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FIGURE 2 in A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico

FIGURE 2. Female paratypes of Kinosternon cora sp. nov. A MZFC-HE 35628 B UTEP 3908. Dorsal and ventral views. Black lines represent 50 mm. Photo A by M. A. López-Luna, Photo B by Muriel M. Norman and Daniela Dominguez.

FIGURE 9 in A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico

FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of Kinosternidae, and the position of Kinosternon cora sp. nov., based on three mitochondrial and four nuclear loci. Bayesian posterior probabilities of each node are reported; solid circles indicate 1.0 support.

FIGURE 6 in A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico

FIGURE 6. Head patterns of Kinosternon cora sp. nov. A: Female holotype, MZFC-HE 35627, B: Male paratype, MZFC-HE 35629. Unscaled images. Photo by M. A. López-Luna.

FIGURE 1 in A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico

FIGURE 1. Holotype (adult female) of Kinosternon cora sp. nov. MZFC-HE 35627. Dorsal and ventral view. Black line represents 50 mm. Photo by M. A. López-Luna.

FIGURE 5 in A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico

FIGURE 5. Diagnostic differences between Kinosternon cora sp. nov. (A, C, E, G) and Kinosternon vogti (B, D, F, H). A, B: proportions of the nuchal shield; C, D: ratio of the height of the M10 to the adjacent shields; E, F: absence / presence of a notch in the anal shields; G, H: shape and patterning of nasal shield.

FIGURE 8 in A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico

FIGURE 8. Further observations of Kinosternon cora sp. nov. Series of photographs above: Adult male observed near Rosamorada, Municipo de Rosamorada, Nayarit. Photos by J. A. Loc-Barragán. Series of photographs below: Juvenil female observed near Chilapa, Municipio de Rosamorada, Nayarit. Photos by Jorge Larios Luquín.

FIGURE 4 in A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico

FIGURE 4. Known distribution of Kinosternon cora sp. nov. in Sinaloa and Nayarit. Yellow star represents the type locality, yellow dots represent additional records. Red dots represent the records of the sister species Kinosternon vogti.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Disentangling the Pelomedusa complex using type specimens and historical DNA (Testudines: Pelomedusidae)

Recent research has shown that the helmeted terrapin (Pelomedusa subrufa), a species that occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, in Madagascar and the southwestern Arabian Peninsula, consists of several deeply divergent genetic lineages. Here we examine all nominal taxa currently synonymized with Pelomedusa subrufa (Bonnaterre, 1789) and provide mitochondrial DNA sequences of type specimens or topotypic material for most taxa. Lectotypes are designated for Testudo galeata Schoepff, 1792, Pentonyx capensis Duméril & Bibron, 1835, Pelomedusa nigra Gray, 1863, Pelomedusa galeata var. disjuncta Vaillant & Grandidier, 1910, and Pelomedusa galeata damarensis Hewitt, 1935. For Pelomedusa gasconi Rochebrune, 1884, a taxon without preserved type material, a neotype is designated. Type material of Pentonix americana Cornalia, 1849, a nominal species without credible type locality, is lost and its identity remains questionable. Also the holotype of Pelomedusa galeata orangensis Hewitt, 1935 is lost, but its allocation to the only genetic lineage occurring in South Africa is unambiguous. Phylogenetic analyses of type sequences or topotypic material reveal that the remaining nominal taxa represent three of the nine previously identified lineages of Pelomedusa. Among these three lineages is the South African one. Type specimens of Pentonyx gehafie Rüppell, 1835 correspond to an additional distinct lineage. The present study provides a sound basis for a subsequent integrative taxonomic revision of the Pelomedusa complex.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia

A new turtle, Puentemys mushaisaensis, from the middle to late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia, is described on the basis of a partial skull and many partial to nearly complete carapaces and plastrons representing multiple ontogenetic stages. Whereas P. mushaisaensis is unique in aspects of its shell morphology, it shares many diagnostic characteristics of bothremydid pleurodirans, including a long exoccipital-quadrate contact, a very low and rounded almost circular carapace, and a thinner internal bone cortex than that of the external cortex in both the carapace and plastron. With a maximum carapacial length of 151 cm, P. mushaisaensis is the largest known bothremydid turtle and represents the first occurrence of bothremydids in the Paleogene of South American tropics. Results from a cladistic analysis of bothremydids indicate that P. mushaisaensis shares a close relationship with Foxemys mechinorum from the Late Cretaceous of Europe, indicating a wide-spread geographical distribution for bothremydines during the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)

We examined differentiation within the Colombian wood turtle Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, and among R. melanosterna and the closely allied species R. diademata, R. funerea and R. punctularia, based on 1060 base pairs of the mitochondrial cyt b gene. We also assessed the phylogenetic relationships among these species using 2050 bp of mtDNA (partial cyt b, 12S and 16S genes) and 3620 bp of nuclear DNA (partial Rag 1, Rag 2, C-mos, R35 and ODC genes). There is considerable phylogeographic structuring within R. melanosterna, with seven distinct clades distributed across the species' range. These clades correspond to some extent with previously described differences in the dorsal pattern of head coloration. Individual and combined analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA indicated contradictory relationships among R. melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea and R. punctularia. Mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed R. melanosterna to be non-monophyletic with respect to R. diademata, R. funerea and R. punctularia. In contrast, R. melanosterna constituted a well-supported monophyletic clade using nuclear DNA. This conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear data suggests past gene flow among the allopatrically and parapatrically distributed species R. melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea and R. punctularia. Compared to the other Rhinoclemmys species, the taxa under study are weakly differentiated. To assess their taxonomic status, further research is warranted using additional nuclear markers and additional samples of R. diademata, R. funerea and R. punctularia. For the time being, a continued classification of R. melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea and R. punctularia as distinct species is justified owing to their allopatric and parapatric distributions, and to conserve the established usage of names that is based on characteristic and distinct phenotypes associated with each species.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: A juvenile turtle (Testudines, Eucryptodira) from the Upper Jurassic of the Langenberg Quarry, Oker, Northern Germany

Turtles are frequently found in fluviatile to lagoonal and shallow marine sediments in the Upper Jurassic of Western Europe. These turtles usually show a mixture of basal and derived characters, but phylogenetic relationships are still largely unresolved. This is mainly due to the incompleteness of fossils and the lack of taxonomically unambiguous characters and is also related to the presence of different ontogenetic stages, which are not easy to compare. The morphological description of a new turtle from the Upper Jurassic of Langenberg Quarry (Oker, Lower Saxony, Germany) gives further insights into the ontogeny of basal eucryptodire turtles as well as into aquatic adaptation of Upper Jurassic turtles. The specimen is herein left in open nomenclature, due to the fact that it represents a juvenile individual. Several characters define the specimen as juvenile: its small size (7.28 cm carapace length); lateral carapacial fontanelles; enlarged vertebral scutes; a radial striation pattern covering the entire carapace; and the grade of ossification of preserved skull and limb elements. A clear aquatic adaptation of the individual is the elongated manus, a feature that is independent of ontogenetic age. The elongated manus may indicate a marine lifestyle and the individual possibly inhabited nearshore to offshore areas around the former Jurassic islands, which today form the Saxony Basin. The ossification pattern of the carapace of this eucryptodire turtle resembles that of known Jurassic paracryptodires and thus provides new insights to the ontogeny of Jurassic turtles.

FIGURE 3 in A new subspecies of Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847), one of the world's most critically endangered chelonians (Testudines: Geoemydidae)

FIGURE 3. (a) Batagur baska, male, Sundarbans, Bangladesh – photo: S.M.A. Rashid; (b) B. baska, semiadult female (the pointed, upturned snout develops only with increasing age), Sundarbans, Bangladesh – photo: P. Praschag; (c) west coast form of B. affinis, male, Klong La-ngu River, Satun Province, Thailand – photo: B. Horne; (d) west coast form of B. affinis, female, Perak River, Malaysia – photo: E.O. Moll; (e) east coast form of B. affinis, male, Dungun River, Malaysia – photo: E.H. Chan; (f) east coast form of B. affinis, female, Terengganu River, Malaysia – photo: E.O. Moll; (g) Cambodian Batagur male, Sre Ambel River system, Cambodia – photo: R. Holloway; (h) Cambodian Batagur female, Sre Ambel River system, Cambodia – photo: B. Horne. Note differences in head shape, soft part and iris coloration.

FIGURE 4 in A new subspecies of Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847), one of the world's most critically endangered chelonians (Testudines: Geoemydidae)

FIGURE 4. Hatchlings of Batagur affinis, (a) west coast form, Perak River, Malaysia; (b) east coast form, Terengganu River, Malaysia – photos: E.O. Moll. Note yellow marginal scutes and silvery blotches in temporal and parietal region in the east coast hatchling.

FIGURE 2 in A new subspecies of Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847), one of the world's most critically endangered chelonians (Testudines: Geoemydidae)

FIGURE 2. Parsimony networks for mitochondrial haplotypes of Batagur affinis, B. baska, B. kachuga, and the Cambodian Batagur (connection enforced). Symbol size corresponds to haplotype frequency; missing node haplotypes black. Lines joining haplotypes, one mutational step except otherwise indicated. (a) Network based on a 320-bp-long alignment of cyt b. Haplotypes and their frequencies (see Appendix): B. affinis – A1 (n=9), A2 (n=1); B. baska – B1 (n=5), B2 (n=1), B3 (n=1); B. kachuga – K1 (n=3), K2 (n=1), K3 (n=1); Cambodian Batagur – C (n=7). Haplotypes A1 and B1 include the lectotype of Tetraonyx affinis Cantor, 1847 and topotypic specimens of Emys baska Gray, 1830, respectively (Praschag et al. 2008). Haplotypes K1 and K2 are from topotypic specimens of Emys kachuga Gray, 1831. (b) Network based on a 1067-bp-long alignment of cyt b. Haplotypes and their frequencies: B. affinis – A1 (n=8), A2 (n=1); B. baska – B1 (n=4); B. kachuga – K1 (n=3), K2 (n=1), K3 (n=1); Cambodian Batagur – C (n=7).

FIGURE 5 in A new subspecies of Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847), one of the world's most critically endangered chelonians (Testudines: Geoemydidae)

FIGURE 5. Historical distribution of Batagur affinis affinis, B. a. edwardmolli, and B. baska (modified from Praschag et al. 2008). Note that the species are extirpated in most of their former ranges.

FIGURE 1 in A new subspecies of Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847), one of the world's most critically endangered chelonians (Testudines: Geoemydidae)

FIGURE 1. Bayesian reconstruction of the phylogeny of Batagur and allied geoemydid taxa, based on the expanded data set of Le et al. (2007). Numbers above nodes are posterior probabilities (partitioned analysis). Posterior probabilities are identical for unpartitioned analysis, except for the clade comprising B. dhongoka + (B. borneoensis + B. trivittata) and the basal clade of all taxa except Geoemyda and Rhinoclemmys (.97 and.81, respectively). Numbers below nodes, ML and MP bootstrap values. For Pangshura + (Hardella + Batagur) the habitat is coded.

FIGURE 2 in Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae)

FIGURE 2. Dorsal and lateral views of the skulls of A. Elseya dentata (UC0302); B. Myuchelys latisternum (AM 125475) and C. Emydura macquarii (QM48034).

FIGURE 1 in Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae)

FIGURE 1. Ventral view of the skulls of A. Elseya dentata (UC0302); B. Myuchelys latisternum (AM 125475) and C. Emydura macquarii (QM48034). Note the alveolar ridge on the maxillary surface of Elseya dentata.

FIGURE 3. A in Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae)

FIGURE 3. A phylogeny for the extant genera of the Australian short-necked Chelidae generated using PAUP* (v64d) as the single most parsimonious tree from the character data presented in Table 1. Values on the branches are bootstrap percentages—nodes for which values exceed 70% are considered robust. Phyrnops was used as the outgroup taxon. Note that the genus Elseya, as defined prior to this paper (i.e. Elseya + Myuchelys), was clearly paraphyletic.