction: Version 4 uses Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) data as the primary source for atmospheric parameters (ozone, water vapor, pressure, and temperature), improving the precision of emissivity calculations. Fallback Mechanisms: When MERRA-2 data are unavailable, the product employs Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data as a backup, with climatology data serving as a final fallback to ensure continuous processing. Radiometric Calibration Update: Version 4 applies Radiometric Calibration Coefficient Version 5 (RCC V5) to improve the radiometric accuracy of the raw DNs, based on research by [Tsuchida and others (2020)](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030427), published in Remote Sensing.
MODIS/Aqua Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V061
The MYD09Q1 Version 6.1 product provides an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance of Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bands 1 and 2, corrected for atmospheric conditions such as gasses, aerosols, and Rayleigh scattering. Provided along with the 250 meter (m) surface reflectance bands are two quality layers. For each pixel, a value is selected from all the acquisitions within the 8-day composite period. The criteria for the pixel choice include cloud and solar zenith. When several acquisitions meet the criteria the pixel with the minimum channel 3 (blue) value is used. Known Issues* Prior to the Aqua MODIS launch, Band 6 exhibited several anomalous detectors. Band 6 performance degraded seriously after launch and presently a majority of the Band 6 detectors are non-functional. Science users should read and use the non-functional detector flags and decide for themselves the optimum manner to handle non-functional detector "gaps" for their products. For complete information please refer to the [MODIS Characterization Support Team (MCST) website](https://mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov/time-dependent-list-non-functional-or-noisy-detector).* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
MODIS/Aqua Surface Reflectance Daily L2G Global 250m SIN Grid V061
The MYD09GQ Version 6.1 product provides an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance of Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 meter (m) bands 1 and 2, corrected for atmospheric conditions such as gasses, aerosols, and Rayleigh scattering. Along with the 250 m bands are the Quality Assurance (QA) layer and five observation layers. This product is intended to be used in conjunction with the quality and viewing geometry information of the 500 m product (MYD09GA). Known Issues* Prior to the Aqua MODIS launch, Band 6 exhibited several anomalous detectors. Band 6 performance degraded seriously after launch and presently a majority of the Band 6 detectors are non-functional. Science users should read and use the non-functional detector flags and decide for themselves the optimum manner to handle non-functional detector "gaps" for their products. For complete information please refer to the [MODIS Characterization Support Team (MCST) website](https://mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov/time-dependent-list-non-functional-or-noisy-detector).* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
VIIRS/NPP Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance 6-Min L2 Swath 375m, 750m - V2
The VIIRS/NPP Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance 6-Min L2 Swath 375m, 750m product, with short name VNP09, are estimates of surface reflectance in each of the VIIRS reflective bands I1-I3, M1-M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11. The VNP09 contains approximately 6 minutes' worth of data. Surface reflectance for each moderate-resolution (750m) or imagery-resolution (375m) pixel is retrieved separately for the Level-2 products. Surface reflectance is obtained by adjusting top-of-atmosphere reflectance to compensate for atmospheric effects. Corrections are made for the effects of molecular gases, including ozone and water vapor, and for the effects of atmospheric aerosols. All surface reflectance products are produced for daytime conditions only. The product is produced under all atmospheric conditions except for night and oceans.
VIIRS/NPP Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V001
The VNP09A1 VIIRS Version 1 data product was decommissioned on April 8th, 2025. Users are encouraged to use Version 2 data products, which provide [better calibration and consistency](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf) for the end user. VIIRS Version 2 data products are available from both the SNPP ([VNP09A1](https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VNP09A1.002)) and NOAA-20 ([VJ109A1]( https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VJ109A1.002)) satellites.The 8-day Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) surface reflectance (VNP09A1) Version 1 composite product provides an estimate of land surface reflectance from the NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) VIIRS sensor for nine moderate resolution bands (M1 - M5, M7, M8, M10, M11) at nominal 1 kilometer resolution (~926 meter). The 1 kiliometer dataset is derived through resampling the native 750 meter VIIRS resolution in the Level 2 input product. The data are corrected for atmospheric conditions such as the effects of molecular gases, including ozone and water vapor, and for the effects of atmospheric aerosols. Each pixel represents the best possible Level 2G observation during an 8-day period that is selected on the basis of high observation coverage, low sensor angle, the absence of clouds or cloud shadow, and aerosol loading. Included in the product along with the nine reflectance bands are day of year, reflectance band quality, control, reflectance state quality assurance, relative azimuth angle, sensor zenith angle, and solar zenith angle layers. Known Issues* The VIIRS Land Surface Reflectance product (VNP09) may incorrectly flag retrievals as "High Aerosol" over brighter surfaces and at higher view angles. This will impact the downstream VIIRS BRDF/Albedo (VNP43) and Vegetation Index (VNP13) data products which use the aerosol quantity flag to screen out high aerosol values.* Corrections will be implemented in Collection 2 reprocessing in 2022. * For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS) and in Section 4.0 "Caveats and Known Problems" of the User Guide.
MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V006
The MOD09CMG Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MOD09CMG Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD09CMG.061) data product.The MOD09CMG Version 6 product provides an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance of Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bands 1 through 7, resampled to 5600 meter (m) pixel resolution and corrected for atmospheric conditions such as gasses, aerosols, and Rayleigh scattering. The MOD09CMG data product provides 25 layers including MODIS bands 1 through 7; Brightness Temperature data from thermal bands 20, 21, 31, and 32; along with Quality Assurance (QA) and observation bands. This product is based on a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) for use in climate simulation models. Known Issues* Striping due to a dead detector is noticeable for bands 5, 6, and 7 in scenes acquired February 24 through October 31, 2000. Corrections were implemented to reduce the striping in data acquired after November 1, 2000. Users should always check the band quality for dead detectors even though reflectance values may be in the valid range. * The Collection 6 MODIS Land Surface Reflectance product (MOD09) may [incorrectly flag retrievals as ‘High Aerosol’](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=86) over brighter surfaces and at higher view angles. This will impact the downstream MODIS BRDF/Albedo (MCD43) and Vegetation Index (MOD13 and MYD13) data products which use the aerosol quantity flag to screen out high aerosol values.* [Corrections](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/LSRHighAerosolFlagFinal.pdf) were implemented in Collection 6.1 reprocessing.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=6).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Improvements to the aerosol retrieval and correction algorithm along with new aerosol retrieval look-up tables.* Refinements to the internal snow, cloud, and cloud shadow detection algorithms. Uses Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) database to better constrain the different threshold used.* Processes ocean bands to create a new Surface Reflectance Ocean product and provides Quality Assurance (QA) datasets for these bands.* Improved discrimination of salt pans from cloud and snow, along with the inclusion of a salt pan flag in the QA band.
LPJ-PROSAIL L2 Global Simulated Dynamic Surface Reflectance V002
[LPJ-PROSAIL](https://www.greencurrey.com/lpj-prosail) simulated data products are produced through the coupling of the Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ) and PROSAIL, a radiative transfer model. The simulated imaging spectroscopy data were produced to aid in the development of workflows, algorithm testing, and other activities during the lead up to future global spaceborne imaging spectroscopy missions such as NASA’s Surface Biology and Geology ([SBG](https://sbg.jpl.nasa.gov/)). The LPJ-PROSAIL Level 2 Global Simulated Dynamic Surface Reflectance (LPJ_L2_SSREF) Version 2 data product provides simulated dynamic surface reflectance data in five Network Common Data Format Version 4 (netCDF-4) files, each containing a different reflectance stream at a spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees (~50 kilometers): bidirectional (BDR), bi-hemispherical (BHR), hemispherical-directional (HDR), directional-hemispherical (DHR), and directional (DR). Each reflectance file within a granule contains simulated surface reflectance measurements of 211 bands with 10 nanometer (nm) spectral resolution across a spectral range of 400 to 2500 nm for the entire globe. The data are presented with four dimensions: latitude, longitude, bands (wavelength), and time. Each netCDF-4 file holds a one-dimensional list for each of the four dimensions containing the values that are associated with those dimensions. LPJ_L2_SSREF Version 2 is composed of data for the years 2000 to 2022 with monthly time increments. Known Issues* Data Usage Warning: These data are meant to be used in development of workflows, algorithms, and other instances where large imaging spectroscopy datasets are needed for testing. Due to the simulated nature of these data, these data are not intended for scientific use and should not be used for any real-world scientific analyses or conclusions.Improvements/Changes from previous Version* Temporal range has been expanded to include years 2000 through 2022.
MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V061
The MOD09CMG Version 6.1 product provides an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance of Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bands 1 through 7, resampled to 5600 meter (m) pixel resolution and corrected for atmospheric conditions such as gasses, aerosols, and Rayleigh scattering. The MOD09CMG data product provides 25 layers including MODIS bands 1 through 7; Brightness Temperature data from thermal bands 20, 21, 31, and 32; along with Quality Assurance (QA) and observation bands. This product is based on a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) for use in climate simulation models. Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=61).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
Pre-Delta-X: Spectral Reflectance of Water Surface, Atchafalaya Basin, LA, USA, 2016
This dataset provides measurements of in situ remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs; per steradian) of surface water across Atchafalaya Basin, southern coastal Louisiana, USA within Mississippi River Delta (MRD) floodplain. The in situ spectral reflectance measurements were made during the Pre-Delta-X campaign in Fall 2016 (October 14 to 2). Hand-held spectrometer measurements were collected from a boat at 35 locations selected to represent a range of suspended sediment concentrations and properties from a variety of hydrodynamic and physical settings typically encountered across the Atchafalaya basin. These 35 spectral reflectance measurements were collected at 24 unique sites that coincide with measurements of total suspended solids (TSS). The data serves two main purposes, to ground-truth the remote-sensing reflectance derived from NASA's Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer - Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) instrument, and to calibrate and validate algorithms for the retrieval of TSS from AVIRIS-NG.
MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006
The MOD09A1 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MOD09A1 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD09A1.061) data product.The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra MOD09A1 Version 6 product provides an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance of Terra MODIS Bands 1 through 7 corrected for atmospheric conditions such as gasses, aerosols, and Rayleigh scattering. Along with the seven 500 meter (m) reflectance bands are two quality layers and four observation bands. For each pixel, a value is selected from all the acquisitions within the 8-day composite period. The criteria for the pixel choice include cloud and solar zenith. When several acquisitions meet the criteria the pixel with the minimum channel 3 (blue) value is used.Known Issues* Striping due to a dead detector is noticeable for bands 5, 6, and 7 in scenes acquired February 24 through October 31, 2000. Corrections were implemented to reduce the striping in data acquired after November 1, 2000. Users should always check the band quality for dead detectors even though reflectance values may be in the valid range. * The Collection 6 MODIS Land Surface Reflectance product (MOD09) may [incorrectly flag retrievals as ‘High Aerosol’](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=86) over brighter surfaces and at higher view angles. This will impact the downstream MODIS BRDF/Albedo (MCD43) and Vegetation Index (MOD13 and MYD13) data products which use the aerosol quantity flag to screen out high aerosol values.* [Corrections](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/LSRHighAerosolFlagFinal.pdf) were implemented in Collection 6.1 reprocessing.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=6).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Improvements to the aerosol retrieval and correction algorithm along with new aerosol retrieval look-up tables.* Refinements to the internal snow, cloud, and cloud shadow detection algorithms. Uses Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) database to better constrain the different threshold used.* Processes ocean bands to create a new Surface Reflectance Ocean product and provides Quality Assurance (QA) datasets for these bands.* Improved discrimination of salt pans from cloud and snow, along with the inclusion of a salt pan flag in the QA band.
LBA-ECO CD-34 Hyperion 30-m Surface Reflectance, Amazon Basin: 2002-2005
This data set contains 20 multispectral surface reflectance images collected by the EO-1 satellite Hyperion sensor at 30-m resolution and covering the entire Amazon Basin for 2002 - 2005. All images were converted to GeoTiff format for distribution. The respective ENVI *.hdr files are included as companion files and contain image projection and band information.The selected multispectral images were processed using ENVI software as described in Chambers et al. (2009). Bands with uncalibrated wavelengths and those with low spectral response were removed leaving a spectral subset of generally 196 bands (some images have fewer). A cloud mask was developed using 2-d scatter plots of variable reflectance bands to highlight clouds as regions of interest (ROIs), allowing clouds and cloud edges to be masked. A de-streaking algorithm was then applied to the image to reduce variance in balance between the vertical columns. Apparent surface reflectance was calculated for this balanced image using the atmospheric correction algorithm ACORN in 1.5pb mode (AIG-LLC, Boulder, CO). The images (18 of the 20) were georeferenced using the corresponding Advanced Land Imager (ALI) satellite images.
Delta-X: AVIRIS-NG L2 Surface Reflectance, MRD Louisiana, 2021
This dataset provides Level 2 (L2) atmospherically corrected surface reflectance data acquired from NASA's Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) over regions of interest in the Atchafalaya and Terrebonne basins on the southern coast of Louisiana, United States. Data were collected as part of the Delta-X Spring and Fall 2021 deployments that occurred from 2021-03-27 to 2021-04-06 and from 2021-08-18 to 2021-08-25. Additionally, L2 data from flights flown specifically to capture the Significant Event of Hurricane Ida are provided. This includes 56 files from flights conducted following Hurricane Ida from 2021-09-23 to 2021-09-25. Hurricane Ida made landfall over this region on 2021-08-29. AVIRIS-NG is a pushbroom spectral mapping system with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) designed for high performance imaging spectroscopy. AVIRIS-NG measures the wavelength range from 380 nm to 2510 nm with 5-nm sampling resolution. For this dataset, spatial resolution varies from 3.8-5.4 meters. For this campaign, the AVIRIS-NG instrument was deployed on the Dynamic Aviation King Air B200 platform. This dataset represents one part of a multisensor airborne sampling campaign conducted by different aircraft teams for the Delta-X Campaign. Data are provided in ENVI file format.
MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V061
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra MOD09A1 Version 6.1 product provides an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance of Terra MODIS Bands 1 through 7 corrected for atmospheric conditions such as gasses, aerosols, and Rayleigh scattering. Along with the seven 500 meter (m) reflectance bands are two quality layers and four observation bands. For each pixel, a value is selected from all the acquisitions within the 8-day composite period. The criteria for the pixel choice include cloud and solar zenith. When several acquisitions meet the criteria the pixel with the minimum channel 3 (blue) value is used. Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=61).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
WDTS: AVIRIS-Classic L2B Corrected and Georectified Surface Reflectance, 2013-2018
This dataset includes Level-2 (L2) surface reflectance imagery from the AVIRIS-Classic instrument collected for NASA's Western Diversity Time Series Project over California and Nevada in 2013 to 2018. AVIRIS-Classic imagery were collected on the NASA ER-2 from altitude of 19,800 m, yielding imagery with 15-20 m ground sample distance. AVIRIS-Classic is a 224-channel whisk-broom instrument with four grating imaging spectrometers covering a spectral range from 400-2500 nm, with spectral sampling every 10 nm. Radiometric calibration accuracy is within 1 nm, and signal to noise ratio is greater than 100:1. Existing L2 imagery were reprocessed co-register pixels with cloud-free panchromatic imagery from Landsat. Then, topographic, FlexBRDF, and glint corrections were applied and the georectified images were resampled to 15-m spatial resolution. The imagery data are provided in ENVI format. Ground control points used in georectification along the BRDF and topographic correction coefficients are provided in JSON files.
HLS Sentinel-2 Multi-spectral Instrument Surface Reflectance Daily Global 30m v2.0
The Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) project provides consistent surface reflectance data from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) aboard the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 satellite and the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard Europe’s Copernicus Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C satellites. The combined measurement enables global observations of the land every 2–3 days at 30-meter (m) spatial resolution. The HLS project uses a set of algorithms to obtain seamless products from OLI and MSI that include atmospheric correction, cloud and cloud-shadow masking, spatial co-registration and common gridding, illumination and view angle normalization, and spectral bandpass adjustment. The HLSS30 product provides 30-m Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) and is derived from Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C MSI data products. The HLSS30 and [HLSL30](https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSL30.002) products are gridded to the same resolution and Military Grid Reference System ([MGRS](https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/products-description/tiling-system/)) tiling system and thus are “stackable” for time series analysis.The HLSS30 product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each band is distributed as a separate COG. There are 13 bands included in the HLSS30 product along with four angle bands and a quality assessment (QA) band. See the User Guide for a more detailed description of the individual bands provided in the HLSS30 product.Known Issues* Unrealistically high aerosol and low surface reflectance over bright areas: The atmospheric correction over bright targets occasionally retrieves unrealistically high aerosol and thus makes the surface reflectance too low. High aerosol retrievals, both false high aerosol and realistically high aerosol, are masked when quality bits 6 and 7 are both set to 1 (see Table 9 in the [User Guide](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/1698/HLS_User_Guide_V2.pdf)); the corresponding spectral data should be discarded from analysis.* Issues over high latitudes: For scenes greater than or equal to 80 degrees north, multiple overpasses can be gridded into a single MGRS tile resulting in an L30 granule with data sensed at two different times. In this same area, it is also possible that Landsat overpasses that should be gridded into a single MGRS tile are actually written as separate data files. Finally, for scenes with a latitude greater than or equal to 65 degrees north, ascending Landsat scenes may have a slightly higher error in the BRDF correction because the algorithm is calibrated using descending scenes.* Fmask omission errors: There are known issues regarding the Fmask band of this data product that impacts HLSL30 data prior to April of 2022. The HLS Fmask data band may have omission errors in water detection for cases where water detection using spectral data alone is difficult, and omission and commission errors in cloud shadow detection for areas with great topographic relief. This issue does not impact other bands in the dataset.* Inconsistent snow surface reflectance between Landsat and Sentinel-2: The HLS snow surface reflectance can be highly inconsistent between Landsat and Sentinel-2. When assessed on same-day acquisitions from Landsat and Sentinel-2, Landsat reflectance is generally higher than Sentinel-2 reflectance in the visible bands.* Unrealistically high snow surface reflectance in the visible bands: By design, the Land Surface Reflectance Code (LaSRC) atmospheric correction does not attempt aerosol retrieval over snow; instead, a default aerosol optical thickness (AOT) is used to drive the snow surface reflectance. If the snow detection fails, the full LaSRC is used in both AOT retrieval and surface reflectance derivation over snow, which produces surface reflectance values as high as 1.6 in the visible bands. This is a common problem for spring images at high latitudes.* Unrealistically low surface reflectance surrounding snow/ice: Related to the above, the AOT retrieval over snow/ice is generally too high. When this artificially high AOT is used to derive the surface reflectance of the neighboring non-snow pixels, very low surface reflectance will result. These pixels will appear very dark in the visible bands. If the surface reflectance value of a pixel is below -0.2, a NO_DATA value of -9999 is used. In Figure 1, the pixels in front of the glaciers have surface reflectance values that are too low. * Unrealistically low reflectance surrounding clouds: Like for snow, the HLS atmospheric correction does not attempt aerosol retrieval over clouds and a default AOT is used instead. But if the cloud detection fails, an artificially high AOT will be retrieved over clouds. If the high AOT is used to derive the surface reflectance of the neighboring cloud-free pixels, very low surface reflectance values will result. If the surface reflectance value of a pixel is below -0.2, a NO_DATA value of -9999 is used.
VIIRS/NPP Surface Reflectance Daily L2G Global 1km and 500m SIN Grid V001
The VNP09GA VIIRS Version 1 data product was decommissioned on April 8th, 2025. Users are encouraged to use Version 2 data products, which provide [better calibration and consistency](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf) for the end user. VIIRS Version 2 data products are available from both the SNPP ([VNP09GA](https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VNP09GA.002)) and NOAA-20 ([VJ109GA]( https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VJ109GA.002)) satellites.The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) daily surface reflectance (VNP09GA) Version 1 product provides an estimate of land surface reflectance from the NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) VIIRS sensor. Data are provided for three imagery bands (I1-I3) at nominal 500 meter resolution (~ 463 meter) and nine moderate resolution bands (M1-M5, M7, M8, M10, M11) at nominal 1 kilometer (~926 meter) resolution. The 500 meter and 1 kilometer datasets are derived through resampling the native 375 meter and 750 meter VIIRS resolutions, respectively, in the Level 2 input product. These bands are corrected for atmospheric conditions such as the effects of molecular gases, including ozone and water vapor, and for the effects of atmospheric aerosols. The inputs to the surface reflectance algorithm are top-of-atmosphere reflectance for the VIIRS visible bands,the VIIRS cloud mask and aerosol product, aerosol optical thickness and atmospheric data obtained from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis system. Along with the twelve reflectance bands are reflectance band quality, sensor azimuth angle,solar azimuth angle, sensor zenith angle, solar zenith angle, and observations layers. The reflectance layers from the VNP09GA data product are used as input data for many of the VIIRS land products. Known Issues* The VIIRS Land Surface Reflectance product (VNP09) may incorrectly flag retrievals as 'High Aerosol' over brighter surfaces and at higher view angles. This will impact the downstream VIIRS BRDF/Albedo (VNP43) and Vegetation Index (VNP13) data products which use the aerosol quantity flag to screen out high aerosol values.* Corrections will be implemented in Collection 2 reprocessing in 2022. * For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS) and in Section 4.0 "Caveats and Known Problems" of the User Guide.
VIIRS/NPP Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V002
The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) daily surface reflectance Climate Modeling Grid (VNP09CMG) Version 2 product provides an estimate of land surface reflectance from the NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) VIIRS sensor. Data are provided for three imagery bands (I1-I3) and nine moderate resolution bands (M1-M5, M7, M8, M10, M11) at 0.05 degree (~5,600 meter) resolution. The data are corrected for atmospheric conditions such as the effects of molecular gases, including ozone and water vapor, and for the effects of atmospheric aerosols. This product uses a weighted average of the best quality observation and is formatted as a CMG for use in climate simulation models. This product includes the twelve reflectance bands, five moderate resolution brightness temperature bands (M12-M16) and information layers representing relative azimuth angle, sensor zenith angle, solar zenith angle, reflectance band quality, time of day, and number mapping. Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS) and in Section 4.0 of the User Guide.Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Improved calibration algorithm and coefficients for entire Suomi NPP mission.* Improved geolocation accuracy and applied updates to fix outliers around maneuver periods.* Corrected the aerosol quantity flag (low, average, high) mainly over brighter surfaces in the mid- to high-latitudes such as desert and tropical vegetation areas. This has an impact on the retrieval of other downstream data products such as VNP13 Vegetation Indices and VNP43 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)/Albedo.* Improved cloud mask input product for corrections along coastlines and artifacts from use of coarse resolution climatology data. * Replaced the land/water mask input product with the eight-class land/water mask from the VNP03 geolocation product that better aligns with MODIS.* Added secondary day-night flag to improve retrieval of Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) values over daytime pixels.* More details can be found in this [VIIRS Land V2 Changes document](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf).
HLS Landsat Operational Land Imager Surface Reflectance and TOA Brightness Daily Global 30m v2.0
The Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) project provides consistent surface reflectance (SR) and top of atmosphere (TOA) brightness data from a virtual constellation of satellite sensors. The Operational Land Imager (OLI) is housed aboard the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellites, while the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) is mounted aboard Europe’s Copernicus Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C satellites. The combined measurement enables global observations of the land every 2–3 days at 30-meter (m) spatial resolution. The HLS project uses a set of algorithms to obtain seamless products from OLI and MSI that include atmospheric correction, cloud and cloud-shadow masking, spatial co-registration and common gridding, illumination and view angle normalization, and spectral bandpass adjustment.The HLSL30 product provides 30-m Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) and is derived from Landsat 8/9 OLI data products. The [HLSS30](https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSS30.002) and HLSL30 products are gridded to the same resolution and Military Grid Reference System ([MGRS](https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/products-description/tiling-system/)) tiling system and thus are “stackable” for time series analysis.The HLSL30 product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each band is distributed as a separate file. There are 11 bands included in the HLSL30 product along with one quality assessment (QA) band and four angle bands. See the User Guide for a more detailed description of the individual bands provided in the HLSL30 product.Known Issues* Unrealistically high aerosol and low surface reflectance over bright areas: The atmospheric correction over bright targets occasionally retrieves unrealistically high aerosol and thus makes the surface reflectance too low. High aerosol retrievals, both false high aerosol and realistically high aerosol, are masked when quality bits 6 and 7 are both set to 1 (see Table 9 in the [User Guide](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/1698/HLS_User_Guide_V2.pdf)); the corresponding spectral data should be discarded from analysis.* Issues over high latitudes: For scenes greater than or equal to 80 degrees north, multiple overpasses can be gridded into a single MGRS tile resulting in an L30 granule with data sensed at two different times. In this same area, it is also possible that Landsat overpasses that should be gridded into a single MGRS tile are actually written as separate data files. Finally, for scenes with a latitude greater than or equal to 65 degrees north, ascending Landsat scenes may have a slightly higher error in the BRDF correction because the algorithm is calibrated using descending scenes.* Fmask omission errors: There are known issues regarding the Fmask band of this data product that impacts HLSL30 data prior to April of 2022. The HLS Fmask data band may have omission errors in water detection for cases where water detection using spectral data alone is difficult, and omission and commission errors in cloud shadow detection for areas with great topographic relief. This issue does not impact other bands in the dataset.* Inconsistent snow surface reflectance between Landsat and Sentinel-2: The HLS snow surface reflectance can be highly inconsistent between Landsat and Sentinel-2. When assessed on same-day acquisitions from Landsat and Sentinel-2, Landsat reflectance is generally higher than Sentinel-2 reflectance in the visible bands.* Unrealistically high snow surface reflectance in the visible bands: By design, the Land Surface Reflectance Code (LaSRC) atmospheric correction does not attempt aerosol retrieval over snow; instead, a default aerosol optical thickness (AOT) is used to drive the snow surface reflectance. If the snow detection fails, the full LaSRC is used in both AOT retrieval and surface reflectance derivation over snow, which produces surface reflectance values as high as 1.6 in the visible bands. This is a common problem for spring images at high latitudes.* Unrealistically low surface reflectance surrounding snow/ice: Related to the above, the AOT retrieval over snow/ice is generally too high. When this artificially high AOT is used to derive the surface reflectance of the neighboring non-snow pixels, very low surface reflectance will result. These pixels will appear very dark in the visible bands. If the surface reflectance value of a pixel is below -0.2, a NO_DATA value of -9999 is used.* Unrealistically low reflectance surrounding clouds: Like for snow, the HLS atmospheric correction does not attempt aerosol retrieval over clouds and a default AOT is used instead. But if the cloud detection fails, an artificially high AOT will be retrieved over clouds. If the high AOT is used to derive the surface reflectance of the neighboring cloud-free pixels, very low surface reflectance values will result. If the surface reflectance value of a pixel is below -0.2, a NO_DATA value of -9999 is used.
ASTER L2 Surface Reflectance VNIR and Crosstalk Corrected SWIR V003
The Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Surface Reflectance VNIR and Crosstalk Corrected SWIR (AST_07XT) dataset contains measures of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected from the Earth's surface to the ASTER instrument corrected for atmospheric effects and viewing geometry for both the Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) sensors. The AST_07XT product has a spatial resolution of 15 meters (m) for the VNIR bands and 30 m for the SWIR bands. Each product delivery includes two Hierarchical Data Format - Earth Observing System (HDF-EOS) files: one for the VNIR, and the other for the SWIR. They are distinguished from one another by a one-second difference in the production time that appears as part of the file name. Both the VNIR and SWIR data are atmospherically corrected and are generated using the bands of the corresponding [ASTER L1B](https://doi.org/10.5067/ASTER/AST_L1B.003) image.AST_07XT is a multi-file product that contains atmospherically corrected data for both the VNIR and SWIR sensors. The crosstalk corrected product no longer displays blurred images initiated by stray light that caused multiple reflections with the SWIR bands.The ASTER L2 Surface Reflectance VNIR and Crosstalk Corrected SWIR data product is only available through [NASA's Earthdata Search](https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search?q=C1299783608-LPDAAC_ECS). The ASTER Order Instructions provide step-by-step directions for ordering this product.Known Issues* SWIR Crosstalk Correction: The ASTER SWIR sensor is affected by a crosstalk signal scattering problem, a phenomenon discovered after the launch of ASTER aboard the Terra platform in December 1999. The SWIR detector contains 2048 Pt-Si (platinum-silicide) arrays for each of its six spectral bands. There are six pairs of staggered linear CCD arrays for each band that are spaced 1.33 µm apart in the band order 7, 8, 9, 4, 5, and 6. In front of each CCD array pair, there are interference filters that spectrally separate the radiation reflected from the Earth.* Data Anomalies: Users are advised that ASTER SWIR data acquired from April 2008 to the present exhibit anomalous saturation of values and anomalous striping. This effect is also present for some prior acquisition periods. Please refer to the ASTER SWIR User Advisory for more details.* Data acquisition gaps: On November 28, 2024, one of Terra's power-transmitting shunt units failed. As a result, there was insufficient power to maintain functionality of the ASTER instrument. ASTER resumed acquisitions for the VNIR bands on January 18, 2025, and for the TIR bands on April 15, 2025. Users should note the data gap in ASTER acquisitions from November 28, 2024, through January 16, 2025, for VNIR observations, and a gap from November 28, 2024, through April 15, 2025, for TIR acquisitions.Improvements/Changes from Previous Version* The Science Scalable Scripts-based Science Processor for Missions (S4PM) Version 3.4 algorithm, which is used to generate L2 Product Generation Executables (PGEs), is relying on a new ancillary input for atmospheric parameters. Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) is global atmospheric reanalysis that combines remote sensing observations and interactions with the climate system. It will be one of the primary ozone and water vapor, pressure, and temperature inputs for L2 PGEs. MERRA-2 will provide a finer geographic resolution grid since it is a 3-dimensional, 3-hourly data collection with 50-km (latitudinal direction) spatial resolution.* The fallback options for L2 PGEs are as follows: * Ozone: [TOVS Ozone (OZ_DLY ) > AURA Ozone Monitoring Instrument (AURAOMI) > Total Ozone Analysis from Stratospheric and Tropospheric (TOAST) > Earth Probe-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EPTOMS)] or [MERRA-2] > National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) > Climatology * Water Vapor, Pressure, and Temperature: [MOD07_L2] or [MERRA-2] > NCEP/GDAS > Climatology* Caveat: The temporal range for MERRA-2 covers 1980 to present; however, there is latency of ~3 weeks after the end of a month. Hence, NCEP/GDAS > Climatology fallback sequence will be applied for on-demand requests that fall outside of MERRA-2's temporal range or if the data is not science grade.* Starting June 23, 2021, radiometric calibration coefficient Version 5 (RCC V5) will be applied to newly observed ASTER data and archived ASTER data products. Details regarding RCC V5 are described in the following journal article. * Tsuchida, S., Yamamoto, H., Kouyama, T., Obata, K., Sakuma, F., Tachikawa, T., Kamei, A., Arai, K., Czapla-Myers, J.S., Biggar, S.F., and Thome, K.J., 2020, Radiometric Degradation Curves for the ASTER VNIR Processing Using Vicarious and Lunar Calibrations: Remote Sensing, v. 12, no. 3, at https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030427.* As of December 15, 2021, the LP DAAC
MODIS/Aqua Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V061
The Moderate Resolition Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua MYD09A1 Version 6.1 product provides an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance of Aqua MODIS Bands 1 through 7 corrected for atmospheric conditions such as gasses, aerosols, and Rayleigh scattering. Along with the seven 500 meter (m) reflectance bands are a quality layer and four observation bands. For each pixel, a value is selected from all the acquisitions within the 8-day composite period. The criteria for the pixel choice include cloud and solar zenith. When several acquisitions meet the criteria the pixel with the minimum channel 3 (blue) value is used.Known Issues* Prior to the Aqua MODIS launch, Band 6 exhibited several anomalous detectors. Band 6 performance degraded seriously after launch and presently a majority of the Band 6 detectors are non-functional. Science users should read and use the non-functional detector flags and decide for themselves the optimum manner to handle non-functional detector "gaps" for their products. For complete information please refer to the [MODIS Characterization Support Team (MCST) website](https://mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov/time-dependent-list-non-functional-or-noisy-detector).* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.