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412 results for “temperate forests”
Plant characteristics drive ontogenetic changes in herbivory damage in a temperate forest
<ol> <li>Understanding ontogenetic differences in plant defenses and herbivory damage is crucial for obtaining a better understanding of plant life-history strategies, community assembly, and dynamics. Although many studies have compared plant defenses or herbivory damage between ontogenetic stages (e.g., sapling vs. adult), how the effects of plant characteristics on leaf herbivory damage change during plant ontogeny has rarely been examined across species or in a species-rich natural community.</li> <li>To elucidate the effects of plant characteristics, we compared the relationships of leaf herbivory damage with stem density, plant size, and leaf traits between saplings and adults for almost all co-occurring woody species (56 species, ranging from rare to abundant) in a Japanese temperate forest.</li> <li>In most species, adults were larger, fewer in number, and had leaf traits that were potentially less favorable to herbivores (e.g., stronger, or with more phenolics). In contrast, we observed species-specific directions of changes in herbivory damage between adults and saplings with plant phylogeny or density having no clear effect. The relationships between some plant traits and herbivory damage were ontogeny dependent, indicating a shift from chemical to physical defense as plants mature, although most of the species characteristics studied were highly correlated between stages. Such ontogeny-dependent relationships between plant traits and herbivory damage could cause variation in the ontogenetic changes in herbivory damage among species depending on the value of plant traits. Moreover, the direction and magnitude of the effects of ontogenetic differences in species traits on the ontogenetic differences in herbivory damage varied depending on the traits. Together, these factors could have caused the observed ontogenetic changes in herbivory damage among species.</li> <li>Synthesis. Our study demonstrated how relationships between plant characteristics and herbivory damage can change ontogenetically across many coexisting woody species in a forest community, suggesting that plant traits may perform different functions related to herbivory at different ontogenetic stages. This has rarely been considered in previous dualistic comparisons of individual traits and herbivory damage between ontogenetic stages, and it is vital for understanding plant life-history strategies across stages in relationships with herbivores in natural communities.</li> </ol>
Data from: Different taxonomic and functional indices complement the understanding of herb-layer community assembly patterns in a southern-limit temperate forest
<p><span>The efficient conservation of vulnerable ecosystems in the face of global change requires a complete understanding of how plant communities respond to various environmental factors. We aim to demonstrate that a combined use of different approaches, traits, and indices representing each of the taxonomic and functional characteristics of plant communities will give complementary information on the factors driving vegetation assembly patterns. We analyzed variation across an environmental gradient in taxonomic and functional composition, richness, and diversity of the herb-layer of a temperate beech-oak forest that was located in northern Spain. We measured species cover and four functional traits: leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf size, and plant height. We found that light is the most limiting resource influencing herb-layer vegetation. Taxonomic changes in richness are followed by equivalent functional changes in the diversity of leaf size but by opposite responses in the richness of SLA. Each functional index is related to different environmental factors even within a single trait (particularly for LDMC and leaf size). To conclude, each characteristic of a plant community is influenced by different and even contrasting factors or processes. Combining different approaches, traits, and indices simultaneously will help us understand how plant communities work.</span></p>
Temporal dynamics of canopy properties and carbon and water fluxes in a temperate evergreen angiosperm forest
<p>Dataset and code for the Manuscript "<span>Temporal dynamics of canopy properties and carbon and water fluxes in a temperate evergreen angiosperm forest"</span></p>
Data from: The distribution of tree biomass carbon within the pacific coastal temperate rainforest, a disproportionally carbon dense forest
<p>Spatially explicit global estimates of forest carbon storage are typically coarsely scaled. While useful, these estimates do not account for the variability and distribution of carbon at management scales. We asked how climate, topography, and disturbance regimes interact across and within geopolitical boundaries to influence tree biomass carbon, using the perhumid region of the Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforest, an infrequently disturbed carbon dense landscape, as a test case. We leveraged permanent sample plots in southeast Alaska and coastal British Columbia and used multiple quantile regression forests and generalized linear models to estimate tree biomass carbon stocks and the effects of topography, climate, and disturbance regimes. We estimate tree biomass carbon stocks are either 211 (SD = 163) Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> or 218 (SD = 169) Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. Natural disturbance regimes had no correlation with tree biomass but logging decreased tree biomass carbon and the effect diminished with increasing time since logging. Despite accounting for 0.3% of global forest area, this forest stores between 0.63% - 1.07% of global aboveground forest carbon as aboveground live tree biomass. The disparate impact of logging and natural disturbance regimes on tree biomass carbon suggests a mismatch between current forest management and disturbance history.</p>
Data from: Insectivorous birds and bats outperform ants in the top-down regulation of arthropods across strata of a Japanese temperate forest
<p>Birds, bats, and ants are recognized as significant arthropod predators. However, empirical studies reveal inconsistent trends in their relative roles in top-down control across strata. Here, we describe the differences between forest strata in the separate effects of birds, bats, and ants on arthropod densities and their cascading effects on plant damage. We implemented a factorial design to exclude vertebrates and ants in both the canopy and understory. Additionally, we separately excluded birds and bats from the understory using diurnal and nocturnal exclosures. At the end of the experiments, we collected all arthropods and assessed herbivory damage. Arthropods responded similarly to predator exclusion across forest strata, with a density increase of 81% on trees without vertebrates and 53% without both vertebrates and ants. Additionally, bird exclusion alone led to an 89% increase in arthropod density, while bat exclusion resulted in a 63% increase. Herbivory increased by 42% when vertebrates were excluded and by 35% when both vertebrates and ants were excluded. Bird exclusion alone increased herbivory damage by 28%, while the exclusion of bats showed a detectable but non-significant increase (by 22%). In contrast, ant exclusion had no significant effect on arthropod density or herbivory damage across strata. Our results reveal that the effects of birds and bats on arthropod density and herbivory damage are similar between the forest canopy and understory in this temperate forest. In addition, ants were not found to be significant predators in our system. Furthermore, birds, bats, and ants appeared to exhibit antagonistic relationships in influencing arthropod density. These findings highlight, unprecedentedly, the equal importance of birds and bats in maintaining ecological balance across different strata of a temperate forest.</p>
Data from: Investigating the Association of Seasonal Dynamics in GEDI Canopy Cover Profiles and Sentinel-1 Backscatter in Temperate Forests
<p>This dataset supports the analysis about <em>Investigating the Association of Seasonal Dynamics in GEDI Canopy Cover Profiles and Sentinel-1 Backscatter in Temperate Forests</em></p>
Figure 4 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 4. Rare lichen Thelotrema lepadinum. Photo: A. KrugÔikova.
Figure 1 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 1. Studied forest stands (noted with dots).
Figure 3 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 3. One of study sites. Photo: A. KrugÔikova.
Uncovering the little known impact of a millennia-old traditional use of temperate oak forests: free-ranging domestic pigs markedly change the herb layer, but barely affect the shrub layer
<p>This excel file contains data on ground, herb and shrub layer characteristics of hardwood floodplain forests under different disturbance intensity by free-ranging domestic pigs, a millennia-old practice in Eurasia. We used these dataset to create figures 3, 4, 5, 6 (a) (b), 7, 8 presented in the paper „Uncovering the little known impact of a millennia-old traditional use of temperate oak forests: free-ranging pigs markedly change the herb layer, but barely affect the shrub layer”. Vegetation surveys were conducted in the spring and late summer periods of 2017 and 2018. The bare soil surface and litter cover were visually estimated within each 0.25 ha sampling plot. The cover and composition of the herb layer were recorded using 30 subsamples (1 m2) at each SP (altogether 1680 subsamples). 28 subsamples were located along the four cardinal directions at 2 m distances running from the centre of sampling plots and 2 other subsamples were randomly positioned. The total cover of the upper (higher than 130 cm) and lower (50-130 cm) shrub layer, and the cover of each species by layers, were visually estimated in each 0.25 ha SP. The browsing, rooting and rubbing impacts of pigs were measured along a 56-m-long transect running through the centre of the SPs from north to south. We sampled altogether from 3138 to 3282 woody specimens depending on variables used to describe pigs impacts on specimens.</p>
Figure 2. Species area curve obtained from 264 in Composition and structure of plant communities in the Moist Temperate Forest Ecosystem of the Hindukush Mountains, Pakistan
Figure 2. Species area curve obtained from 264 plant species in Lalkoo valley.
Figure 3. Cluster Dendrogram indicating 11 in Composition and structure of plant communities in the Moist Temperate Forest Ecosystem of the Hindukush Mountains, Pakistan
Figure 3. Cluster Dendrogram indicating 11 plant association types in the Lalkoo Valley.
Figure 1 in Composition and structure of plant communities in the Moist Temperate Forest Ecosystem of the Hindukush Mountains, Pakistan
Figure 1. Samping sites in Lalkoo valley.
Figure 2 in To what extent do pine and oak clear-cut stumps support mite (Acari: Mesostigmata) communities in temperate forests?
Figure 2. Unique species in CWD, ecotone, and adjacent litter in Scots pine and sessile oak forest.
Tracing diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2, O2 and δ13CO2 over a tropical and a temperate forest
<p>These are the datasets of the campaigns used in the paper: <em>Tracing diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2, O2 and δ13CO2 over a tropical and a temperate forest. </em>Two campaigns are included: <em>CloudRoots </em>and <em>Loobos</em>. Have a look at the README files on the specifics of what is inside the files and how to cite these datasets. </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Centennial-scale reductions in nitrogen availability in temperate forests of the United States
Forests cover 30% of the terrestrial Earth surface and are a major component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Humans have doubled the amount of global reactive nitrogen (N), increasing deposition of N onto forests worldwide. However, other global changes—especially climate change and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations—are increasing demand for N, the element limiting primary productivity in temperate forests, which could be reducing N availability. To determine the long-term, integrated effects of global changes on forest N cycling, we measured stable N isotopes in wood, a proxy for N supply relative to demand, on large spatial and temporal scales across the continental U.S.A. Here, we show that forest N availability has generally declined across much of the U.S. since at least 1850 C.E. with cool, wet forests demonstrating the greatest declines. Across sites, recent trajectories of N availability were independent of recent atmospheric N deposition rates, implying a minor role for modern N deposition on the trajectory of N status of North American forests. Our results demonstrate that current trends of global changes are likely to be consistent with forest oligotrophication into the foreseeable future, further constraining forest C fixation and potentially storage.
Immigration credit of temperate forest herbs in fragmented landscapes – implications for restoration of habitat connectivity
<p>1. In many agricultural landscapes, it is important to restore networks of forests to provide habitat and stepping stones for forest specialist taxa. More knowledge is, however, needed on how to facilitate the immigration of such taxa in restored forest patches. Here, we present the first chronosequence study to quantify the dynamics of immigration credits of forest specialist plants in post-arable forest patches.</p> <p>2. We studied the distribution of herbaceous forest specialist plant species in 54 post-arable broadleaved forest patches along gradients of age (20-140 years since forest establishment), distance from ancient forest (0-2600 m) and patch area (0.5-9.6 ha). With Linear Mixed Models we estimated the effects of these factors on species richness, patch means of four dispersal-related plant traits and with Generalized Linear Models on the occurrence of 20 individual species.</p> <p>3. Post-arable forest patch age and spatial isolation from ancient forest, but not patch size, were important predictors for species richness of forest specialists, suggesting that also small patches are valuable for habitat connectivity. Compared to species richness in ancient forest stands, the immigration credit was reduced by more than 90% after 80 years in post-arable forest patches contiguous to ancient forest compared to 40% after 80 years and 60% after 140 years in isolated patches (at least 100 m to next forest). Tall-growing species with adaptations to long-distance dispersal were faster colonizers while species with heavy diaspores and clonal growth were slower to colonize.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: We show that post-arable oak plantations have a high potential for restoration of forest herb vegetation. Dispersal-related plant traits play a key role in explaining interspecific differences among forest specialists. To facilitate forest herb immigration across all functional groups in agricultural landscapes, we suggest to create clusters of relatively small new forest patches nearby older forest with source populations.</p>
Data from: Disturbance history is a key driver of tree lifespan in temperate primary forests
<p>AIMS</p> <p>We examined differences in lifespan among the dominant tree species (spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), fir (Abies alba Mill.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), and maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.)) across primary mountain forests of Europe. We ask how disturbance history, lifetime growth patterns, and environmental factors influence lifespan.</p> <p>LOCATIONS</p> <p>Balkan mountains, Carpathian mountains, Dinaric mountains.</p> <p>METHODS</p> <p>Annual ring widths from 20,600 cores from primary forests were used to estimate tree life spans, growth trends, and disturbance history metrics. Mixed models were used to examine species-specific differences in lifespan (i.e. defined as species-specific 90th percentiles of age distributions), and how metrics of radial growth, disturbance parameters, and selected environmental factors influence lifespan.</p> <p>RESULTS</p> <p>While only a few beech trees surpassed 500 years, individuals of all four species were older than 400 years. There were significant differences in lifespan among the four species (beech > fir > spruce > maple), indicating life history differentiation in lifespan. Trees were less likely to reach old age in areas affected by more severe disturbance events, whereas individuals that experienced periods of slow growth and multiple episodes of suppression and release were more likely to reach old age. Aside from a weak but significant negative effect of vegetation season temperature on fir and maple lifespan, no other environmental factors included in the analysis influenced lifespan.</p> <p>CONCLUSIONS</p> <p>Our results indicate species-specific biological differences in lifespan, which may play a role in facilitating tree species coexistence in mixed temperate forests. Finally, natural disturbances regimes were a key driver of lifespan, which could have implications for forest dynamics if regimes shift under global change.</p>
Bright Spots of Carbon Storage in Temperate Forests - Dataset
<p>This dataset accompanies the publication 'Bright Spots of Carbon Storage in Temperate Forests' in the Journal of Applied Ecology.</p> <p>1. Mitigating climate change is an urgent challenge for society. Increasing carbon storage in forests, which cover more than 30% of the global land surface, presents a key opportunity to meet this challenge. Although the biophysical and ecological factors that affect carbon storage have been well studied, the relative importance of social factors in privately owned forests, such as people’s goals and management actions, is less well understood.</p> <p>2. We examine how well typical biophysical and ecological variables can explain differences in aboveground carbon storage across 1561 plots in temperate forests of southern Quebec, Canada. We then identify bright spots and dark spots of aboveground carbon storage, where forests are performing much better or worse than predicted based on biophysical and ecological conditions alone. We conducted surveys with forest owners to assess whether their individual goals, values, and management actions explain the differences in carbon storage between bright and dark spots.</p> <p>3. Biophysical and ecological variables collectively explained a substantial fraction of the variation in carbon storage between forest plots (R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.42). The ecological variables of stand age, species richness, and functional diversity within the plots were the most important variables in explaining carbon storage.</p> <p>4. Surveys with forest owners showed that bright spots (plots that stored more carbon than predicted) were often associated with a strong connection to, or dependence on, the forest property. Dark spots were more often associated with forest harvesting and hunting.</p> <p>5. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Ecologically-based policies that aim to increase the average forest age, species richness, and functional diversity—and socially-based policies that incentivise long-term forest ownership, stronger connections between people and their properties, and maple syrup production—could help increase carbon storage over multidecadal timescales and thereby reduce the harmful effects of climate change.</p>
Stuck between the mandibles of an insect and of a rodent: where does the fate of ash-dominated riparian temperate forests lie?
<p>The beaver (<em>Castor canadensis</em> Khul) is a key species that is known to shape the composition of riparian forests. Ash trees (<em>Fraxinus</em> spp.) can be abundant in these forests. However, invasion by the emerald ash borer (<em>Agrilus planipennis </em>Fairmaire) in North America threatens their survival. The disappearance of ash will have a large impact on the riparian forest composition in itself. It is not known what the consequences would be for the remaining forest if ash plays an important role in the beaver diet. Inventory plots across a ash gradient were measured in Plaisance National Park, Quebec, Canada, to collect data and to establish if (1) trees and saplings of this genus were selected or avoided by beavers, (2) if other genera had a lower or a greater probability of being consumed compared to ash, and (3) if ash density could affect the probability of consumption of other genera. Of all genera present in the park, ash trees were selected in the highest number of plots. Only two genera, <em>Carpinus</em> and <em>Populus</em>, had a higher probability of being consumed than ash. These genera are not abundant in the park, and neither in riparian forests of the temperate biome, and thus are not good candidates to replace ash as a staple for beavers. The most abundant genus in riparian temperate forests, along with ash, is <em>Acer</em>. In this study, <em>Acer</em> trees were not selected, and as for <em>Acer</em> saplings, were less likely to be consumed than ash. Mixed results were obtained about genera that could become more likely to be consumed as ash density decreases. It would seem that the disappearance of ash would not cause a switch to a single or a few genera in the future, which may be due to the high diversity of genera present in temperate riparian forests. However, ash may not disappear completely due to its capacity to sprout following the death of the aboveground portion of ash trees. This scenario is discussed in light of the susceptibility of intermediate-sized ash stems to be colonized by the emerald ash borer and of the greater likelihood of beavers to feed on these same-sized stems.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.