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126 results for “seed predation.”
Data from: Seed predation has the potential to drive a rare plant to extinction
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Seed predation by amazon fish
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Data from: Rodent seed predators and a dominant grass competitor affect coexistence of co-occurring forb species that vary in seed size
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Data from: Seed traits, not density or distance from parent, determine seed predation and establishment in an Afrotropical forest
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Data from: Landscape-scale eco-evolutionary dynamics: selection by seed predators and fire determine a major reproductive strategy
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Impacts of rodent eradication on seed predation and plant community biomass on a tropical atoll
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Data from: Direct measurement of ant predation of weed seeds in wheat cropping
The ecosystem service of predation of weed seeds by naturally occurring seed-eating animals, including ants, in agricultural fields has been suggested to be a potentially important biocontrol option. Laboratory and field tests have found high levels of seed removal from experimentally placed seed; however, the effect of predation on naturally dispersed weed seeds is unknown. We measured the effect of invertebrate seed predators on natural weed seed dispersal and germination in a field experiment under commercial growing conditions. The two-factor, large-scale field experiment in a field used to grow wheat with conservation tillage, used an insecticide to remove soil invertebrates (ants had been reduced by 85% relative to water controls) and shallow tillage for mechanical weed removal (no effect on ants). There was one natural weed seeding event, when a wind storm blew one single incursion of Salsola australis (Chenopodiaceae) tumbleweeds across the field. We measured the number of tumbleweeds after two months and found the removal of ants resulted in a doubling of tumbleweeds: 3383 ± 513 weeds ha−1 in the insecticide treatment plots compared with 1768 ± 100 weeds ha−1 in the water control treatment plots, and 1948 ± 227 weeds ha−1 in the rest of the field. The difference in tumbleweed germination and growth was not due to growing conditions. We measured soil nutrients before the incursion and soil moisture during the weed growing period, and found that there were higher levels of nitrogenous compounds in water control plots, but no other nutrient or moisture differences, than insecticide exclusion plots. Synthesis and applications. Our results provide evidence that the ecosystem service of ant predation of naturally dispersed weed seeds limits weed abundance in commercial cereal fields in warmer climates. The fields were not managed to increase ants; alternative conservation agricultural management methods that promote agro-ecology, including low or zero tillage and low insecticide use, could increase ant abundance and thereby reduce weeds. The use of seed predators as a type of biocontrol agent will need to be integrated with other weed management methods, including herbicides and shallow tillage, although the latter may conflict with ant survival. The use of seed predators may be particularly advantageous in organic systems, or locations where economic margins are low.
Fig. 2. A in The Extent of Seed Predation by Bruchine Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in a Heterogeneous Landscape in Southeastern Brazil
Fig. 2. A dead Gibbobruchus individual (arrow) enclosed within a Bauhinia forficata seed.
Data from: Is increased male flower production a strategy for avoidance of predispersal seed predation in andromonoecious plants?
<p>Floral gender in angiosperms often varies within and among populations. We conducted a field survey to test how predispersal seed predation affects sex allocation in an andromonoecious alpine herb <i>Peucedanum multivittatum</i>. We compared plant size, male and perfect flower production, fruit set, and seed predation rate over three years among nine populations inhabiting diverse snowmelt conditions in alpine meadows. Flowering period of individual populations varied from mid-July to late August reflecting the snowmelt time. Although perfect flower and fruit productions increased with plant size, size-dependency of male flower production was less clear. The number of male flowers was larger in the early-flowering populations, while the number of perfect flowers increased in the late-flowering populations. Thus, male-biased sex allocation was common in the early-flowering populations. Fruit-set rates varied among populations and between years, irrespective of flowering period. Fruit-set success of individual plants increased with perfect flower number, but independent of male flower number. Seed predation by lepidopteran larvae was intense in the early-flowering populations, whereas predation damage was absent in the late-flowering populations, reflecting the extent of phenological matching between flowering time of host plants and oviposition period of predator moths. Seed predation rate was independent of male and perfect flower numbers of individual plants. Thus, seed predation is a stochastic event in each population. There was a clear correlation between the proportion of male flowers and the intensity of seed predation among populations. These results suggest that male-biased sex allocation could be a strategy to reduce seed predation damage but maintain the effort as a pollen donor under intensive seed predation.</p>
Seed and seedling predation by vertebrates mediates the effects of adult trees in two temperate tree species
<p>This dataset presents the proportion of <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> and <em>Picea abies </em>seeds per plot that transitioned into seedlings within the period of 15 biweekly censuses ("Establishment.csv") and the proportion of surviving <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> and <em>Picea abies </em>seedlings per plot at each seedling census interval ("Survival.csv"). Our experimental design comprised six forest sites, 24 blocks and 192 seedling plots. Because three of the sites were represented by <em>Picea abies</em> monocultures and another three by <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> monocultures, we designed a two-level conspecific vs. heterospecific treatment to test for the effects of conspecific and heterospecific adults. Within each block, we randomly assigned half of the seedling plots to <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> and another half to <em>Picea abies</em>. Plots were then sown with the seeds of a particular species. Conspecific treatment was represented by seeds and seedlings of a species situated in the plots of conspecific monocultures, while heterospecific treatment was characterised by seeds and seedlings of a species situated in the plots of heterospecific monocultures.</p> <p>Given the four seedling plots of each block belonging to either <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> or <em>Picea abies</em>, we randomly assigned one of the four levels of an enemy exclusion treatment to each plot in order to manipulate seed and seedling predation by one or another enemy type. Four levels of this treatment were designed, excluding fungal pathogens by the use of fungicide, herbivorous insects by insecticide and herbivorous vertebrates by cages. The fourth level was used as a control with no enemy exclusion applied.</p> <p>To account for the effects of environmental conditions on seedling establishment and survival, establishment and survival models also included light and soil resource availability parameters.</p> <p>Data contains (1) the proportion of established seedlings (sumEst), adult tree species (Stand), seedling species (Species), enemy exclusion treatment (Treat), block ID , stand ID, plot ID and light and soil resource availability parameters for the analyses of seedling establishment ("Establishment.csv"), and (2) the proportion of established seedlings (sumEst), the proportion of surviving seedlings (Surviving), adult tree species (Stand), seedling species (Species), enemy exclusion treatment (Treat), block ID , stand ID, plot ID, census interval (Week) and light and soil resource availability parameters for the analyses of seedling establishment for the analyses of seedling survival ("Survival.csv").</p>
Cloning capacity helps seeds of Garcinia xanthochymus counter animal predation
<p>Seed predators have the potential to act as agents of natural selection that influence seed traits and seed fates, which in turn affect the whole plant population dynamic. Accordingly, plants deploy a variety of mechanisms (e.g. resistance and tolerance strategies) to lessen the impact of predation on seed crop or on an individual seed. In this study, we described a novel mechanism, seed cloning strategy, in a tropical plant species in countering animal predation. By conducting field- and laboratory-based germination experiments, we found that both rodent damaged and artificially damaged seed fragments of a large-seeded tree <em>Garcinia xanthochymus</em> (Clusiaceae) could successfully germinate and establish as seedlings. Tissue culture experiments revealed that <em>G. xanthochymus </em>has no endosperm in seeds, and its seed fragments own strong capacity of differentiation and cloning. Seed damage negatively affected seedling growth and germination, but the seed germination rate was remarkably high. Our study suggests that, seed cloning capacity, adopted by the large-seeded tree <em>G. xanthochymus</em> may act as a novel strategy counteract for seed predation, and would play a significant role in stabilizing the mutualism between plant and animals. </p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Moyano J, Chiuffo MC, Policelli N, Nuñez MA, Rodriguez-Cabal MA (2019) The interplay between propagule pressure, seed predation and ectomycorrhizal fungi in plant invasion. NeoBiota 42: 45-58. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.42.30978
: Data type: multimedia
Data from: The advantage of male-biased flower production in andromonoecious plants under intensive predispersal seed predation
<p><span>1) Not only mutualistic plant–pollinator interactions but also antagonistic plant–herbivore interactions can be a selective force on sex allocation in angiosperms. In this study, we investigate how predispersal seed predation affects the reproductive success and floral gender of andromonoecious herbs on a natural snowmelt gradient.</span></p> <p><span>2) The developing fruits of an alpine herb (<em>Peucedanum</em> <em>multivittatum</em>: Apiaceae) were intensively predated by lepidopteran larvae (<em>Phaulernis</em> <em>fulviguttella</em>: Epermeniidae) in the early-snowmelt populations, where flowering occurred from mid to late July. In the late-snowmelt populations, where flowering occurred after early August, seed predation was negligible due to the oviposition of the predator moths being concentrated in early summer. The moths tended to oviposit on plants with more perfect flowers and taller inflorescences, whereas the number of male flowers was independent of their oviposition preference. </span></p> <p><span>3) Responding to the oviposition behavior, the proportion of male flowers was the largest and floral stems were the shortest in the early-snowmelt population suffering from intensive predation damage. The contribution of perfect flowers to intact seed production significantly decreased with earlier flowering along the snowmelt gradient. Fitness measurements using genetic markers revealed that the increase in flower number resulted in greater success as a pollen donor within a population. Thus, plants can ameliorate the risk of predation damage to sired seeds by wider pollen dispersal. </span></p> <p><span>4) Synthesis: Taken together, the greater production of male flowers at the expense of perfect flowers is advantageous under intensive predation pressure owing to the reduction of predation damage (female fitness) and the improvement of siring success (male fitness). These results revealed that predispersal seed predation acts as a selective force that promotes male-biased sex allocation in andromonoecious plants.</span></p>
Data from: Direct measurement of ant predation of weed seeds in wheat cropping
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Data from: The mouth morphology of diving beetle Hyphydrus japonicus (Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae) is specialized for predation on seed shrimps
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Highly mobile seed predators contribute to interisland seed dispersal within an oceanic archipelago
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Data from: Is increased male flower production a strategy for avoidance of predispersal seed predation in andromonoecious plants?
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Cloning capacity helps seeds of Garcinia xanthochymus counter animal predation
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Data from: The advantage of male-biased flower production in andromonoecious plants under intensive predispersal seed predation
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Data from: A field experiment demonstrating plant life-history evolution and its eco-evolutionary feedback to seed predator populations
The extent to which evolutionary change occurs in a predictable manner under field conditions and how evolutionary changes feed back to influence ecological dynamics are fundamental, yet unresolved, questions. To address these issues, we established eight replicate populations of native common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). Each population was planted with 18 genotypes in identical frequency. By tracking genotype frequencies with microsatellite DNA markers over the subsequent three years (up to three generations, ≈5,000 genotyped plants), we show rapid and consistent evolution of two heritable plant life-history traits (shorter life span and later flowering time). This rapid evolution was only partially the result of differential seed production; genotypic variation in seed germination also contributed to the observed evolutionary response. Since evening primrose genotypes exhibited heritable variation for resistance to insect herbivores, which was related to flowering time, we predicted that evolutionary changes in genotype frequencies would feed back to influence populations of a seed predator moth that specializes on O. biennis. By the conclusion of the experiment, variation in the genotypic composition among our eight replicate field populations was highly predictive of moth abundance. These results demonstrate how rapid evolution in field populations of a native plant can influence ecological interactions.
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