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768 results for “sympatric species”
Data from: Behavioral modifications lead to disparate demographic consequences in two sympatric species
Life-history theory suggests species that typically have a large number of offspring and high adult mortality may make decisions that benefit offspring survival in exchange for increased adult risks. Such behavioral adaptations are essential to understanding how demographic performance is linked to habitat selection during this important life-history stage. Though studies have illustrated negative fitness consequences to attendant adults or potential fitness benefits to associated offspring because of adaptive habitat selection during brood rearing, equivocal relationships could arise if both aspects of this reproductive trade-off are not assessed simultaneously. To better understand how adaptive habitat selection during brood-rearing influences demographics, we studied the brood survival, attendant parental survival, and space use of two sympatric ground-nesting bird species, the northern bobwhite (hereafter: "bobwhite"; Colinus virgininanus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata). During the 2013-2014 breeding seasons, we estimated habitat suitability across two grains (2 m and 30 m) for both species and determined how adult space-use of these areas influenced individual chick survival and parental risk. We found the proportion of a brood's home range containing highly suitable areas significantly increased bobwhite chick survival (β = 0.02, SE = 0.006). Additionally, adult weekly survival for bobwhite was greater for individuals not actively brooding offspring (0.9716, SE = 0.0054) as compared to brooding adults (0.8928, SE = 0.0006). Conversely, brood habitat suitability did not influence scaled quail chick survival during our study, nor did we detect a survival cost for adults that were actively brooding offspring. Our research illustrates the importance of understanding life-history strategies and how they might influence relationships between adaptive habitat selection and demographic parameters.
Data from: Contrasting patterns of local adaptation along climatic gradients between a sympatric parasitic and autotrophic tree species
<p>Sympatric tree species are subject to similar climatic drivers, posing a question as to whether they display comparable adaptive responses. However, no study has explicitly examined local adaptation of co-occurring parasitic and autotrophic plant species to the abiotic environment. Here we test the hypotheses that a generalist parasitic tree would display a weaker signal of selection and genomic variation would associate with fewer climatic variables (particularly precipitation) but have similar spatial patterns to a sympatric autotrophic tree species. To test these hypotheses, we collected samples from 17 sites across the range of two tree species, the hemi-parasite <i>Nuytsia floribunda</i> (<i>n</i>=264) and sympatric autotroph<i> Melaleuca rhaphiophylla </i>(<i>n</i>=272). We obtained 5,531 high-quality genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for <i>M. rhaphiophylla</i> and 6,727 SNPs for <i>N. floribunda</i> using DArTseq™ genome scan technology. Population differentiation and environmental association approaches were used to identify signals of selection. Generalized dissimilarly modelling was used to detect climatic and spatial patterns of local adaptation across climatic gradients. Overall, 322 SNPs were identified as putatively adaptive for the autotroph, while only 57 SNPs were identified for the parasitic species. We found genomic variation to associate with different sets of bioclimatic variables for each species, with precipitation relatively less important for the parasite. Spatial patterns of predicted adaptive variability were different and indicate that co-occurring species with disparate life history traits may not respond equally to selective pressures (i.e. temperature and precipitation). Together, these findings provide insight into local adaptation of sympatric parasitic and autotrophic tree species to abiotic environments.</p>
Genetic architecture of a key reproductive isolation trait differs between sympatric and non-sympatric sister species of Lake Victoria cichlids
One hallmark of the East African cichlid radiations is the rapid evolution of reproductive isolation that is robust to full sympatry of many closely related species. Theory predicts that species persistence and speciation in sympatry with gene flow are facilitated if loci of large effect or physical linkage (or pleiotropy) underlie traits involved in reproductive isolation. Here we investigate the genetic architecture of a key trait involved in behavioural isolation, male nuptial coloration, by crossing two sister species pairs of Lake Victoria cichlids of the genus <i>Pundamilia</i> and mapping nuptial coloration in the F2 hybrids. One is a young sympatric species pair, representative of an axis of colour motif differentiation, red-dorsum vs blue, that is highly recurrent in closely related sympatric species. The other is a species pair representative of colour motifs, red-chest vs blue, that are common in allopatric but uncommon in sympatric closely related species. We find significant QTLs with moderate to large effects (some overlapping) for red and yellow in the sympatric red-dorsum x blue cross, whereas we find no significant QTLs in the non-sympatric red-chest x blue cross. These findings are consistent with theory predicting that large effect loci or linkage/pleiotropy underlying mating trait differentiation could facilitate speciation and species persistence with gene flow in sympatry.
Data from: Genomic insights into the vulnerability of sympatric whitefish species flocks
The erosion of habitat heterogeneity can reduce species diversity directly but can also lead to the loss of distinctiveness of sympatric species through speciation reversal. We know little about changes in genomic differentiation during the early stages of these processes, which can be mediated by anthropogenic perturbation. Here, we analyse three sympatric whitefish species (Coregonus spp) sampled across two neighbouring and connected Swiss pre-alpine lakes, which have been differentially affected by anthropogenic eutrophication. Our data set comprises 16,173 loci genotyped across 138 whitefish using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Our analysis suggests that in each of the two lakes the population of a different, but ecologically similar, whitefish species declined following a recent period of eutrophication. Genomic signatures consistent with hybridisation are more pronounced in the more severely impacted lake. Comparisons between sympatric pairs of whitefish species with contrasting ecology, where one is shallow benthic and the other one more profundal pelagic, reveal genomic differentiation that is largely correlated along the genome, while differentiation is uncorrelated between pairs of allopatric provenance with similar ecology. We identify four genomic loci that provide evidence of parallel divergent adaptation between the shallow benthic species and the two different more profundal species. Functional annotations available for two of those loci are consistent with divergent ecological adaptation. Our genomic analysis indicates the action of divergent natural selection between sympatric whitefish species in pre-alpine lakes and reveals the vulnerability of these species to anthropogenic alterations of the environment and associated adaptive landscape.
Data from: Sympatric parallel diversification of major oak clades in the Americas and the origins of Mexican species diversity
Oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) are the dominant tree genus of North America in species number and biomass, and Mexico is a global center of oak diversity. Understanding the origins of oak diversity is key to understanding biodiversity of northern temperate forests. A phylogenetic study of biogeography, niche evolution and diversification patterns in Quercus was performed using 300 samples, 146 species. Next-generation sequencing data were generated using the restriction-site associated DNA (RAD-seq) method. A time-calibrated maximum likelihood phylogeny was inferred and analyzed with bioclimatic, soils, and leaf habit data to reconstruct the biogeographic and evolutionary history of the American oaks. Our highly resolved phylogeny demonstrates sympatric parallel diversification in climatic niche, leaf habit, and diversification rates. The two major American oak clades arose in what is now the boreal zone and radiated, in parallel, from eastern North America into Mexico and Central America. Oaks adapted rapidly to niche transitions. The Mexican oaks are particularly numerous, not because Mexico is a center of origin, but because of high rates of lineage diversification associated with high rates of evolution along moisture gradients and between the evergreen and deciduous leaf habits. Sympatric parallel diversification in the oaks has shaped the diversity of North American forests.
Data from: Differential adaptation to a harsh granite outcrop habitat between sympatric Mimulus species
Understanding which environmental variables and traits underlie adaptation to harsh environments is difficult since many traits evolve simultaneously as populations or species diverge. Here we investigate the ecological variables and traits that underlie Mimulus laciniatus' adaptation to granite outcrops compared to its sympatric, mesic-adapted progenitor M. guttatus. We use fine scale measurements of soil moisture and herbivory to examine differences in selective forces between the species' habitats, and measure selection on flowering time, flower size, plant height, and leaf shape in a reciprocal transplant using M. laciniatus x M. guttatus F4 hybrids. We find that differences in drought & herbivory drive survival differences between habitats, that M. laciniatus and M. guttatus are each better adapted to their native habitat, and differential habitat selection on flowering time, plant stature, and leaf shape. While early flowering time, small stature, and lobed leaf shape underlie plant fitness in M. laciniatus' seasonally dry environment, increased plant size is advantageous in a competitive mesic environment replete with herbivores like M. guttatus'. Given that we observed divergent selection between habitats in the direction of species differences, we conclude that adaptation to different microhabitats is an important component of reproductive isolation in this sympatric species pair.
Data from: Courtship behaviour, nesting microhabitat and assortative mating in sympatric stickleback species-pairs
<p>The maintenance of reproductive isolation in the face of gene-flow is a particularly contentious topic, but differences in reproductive behaviour may provide the key to explaining this phenomenon. However, we do not yet fully understand how behaviour contributes to maintaining species boundaries. How important are behavioural differences during reproduction? To what extent does assortative mating maintain reproductive isolation in recently diverged populations and how important are 'magic traits'? Assortative mating can arise as a by-product of accumulated differences between divergent populations as well as an adaptive response to contact between those populations, but this is often overlooked. Here we address these questions using recently described species-pairs of three-spined stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>), from two separate locations and a phenotypically intermediate allopatric population on the island of North Uist, Scottish Western Isles. We identified stark differences in the preferred nesting substrate, and courtship behaviour of species-pair males. We showed that all males selectively court females of their own ecotype and all females prefer males of the same ecotype, regardless of whether they are from species-pairs or allopatric populations. We also showed that mate choice does not appear to be driven by body-size differences (a potential 'magic trait'). By explicitly comparing the strength of these mating preferences between species-pairs and single-ecotype locations we were able to show that present levels of assortative mating due to direct mate choice are likely a by-product of other adaptations between ecotypes, and not subject to obvious selection in species-pairs. Our results suggest that ecological divergence in mating characteristics, particularly nesting microhabitat may be more important than direct mate choice in maintaining reproductive isolation in stickleback species-pairs.</p>
Raw sequencing data of NGS of stomach contents of sympatric species of weakly electric fish (genus: Campylomormyrus)
<p>This dataset contains the raw sequencing data of stomach contents of sympatric species of weakly electric fish (genus: <em>Campylomormyrus</em>) using next generation sequencing.</p> <p>Stomach content samples were collected from five <em>Campylomormyrus</em> species (<em>C. alces</em>, ; <em>C. compressirostris</em>, ; <em>C. curvirostris</em>, ; <em>C. numenius</em>, ; <em>C. tshokwe</em>) and samples of <em>Gnathonemus petersii</em> (<em>G. petersii, </em>), a sister genus of <em>Campylomormyrus.</em></p> <p>The fish specimens, from which these stomach content samples are extracted, were collected during an expedition to the Republic of the Congo in fall 2012.</p> <p>The dataset files are in FASTA format.</p>
Ecological speciation by sympatric host shifts in a clade of herbivorous sea slugs, with introgression and localized mitochondrial capture between species
<p>Host shifting in insect-plant systems was historically important to the development of ecological speciation theory, yet surprisingly few studies have examined whether host shifting drives the diversification of marine herbivores. When small-bodied consumers feed and also mate on a preferred host, disruptive selection can split a population into host races despite gene flow. Support for host shifts is notably lacking for invertebrates associated with macroalgae, where the scale of dispersal by planktonic larvae often far exceeds the grain of host patchiness, and adults are typically less specialized than terrestrial herbivores. Here, we present a candidate example of ecological speciation in a clade of sea slugs that primarily consume green algae in the genus <em>Caulerpa</em>, including highly invasive species. Ancestral character state reconstructions supported 'sea grapes' (<em>C. racemosa</em>, <em>C. lentillifera</em>) as the ancestral host for a tropical radiation of 12 <em>Elysia</em> spp., with one shift onto alternative <em>Caulerpa</em> spp. in the Indo-Pacific. A Caribbean radiation of three species included symaptric host shifts to <em>Rhipocephalus brevicaulis </em>in the ancestor of<em> E. pratensis</em> Ortea & Espinosa, 1996, and to <em>C. prolifera</em> in <em>E. hamanni</em> Krug, Vendetti & Valdes 2016, plus a niche expansion to a range of <em>Caulerpa</em> spp. in<em> E. subornata</em> Verrill, 1901. All three species are broadly sympatric across the Caribbean but are host-partitioned at a fine grain, and distinct by morphology and at nuclear loci. However, non-recombining mtDNA revealed a history of gene flow between <em>E. pratensis</em> and <em>E. subornata</em>: COI haplotypes from<em> E. subornata</em> were 10.4% divergent from<em> E. pratensis</em> haplotypes from four sites, but closely related to all <em>E. pratensis </em>haplotypes sampled from six Bahamian islands, indicating historical introgression and localized "mitochondrial capture." Disruptive selective likely fueled divergence and adaptation to distinct host environments, indicating ecological speciation may be an under-appreciated driver of diversification for marine herbivores as well as epibionts and other resource specialists.</p>
Data from: Comparative host-pathogen associations of Snake Fungal Disease in sympatric species of water snakes (Nerodia)
<p>The ascomycete fungus <em>Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</em> (<em>Oo</em>) is the causative agent of ophidiomycosis (Snake Fungal Disease), which has been detected globally. However, surveillance efforts in the central U.S., specifically Texas, have been minimal. The threatened and rare Brazos water snake (<em>Nerodia harteri harteri</em>) is one of the most range restricted snakes in the U.S. and is sympatric with two wide-ranging congeners, <em>N. erythrogaster transversa</em> and <em>N. rhombifer</em>, in north central Texas; thus, providing an opportunity to test comparative host-pathogen associations in this system. To accomplish this, we surveyed a portion of the Brazos river drainage (~400 river km) over 29 months and tested 150 Nerodia individuals for the presence of <em>Oo </em>via quantitative PCR and recorded any potential signs of <em>Oo </em>infection. We found <em>Oo </em>was distributed across the entire range of <em>N. h. harteri,</em> <em>Oo</em> prevalence was 46% overall, and there was a significant association between <em>Oo </em>occurrence and signs of infection in our sample. Models indicated adults had a higher probability of <em>Oo </em>infection than juveniles and subadults, and adult <em>N. h. harteri</em> had a higher probability of infection than adult <em>N. rhombifer</em> but not higher than adult <em>N. e. transversa</em>. High <em>Oo </em>prevalence estimates (94.4%) in adult <em>N. h. harteri </em>has implications for their conservation and management owing to their patchy distribution, comparatively low genetic diversity, and threats from anthropogenic habitat modification.</p>
FIGURE 5 in Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete (Greece)
FIGURE 5. Diversity of body size in Cervidae.
Figure 1 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey
Figure 1. The Karamenderes River and sampling station.
Clustering of loci controlling species differences in male chemical bouquets of sympatric Heliconius butterflies
<p>The degree to which loci promoting reproductive isolation cluster in the genome – <i>i.e. </i>the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation - can influence the tempo and mode of speciation. Tight linkage between these loci can facilitate speciation in the face of gene flow. Pheromones play a role in reproductive isolation in many Lepidoptera species, and the role of endogenously-produced compounds as secondary metabolites decreases the likelihood of pleiotropy associated with many barrier loci. <i>Heliconius </i>butterflies use male sex pheromones to both court females (aphrodisiac wing pheromones) and ward off male courtship (male-transferred anti-aphrodisiac genital pheromones), and it is likely that these compounds play a role in reproductive isolation between <i>Heliconius </i>species. Using a set of backcross hybrids between <i>H. melpomene </i>and <i>H. cydno</i>, we investigated the genetic architecture of putative male pheromone compound production. We found a set of 40 significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) representing 33 potential pheromone compounds. QTL clustered significantly on two chromosomes, chromosome 8 for genital compounds and chromosome 20 for wing compounds, and chromosome 20 was enriched for potential pheromone biosynthesis genes. There was minimal overlap between pheromone QTL and known QTL for mate choice and color pattern. Nonetheless, we did detect linkage between a QTL for wing androconial area and <i>optix</i>, a color pattern locus known to play a role in reproductive isolation in these species. This tight clustering of putative pheromone loci might contribute to coincident reproductive isolating barriers, facilitating speciation despite ongoing gene flow.</p>
Plant-soil feedbacks in sympatric Asclepias species
<p>Plants affect associated biotic and abiotic edaphic factors, with reciprocal feedbacks from soil characteristics affecting plants. These two-way interactions between plants and soils are collectively known as plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs). The role of phylogenetic relatedness and evolutionary histories have recently emerged as a potential driver of PSFs, although the strength and direction of feedbacks among sympatric congeners is not well understood. We examined plant-soil feedback responses of Asclepias syriaca, a common clonal milkweed species, with several sympatric congeners across a gradient of increasing phylogenetic distances (A. tuberosa, A. viridis, A. sullivantii, and A. verticillata, respectively). Plant-soil feedbacks were measured through productivity and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Asclepias syriaca produced less biomass in soils conditioned by the most phylogenetically distant species (A. verticillata), relative to conspecific-conditioned soils. Similarly, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization of A. syriaca roots was reduced when grown in soils conditioned by A. verticillata, compared to colonization in plants grown in soil conditioned by any of the other three Asclepias species, indicating mycorrhizal associations are a potential mechanism of observed positive PSFs. This display of differences between the most phylogenetically distant, but not close or intermediate, paring(s) suggest a potential phylogenetic threshold, although other exogenous factors cannot be ruled out. Overall, these results highlight the potential role of phylogenetic distance in influencing positive PSFs through mutualists.</p>
FIG. 3 in A morphometric comparison of two sympatric Campylopus Brid. (Leucobryaceae, Bryophyta) species
FIG. 3. — Continuation.
FIG. 2 in A morphometric comparison of two sympatric Campylopus Brid. (Leucobryaceae, Bryophyta) species
FIG. 2. — Characters measured in the morphometric study and illustrations of each.
FIG. 3 in A morphometric comparison of two sympatric Campylopus Brid. (Leucobryaceae, Bryophyta) species
FIG. 3. — Continuation.
Data for: Dietary analysis reveals differences in the prey use of two sympatric bat species
<p>One mechanism for morphologically similar and sympatric species to avoid competition and facilitate coexistence is to feed on different prey items within different microhabitats. In the current study, we investigated and compared the diet of the two most common and similar-sized bat species in Japan – <em>Murina ussuriensis</em> (Ognev, 1913) and <em>Myotis ikonnikovi</em> (Ognev, 1912) – to gain more knowledge about the degree of overlap in their diet and their foraging behavior. We found that both bat species consumed prey from the orders of Lepidoptera and Diptera most frequently, while the proportion of Dipterans was higher in the diet of <em>M. ikonnikovi</em>. Furthermore, we found a higher prey diversity in the diet of <em>M. ikonnikovi</em> compared to that of <em>M. ussuriensis</em><em> </em>which might indicate that the former is a more generalist predator than the latter. In contrast, the diet of <em>M. ussuriensis</em> contained many Lepidopteran families. The higher probability of prey items likely captured via gleaning to occur in the diet of <em>M. ussuriensis</em> in contrast to <em>M. ikonnikovi</em> indicates that <em>M. ussuriensis</em> might switch between aerial-hawking and gleaning modes of foraging behavior. We encourage further studies across various types of habitats and seasons to investigate the flexibility of the diet composition and foraging habitat use of these two bat species.</p>
Comparing effects of food mechanical properties on oral processing behaviors in two sympatric lemur species - Dataset
<p>Dataset for maximal random slope mixed models from manuscript "Comparing effects of food mechanical properties on oral processing behaviors in two sympatric lemur species". Column headers are described in the article and the key tab of the excel. </p>
Movement patterns and habitat use for the sympatric species: Gambelia wislizenii and Aspidoscelis tigris
<p><strong>Background</strong>: Movement is an important characteristic of an animal's ecology, reflecting perception of and response to environmental conditions. To effectively search for food, movement patterns likely depend on habitat characteristics and the sensory systems used to find prey. We examined movements associated with foraging for two sympatric species of lizards inhabiting the Great Basin Desert of southeastern Oregon. The two species have largely overlapping diets but find prey via different sensory cues, which link to their differing foraging strategies — the long-nosed leopard lizard, <em>Gambelia wislizenii</em>, is a visually-oriented predator, while the western whiptail, <em>Aspidoscelis tigris</em>, relies more heavily on chemosensory cues to find prey.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using detailed focal observations, we characterized the habitat use and movement paths of each species. We placed markers at the location of focal animals every minute for the duration of each 30-min observation. Afterwards, we recorded whether each location was in the open or in vegetation, as well as the movement metrics of step length, path length, net displacement, straightness index, and turn angle, and then made statistical comparisons between the two species.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The visual forager spent more time in open areas, moved less frequently over shorter distances, and differed in patterns of plant use compared to the chemosensory forager. Path characteristics of step length and turn angle differed between species.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The visual predator moved in a way that was consistent with the notion that they require a clear visual path to stalk prey whereas the movement of the chemosensory predator increased their chances of detecting prey by venturing further into vegetation. Sympatric species can partition limited resources through differences in search behavior and habitat use. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.