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Figure 11 in A revision of the Patagonian predaceous midges of the subgenus Acanthohelea of Stilobezzia excluding the S. (A.) edwardsi group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Figure 11. Stilobezzia (A.) spinosa Cazorla and Spinelli sp. nov.: (A–E) male; (A) head (from paratype); (B) wing; (C) hind tarsomeres; (D) genitalia (dorsal view); (E) genitalia (ventral view), aedeagus and parameres removed. (F–I) female; (F) head; (G) wing; (H) thorax (lateral view); (I) genitalia with detail of spermathecae. Scale bars 0.05 mm.

Figure 10 in A revision of the Patagonian predaceous midges of the subgenus Acanthohelea of Stilobezzia excluding the S. (A.) edwardsi group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Figure 10. Stilobezzia (A.) rava Ingram and Macfie: (A–D) male; (A) head; (B) wing; (C) scutum and scutellum (dorsal view); (D) genitalia (ventral view), aedeagus and parameres removed. (E–H) female; (E) head; (F) wing; (G) hind leg; (H) genitalia. Scale bars 0.05 mm.

Figure 1 in A revision of the Patagonian predaceous midges of the subgenus Acanthohelea of Stilobezzia excluding the S. (A.) edwardsi group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Figure 1. Stilobezzia (A.) bicinctipes Ingram and Macfie: (A–C) male; (A) head; (B) wing; (C) genitalia (ventral view), aedeagus removed and parameres removed. (D–I) female; (D) head; (E) scutum and scutellum (dorsal view); (F) wing; (G) mid and hind femora; (H) hind tibia and tarsomere 1; (I) genitalia. Scale bars 0.05 mm.

Figure 7 in A revision of the Patagonian predaceous midges of the subgenus Acanthohelea of Stilobezzia excluding the S. (A.) edwardsi group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Figure 7. Stilobezzia (A.) ornaticrus Ingram and Macfie: (A–B) holotype male; (A) antennal flagellum; (B) genitalia (ventral view). (C–H) female; (C) head with detail of complete antennal flagellum; (D) wing; (E) thorax (lateral view); (F) hind femur and tibia; (G) hind tarsomeres; (H) genitalia. Scale bars 0.05 mm.

Figure 6 in A revision of the Patagonian predaceous midges of the subgenus Acanthohelea of Stilobezzia excluding the S. (A.) edwardsi group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Figure 6. Stilobezzia (A.) monomorphica Cazorla and Spinelli sp. nov.: (A–D) male; (A) head; (B) wing; (C) thorax (lateral view); (D) genitalia (ventral view), aedeagus and parameres removed. (E–G) female; (E) head; (F) wing; (G) hind tarsomeres; (H) genitalia (from paratype). Scale bars 0.05 mm.

Figure 12 in A revision of the Patagonian predaceous midges of the subgenus Acanthohelea of Stilobezzia excluding the S. (A.) edwardsi group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Figure 12. Stilobezzia (A.) succinea Ingram and Macfie: (A–D) male; (A) head; (B) wing; (C) thorax (lateral view); (D) genitalia (ventral view), aedeagus and parameres removed. (E–G) female; (E) head; (F) wing; (G) genitalia. Scale bars 0.05 mm.

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Fig. 1 in The species of the bee genus Centris of the "hyptidis group" revisited with the description of Centris (Anisoctenodes) new subgenus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Centridini)

Fig. 1. Centris anisitsi (Schrottky, 1908). A–B. ♀, Paraguay, San Bernardino (ZMB †). C–D. ♂, Paraguay, Asunción, holotype (ZMB). A, C. Frontal view. B, D. Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figs 199‒204 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 199‒204. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880 from the dorsal aspect, anterior at the bottom of the image, posterior at the top. 199. Bombus alagesianus Reinig, 1930 stat. rev., Georgia. 200. B. tibeticus sp. nov., China-Qinghai. 201. B. incertoides Vogt, 1911 stat. rev., Mongolia. 202. B. qilianensis sp. nov., China-Qinghai. 203. B. keriensis Morawitz, 1887, India-Kashmir. 204. B. separandus Vogt, 1909 stat. rev., Kyrgyzstan. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs 209–210 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 209–210. Images of queens of two cryptic species from around the western Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. 209. Bombus keriensis Morawitz, 1887 from Mt Apharwat (4000 m a.s.l.) in the Pir Panjal mountains (ML405). 210. B. separandus Vogt, 1909 stat. rev. from Nimaling plain (4800 m a.s.l.) in the Zanskar mountains (ML311). Viewed from the left lateral aspect.

Figs 12‒13 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 12‒13. Maps of sequenced samples. 12. The rufipes-group and festivus-group. 13. The rufofasciatus- group as recognised as species from the UHF-PTP analysis in Fig. 10. Keys to the coloured symbols are shown on the left (in some cases symbols on the map for one species may overlie symbols for another). Maps projected onto a sphere in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 ESRI and showing boundaries between countries as recognised by the UN.

Figs 25–63 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 25–63. Simplified diagrams for the colour patterns of the hair on the dorsum for the species from the integrative analysis. The dorsum is divided into regions, each of which shows only the predominant or most apparent colour for that region using a simplified colour palette, with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow hair, and grey indicating a mixture of black and white hair. The rufipes-group. 25. Queen, China-Taiwan. 26. Queen, China-Guangdong. 27. Worker, China-Sichuan. 28. Worker, Thailand. 29. Queen, Nepal. 30. Male, China-Sichuan. 31. Male, China-Sichuan. 32. Male, Thailand. 33. Male, Nepal. 34. Male, Nepal. 35. Queen, Indonesia-Sumatra. 36. Queen, Indonesia-Java. 37. Male, Indonesia-Java. The festivus-group. 38. Queen, Nepal. 39. Queen, China-Sichuan. 40. Worker, ChinaSichuan. 41. Worker, China-Xizang. 42. Worker, China-Yunnan. 43. Male, Nepal. 44. Male, ChinaYunnan. 45. Male, China-Yunnan. The rufofasciatus-group. 46. Queen, India-Kashmir. 47. Worker, India-Kashmir. 48. Male, India-Kashmir. 49. Male, India-Kashmir. 50. Queen, India-Arunachal Pradesh. 51. Queen, Bhutan. 52. Worker, Bhutan. 53. Worker, Bhutan. 54. Male, Bhutan. 55. Queen, India-Kashmir. 56. Queen, India-Kashmir. 57. Worker, India-Kashmir. 58. Worker, India-Kashmir. 59. Worker, IndiaKashmir. 60. Worker, Pakistan. 61. Male, India-Kashmir. 62. Male, India-Kashmir. 63. Male, Nepal.

Figs 17–20 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 17–20. Plots of (y-axis) pairwise proportion of genetic divergence between COI barcode region sequences against (x-axis) pairwise Great Circle geographical distance in km between sample sites with linear trend lines (black). 17. Genetic divergences within the candidate species for the sichelii-complex identified using Bayesian UF-PTP (Mantel r = 0.52). 18. Genetic divergences among the candidate species for the sichelii-complex identified using Bayesian UF-PTP (Mantel r = 0.21). 19. Genetic divergences within the candidate species for the keriensis-complex identified using Bayesian UF-PTP (Mantel r = 0.16). 20. Genetic divergences among the candidate species for the keriensis-complex identified using Bayesian UF-PTP (relationship not positive). For details of the measurements see the

Figs 103–138 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 103–138. Simplified diagrams for the colour patterns of the hair on the dorsum for the species from the integrative analysis. The dorsum is divided into regions, each of which shows only the predominant or most apparent colour for that region using a simplified colour palette, with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow hair, and grey indicating a mixture of black and white hair. The tanguticus-group. 103. Worker, China-Qinghai. 104. Worker, China-Qinghai. 105. Queen, China-Qinghai. 106. Queen, China-Xizang. 107. Queen, India-Kashmir. The lapidarius-group. 108. Queen, Russia-North Ossetia. 109. Worker, Azerbaijan. 110. Queen, Georgia. 111. Male, Russia-North Ossetia. 112. Male, Russia-North Ossetia. 113. Male, Russia-North Ossetia. 114. Male, Turkey. 115. Queen, Morocco. 116. Queen, Spain. 117. Queen, Spain. 118. Queen, UK. 119. Male, Spain. 120. Male, Spain. 121. Male, UK. 122. Male, UK. The sichelii-group. 123. Queen, Iran. 124. Male, Iran. 125. Queen, India-Kashmir. 126. Queen, IndiaKashmir. 127. Male, India-Kashmir. 128. Male, India-Kashmir. 129. Queen, Iran. 130. Queen, RussiaSakha. 131. Queen, China-Sichuan. 132. Worker, China-Sichuan. 133. Queen, Mongolia. 134. Worker, Mongolia. 135. Queen, Spain. 136. Worker, Austria. 137. Male, Turkey. 138. Male, Mongolia.

Figs 207–208 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 207–208. Images of holotype workers of two new cryptic species from around the eastern QinghaiTibetan plateau. 207. Bombus tibeticus sp. nov. from near the Kunlun pass (3970 m a.s.l.) in the Kunlun mountains (ML228). 208. B. qilianensis sp. nov. from Qushiang (3370 m a.s.l.) in the Burhan Budai mountains (ML306). Viewed from the left lateral aspect.

Figs 190‒198 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 190‒198. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880 from the dorsal aspect, anterior at the bottom of the image, posterior at the top. 190. Bombus friseanus Skorikov, 1933, China-Yunnan. 191. B pyrosoma Morawitz, 1890, ChinaBeijing. 192. B. formosellus (Frison, 1934), China-Taiwan. 193. B. eriophorus Klug, 1807, RussiaNorth Ossetia. 194. B. lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758), UK. 195. B. incertus Morawitz, 1881, Turkey. 196. B. semenoviaus (Skorikov, 1914), India-Kashmir. 197. B. sichelii Radoszkowski, 1859, Austria. 198. B. ladakhensis Richards, 1928, China-Sichuan. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs 205–206 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 205–206. Maps of all available global records with all of the specimens examined and confirmed here. 205. Bombus richardsiellus (Tkalců, 1968). 206. B. tanguticus Morawitz, 1887. Relief map with hill shading for the region centred on Tibet with (grey lines) borders to national administration as in UN maps. Image created in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 Esri.

Fig. 23. Diagram representing a in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 23. Diagram representing a corridor-dispersal model, encompassing a set of the short-distance dispersal events permitted (in either direction) between the areas defined in Table 5, based on their geographical proximity and the likely disposition of corridors with suitable habitat and favourable climates in the past.

Fig. 8 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 8. Numbers of candidate species from example Poisson-tree-process (PTP) analyses using either unfiltered (UF) or with unique haplotype filtering (UHF) from MrBayes trees from COI barcodes (y-axis) as sample sizes of selected barcoded individuals increased through time (x-axis). All analyses were rerun retrospectively with the same outgroup and model settings (see text). PTP analyses using highest Bayesian support values to fit the models (error bars for 95% confidence intervals from PTP analyses).

Figs 211–212 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 211–212. Maps of sequenced samples showing the most frequent colour patterns locally. 211. The sichelii-complex, consisting of the single polytypic species B. sichelii Radoszkowski, 1859 (inset: B. sichelii worker, China-Neimenggu, photo PW). 212. The keriensis-complex, consisting of B. alagesianus Reinig, 1930 stat. rev. (blue spots), B. tibeticus sp. nov. (dark green spots), B. incertoides Vogt, 1911 stat. rev. (light green spots), B. qilianensis sp. nov. (yellow spots), B. keriensis Morawitz, 1887 (orange spots), and B. separandus Vogt, 1909 stat. rev. (red spots) (inset: B.qilianensis sp. nov. queen, China-Sichuan, photo PW). Maps projected onto a sphere in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 ESRI and showing boundaries between countries as recognised by the UN.

Fig. 22 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 22. Most likely dated phylogenetic (ultrametric) tree for the species of the subgenus Melanobombus reconstructed von Dalla Torre, 1880 with *BEAST from trees for four genes (COI, 16S, PEPCK, opsin) with B. nobilis Friese, 1905 as the outgroup (not shown), estimated as the maximum-clade-credibility tree among a sample of 10 000 species trees with a 1% burn-in out of 100 million MCMC trees. Values above the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing support for groups. Values below the nodes are estimated dates of divergence in Ma (millions of years before the present) calibrated from a molecular estimate for the date of crown divergence within the subgenus Melanobombus. Grey bars show the 95% confidence limits on the estimated dates of divergence. Species groups discussed in the text are labelled in circles: rp = rufipes-group; fs = festivus-group; rf = rufofasciatus-group; tg = tanguticus-group; la = lapidarius-group; si = sichelii-group; and ke = keriensis-group.