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389 results for “woodlands”
FR092, Early Woodland, Robbins Phase Points
Robbins Phase Points Early Woodland Catalog #: P612 Uploaded by Gwyneth Harris Suggested Data Citation: Thompson, Christine, Erin Powers, Gwyneth Harris, and Kevin C. Nolan, 2021. FRHS_FR092, 3D Model .ply file. Digital Exhibit of Fort Recovery Historical Society's Precontact Collection, Fort Recovery Historical Society and Applied Anthropology Laboratories, Ball State University. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FR101, Middle Woodland, Gibson Point
Gibson Point Middle Woodland Catalog #: P630 Uploaded by Gwyneth Harris Suggested Data Citation: Thompson, Christine, Erin Powers, Gwyneth Harris, and Kevin C. Nolan, 2021. FRHS_FR101, 3D Model .ply file. Digital Exhibit of Fort Recovery Historical Society's Precontact Collection, Fort Recovery Historical Society and Applied Anthropology Laboratories, Ball State University. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FR054, Early Woodland, ovate stemmed adena
Ovate Stemmed Adena Early Woodland Catalog#: P530 Uploaded by Carson Wright Suggested Data Citation: Thompson, Christine, Erin Powers, Carson Wright, and Kevin C. Nolan, 2021. FRHS_FR054, 3D Model .ply file. Digital Exhibit of Fort Recovery Historical Society's Precontact Collection, Fort Recovery Historical Society and Applied Anthropology Laboratories, Ball State University. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FR055, Late Woodland, Ellston point
Ellston Point, 500-1000 AD Late Woodland Catalog #: P634 Uploaded by Carson Wright Suggested Data Citation: Thompson, Christine, Erin Powers, Carson Wright, and Kevin C. Nolan, 2021. FRHS_FR055, 3D Model .ply file. Digital Exhibit of Fort Recovery Historical Society's Precontact Collection, Fort Recovery Historical Society and Applied Anthropology Laboratories, Ball State University. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FR075, Middle Woodland, Snyders point
Snyders Point Middle Woodland Catalog #: P644 Uploaded by Gwyneth Harris Suggested Data Citation: Thompson, Christine, Erin Powers, Gwyneth Harris, and Kevin C. Nolan, 2021. FRHS_FR075, 3D Model .ply file. Digital Exhibit of Fort Recovery Historical Society's Precontact Collection, Fort Recovery Historical Society and Applied Anthropology Laboratories, Ball State University. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FR081, Late Woodland, Madison Point
Madison Point Late Woodland Catalog #: P657 Uploaded by Gwyneth Harris Suggested Data Citation: Thompson, Christine, Erin Powers, Gwyneth Harris, and Kevin C. Nolan, 2021. FRHS_FR081, 3D Model .ply file. Digital Exhibit of Fort Recovery Historical Society's Precontact Collection, Fort Recovery Historical Society and Applied Anthropology Laboratories, Ball State University. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FR073, Middle Woodland, Snyders point
Snyders Point Middle Woodland Catalog #: P651? Uploaded by Gwyneth Harris Suggested Data Citation: Thompson, Christine, Erin Powers, Gwyneth Harris, and Kevin C. Nolan, 2021. FRHS_FR073, 3D Model .ply file. Digital Exhibit of Fort Recovery Historical Society's Precontact Collection, Fort Recovery Historical Society and Applied Anthropology Laboratories, Ball State University. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Phylogenomics of Brachystegia (Fabaceae, Detarioideae): Insights into the origin of African miombo woodlands
<p><em>Premise of study:</em></p> <p>Phylogenetic approaches can provide valuable insights on how and when a biome emerged and developed using its structuring species. In this context, <em>Brachystegia</em> Benth, a dominant genus of trees in miombo woodlands, appears as a key witness of the history of the largest woodland and savanna biome of Africa.</p> <p><em>Methods:</em></p> <p>We reconstructed the evolutionary history of the genus using targeted-enrichment sequencing on 60 <em>Brachystegia</em> specimens for a near complete species sampling. Phylogenomic inferences used supermatrix (RAxML-NG) and summary-method (ASTRAL-III) approaches. Conflicts between species and gene trees were assessed and the phylogeny was time-calibrated in BEAST. Introgression between species was explored using Phylonet.</p> <p><em>Key results:</em></p> <p>Phylogenies are globally congruent regardless of the method used. Most of the species were recovered as monophyletic, unlike previous plastid phylogenetic reconstructions where lineages were shared among geographically close individuals independently of species identity. Still, most of the individual gene trees have low levels of phylogenetic information and are mostly in conflict with the reconstructed species trees, when informative. It suggests incomplete lineage sorting and/or reticulate evolution, the latter being supported by network analyses. BEAST analysis supports a Pliocene origin for the genus, with most of the diversification events dated to the Pliocene-Pleistocene.</p> <p><em>Conclusions:</em></p> <p>These results suggest a recent origin of species of the miombo, congruently with their spatial expansion documented from plastid data. <em>Brachystegia</em> species appear to behave potentially as a syngameon, a group of interfertile but still relatively well-delineated species, an aspect that deserves further investigations.</p>
Bringing the concept of ammonia critical levels into managing cork-oak woodland for conservation
<p>Agricultural activities often emit excessive nitrogen concentrations to nearby habitats, impacting ecosystems structure and functioning. To protect them, critical levels were established as the concentration above which direct adverse effects on ecosystems may arise. However, due to lack of tools, critical levels are seldom applied in management strategies for conservation. Our objective was to provide a spatial-explicit tool to incorporate the concept of ammonia critical levels in management practices of atmospheric nitrogen impacts. To do that, lichens diversity was sampled in 19 plots at a cork oak woodland (Montado), a High Nature Value Farmland where multiple agricultural activities, surrounded by high-intensity agricultural activities, coexist. We inferred and selected the best performing trait-based metrics and determined the main environmental drivers of change. The most responsive metric was the abundance of oligotrophic lichen species, which was likely responding to nitrogen incoming from nearby high-intensity agricultural areas. The low intensity agricultural activities, cattle grazing within the study area, had no effect. Using the known ammonia critical levels for that ecosystem, we modelled and mapped the long-term critical levels exceedance for the entire study area. This allowed us to signal high intensity agriculture as the source of impact and to map the areas where management practices need further attention under a conservation perspective: either decreasing fertilization in nearby fields or by considering these as buffer areas, outside the scope of conservation.</p>
The accelerating loss of resilience in suburban woodlands can largely be attributed to changes in urban precipitation patterns
<p><span>Vegetation resilience holds significant importance for stabilizing ecosystem service functions in a changing climate. While global land surface vegetation resilience changes have been extensively studied, the impact of urbanization on the resilience of suburban woodlands remains inadequately understood.</span> <span>In this study, we utilized two Critical Slowing Down (CSD) indicators, namely lag-one autocorrelation (LOA) and variance (VA), to assess the vegetation resilience, its long-term trends, and influencing factors in suburban woodlands across 1,356 cities worldwide. The recovery rates estimated by LOA (r<sub>r1</sub>) and VA (r<sub>r2</sub>) showed close alignment in suburban woodlands with low suburban forest coverage (SFC) areas (correlation coefficient (r)=0.95). However, a notable divergence was observed in areas with high SFC (r=0.73). Suburban woodlands with high SFC typically exhibited lower recovery rate estimates, thus indicating greater vegetation resilience compared to areas with lower SFC. From 1986 to 2022, the recovery rates of suburban woodland areas in over 83% of the cities demonstrated a significant upward trend, with an average of 3.23×10<sup>−3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> for both r<sub>r1</sub> and r<sub>r2</sub>, signifying a widespread decline in vegetation resilience. The accelerating pace of urbanization led to higher rising rates of r<sub>r1</sub> and r<sub>r2</sub> during 2010-2022 (5.11×10<sup>−3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) compared to 1986-1999 (0.49×10<sup>−3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>). The notable decrease in resilience of forestland was primarily attributed to reduced precipitation in urban suburbs, which can be explained by urbanization-induced heat island and building barrier effects, causing a shift of precipitation center from urban suburbs to central cities. In summary, this study revealed that urbanization diminishes the vegetation resilience of urban suburban woodlands by altering urban precipitation patterns. These findings underscore the necessity of augmenting water availability in urban suburbs to restore resilience in these woodlands, thereby enhancing their ecosystem service value.</span></p>
The accelerating loss of resilience in suburban woodlands can largely be attributed to changes in urban precipitation patterns
<p><span>Vegetation resilience holds significant importance for stabilizing ecosystem service functions in a changing climate. While global land surface vegetation resilience changes have been extensively studied, the impact of urbanization on the resilience of suburban woodlands remains inadequately understood.</span> <span>In this study, we utilized two Critical Slowing Down (CSD) indicators, namely lag-one autocorrelation (LOA) and variance (VA), to assess the vegetation resilience, its long-term trends, and influencing factors in suburban woodlands across 1,356 cities worldwide. The recovery rates estimated by LOA (r<sub>r1</sub>) and VA (r<sub>r2</sub>) showed close alignment in suburban woodlands with low suburban forest coverage (SFC) areas (correlation coefficient (r)=0.95). However, a notable divergence was observed in areas with high SFC (r=0.73). Suburban woodlands with high SFC typically exhibited lower recovery rate estimates, thus indicating greater vegetation resilience compared to areas with lower SFC. From 1986 to 2022, the recovery rates of suburban woodland areas in over 83% of the cities demonstrated a significant upward trend, with an average of 3.23×10<sup>−3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> for both r<sub>r1</sub> and r<sub>r2</sub>, signifying a widespread decline in vegetation resilience. The accelerating pace of urbanization led to higher rising rates of r<sub>r1</sub> and r<sub>r2</sub> during 2010-2022 (5.11×10<sup>−3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) compared to 1986-1999 (0.49×10<sup>−3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>). The notable decrease in resilience of forestland was primarily attributed to reduced precipitation in urban suburbs, which can be explained by urbanization-induced heat island and building barrier effects, causing a shift of precipitation center from urban suburbs to central cities. In summary, this study revealed that urbanization diminishes the vegetation resilience of urban suburban woodlands by altering urban precipitation patterns. These findings underscore the necessity of augmenting water availability in urban suburbs to restore resilience in these woodlands, thereby enhancing their ecosystem service value.</span></p>
Twenty-five years of tree demography in a frequently burned oak woodland
<p>Due to decades of fire suppression, much of the Upper Midwest savanna habitat has converted to oak woodland. In efforts to restore oak savanna habitat, fire has been re-introduced in many of these woodlands. A primary purpose of these burns is to kill the fire-sensitive mesophytic tree species, which had established themselves during the decades of fire suppression, reduce the number of understory trees, and preserve the larger more widely spaced oaks. It is clear from ongoing efforts that restoring oak savannas will require frequent fires over decades. But frequent fires over the long term can also threaten the desirable oaks. Long-term demographic studies at savanna restoration sites experiencing frequent fires are necessary to determine the extent to the frequent burns are supporting and/or confounding restoration goals. Results presented here are from a twenty-five-year demographic study of an Upper Midwest bur oak (<i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>)<i> </i>savanna/woodland experiencing frequent fire, during which both the survival and growth of more than 9,000 trees were documented. Survival was assessed annually and growth every five years. In the face of frequent fires, stem survival was found to be strongly associated with tree species, stem size, and stem growth. In turn, stem growth was found to be related to tree species and stem size. Decades of frequent burning in this oak woodland have substantially reduced the abundance of unwanted trees, specifically mesophytic species and <i>Q. ellipsoidalis</i>, the latter which outcompetes <i>Q. macrocarpa </i>in the absence of fire. While <i>Q. macrocarpa</i> mid-sized (10-25 cm dbh) and large (<u>></u> 25 cm dbh) trees are quite resistant to fire and now dominate the savanna landscape, they are not immune from fire-induced mortality. It is recommended that the number and density of these trees should be re-evaluated every few years to ensure that desirable numbers remain. If necessary, fires should be suspended for a period of time. This will give smaller <i>Q. macrocarpa </i>trees time to grow larger and become more fire-resistant, thereby ensuring successive generations of <i>Q. macrocarpa</i>. </p>
Data for: Context dependency in interference competition among birds in an endangered woodland ecosystem
<p><strong>Aim</strong></p> <p>Much research has quantified species responses to human-modified ecosystems. However, there has been relatively limited work on how human-modified ecosystems may reshape competitive interactions between species. Using extensive data gathered over 19 years across an area exceeding three million ha, we asked: <em>Are levels of interference competition between bird species context-dependent and influenced by habitat structure and productivity</em>? We focussed on the hyper-aggressive behaviour of the Noisy Miner, which has been recognised as a Key Threatening Process for other woodland bird species.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong></p> <p>Temperate woodlands of south-eastern Australia</p> <p><strong>Methods </strong></p> <p>We constructed Bayesian multi-species occupancy/detection models of bird species in woodland patches and tested the fixed and interactive effects of Noisy Miner presence, the amount of tree cover, net primary productivity, and time. We quantified the responses of 31 species, many with known interactions with the Noisy Miner documented in previous studies at fine spatial scales. However, whether environmental conditions such as amount of forest cover and net primary productivity mediate the impact of Noisy Miners remains untested at large spatial scales and over decadal time scales.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>We identified negative associations between the Noisy Miner and 18 bird species, including, unexpectedly, both small- and large-bodied taxa. Site occupancy in some species was influenced by interactions between Noisy Miner presence and increasing amounts of tree cover or productivity. Our results suggest that for some species, interference competition by the Noisy Miner is context-dependent and mitigated by increasing tree cover and/or increasing net primary productivity</p> <p><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong></p> <p>Areas of high productivity or tree cover may be important refugia for some species of woodland birds. Vegetation clearing that reduces tree cover could likely strengthen interference competition by the Noisy Miner on parts of the remaining woodland bird community, including species of conservation concern.</p>
Data From: Spot-fire distance increases disproportionately for wildfires compared to prescribed fires as grasslands transition to Juniperus woodlands
<p>Woody encroachment is one of the greatest threats to grasslands globally, depleting a suite of ecosystem services, including forage production and grassland biodiversity. Recent evidence also suggests that woody encroachment increases wildfire danger, particularly in the Great Plains of North America, where highly volatile <em>Juniperus</em> spp. convert grasslands to an alternative woodland state. Spot-fire distances are a critical component of wildfire danger, describing the distance over which embers from one fire can cause a new fire ignition, potentially far away from fire suppression personnel. We assess changes in spot-fire distances as grasslands experience <em>Juniperus</em> encroachment to an alternative woodland state and how spot-fire distances differ under typical prescribed fire conditions compared to conditions observed during wildfire. We use BehavePlus to calculate spot-fire distances for these scenarios within the Loess Canyons Experimental Landscape, Nebraska, U.S.A., a <span>73,000-ha </span>ecoregion where private-lands fire management is used to reduce woody encroachment and prevent further expansion of <em>Juniperus</em> fuels. We found prescribed fire used to control woody encroachment had lower maximum spot-fire distances compared to wildfires and, correspondingly, a lower amount of land area at risk to spot-fire occurrence. <span>Under more extreme wildfire scenarios, </span>spot-fire distances were 2 times higher in grasslands, and over 3 times higher in encroached grasslands and <em>Juniperus</em> woodlands compared to fires burned under prescribed fire conditions. <span>Maximum spot-fire distance was 450% greater in Juniperus woodlands compared to grasslands and exposed an additional 14,000 ha of receptive fuels, on average, to spot-fire occurrence within the Loess Canyons Experimental Landscape. This study demonstrates that woody encroachment drastically increases risks associated with wildfire, and that spot fire distances associated with woody encroachment are much lower in prescribed fires used to control woody encroachment compared to wildfires. </span></p>
DaRT-seq raw data of Eucalyptus spp for the genetic assessment of the value of restoration planting within an endangered eucalypt woodland
<p>Assessment of woodland restoration often focusses on stand demographics, but genetic factors likely influence long-term stand viability. We examined the genetic composition of Yellow Box (<em>Eucalyptus melliodora</em>) trees in endangered Box-Gum Grassy Woodland in SE Australia, some 30 years after planting with seeds of reportedly local provenance. Using DArT sequencing for 1406 SNPs, we compared genetic diversity and population structure of planted <em>E. melliodora</em> trees with remnant bushland trees, paddock trees, and natural recruits. Genetic patterns imply that natural stands and paddock trees had historically high gene flow (among group pairwise FST = 0.04–0.10). Genetic diversity was highest among relictual paddock trees (He = 0.17), while diversity of revegetated trees was identical to natural bushland trees (He = 0.14). Bayesian clustering placed the revegetated trees into six genetic groups with four corresponding to genotypes from paddock trees, indicating that revegetated stands are mainly of genetically diverse, local provenance. Natural recruits were largely derived from paddock trees with some contribution from planted trees. A few trees have likely hybridised with other local eucalypt species which are unlikely to compromise stand integrity. We show that paddock trees have high genetic diversity and capture historic genetic variety and provide important foci for natural recruitment of genetically diverse and outcrossed seedlings.</p>
Data from: Local and landscape scale woodland cover and diversification of agroecological practices shape butterfly communities in tropical smallholder landscapes
<p>The conversion of biodiversity-rich woodland to farmland and subsequent management has strong, often negative, impacts on biodiversity. In tropical smallholder agricultural landscapes, the impacts of agriculture on insect communities, both through habitat change and subsequent farmland management, is understudied. The use of agroecological practices has social and agronomic benefits for smallholders. Although ecological co-benefits of agroecological practices are assumed, systematic empirical assessments of biodiversity effects of agroecological practices are missing, particularly in Africa.</p> <p>In Malawi, we assessed butterfly abundance, species richness, species assemblages and community life-history traits on 24 paired woodland and smallholder-managed farmland sites located across a gradient of woodland cover within a 1 km radius. We tested whether habitat type (woodland vs. farmland) and woodland cover at the landscape scale interactively shaped butterfly communities. Farms varied in the implementation of agroecological pest and soil management practices and flowering plant species richness.</p> <p>Farmland had lower butterfly abundances and approximately half the species richness than woodland. Farmland butterfly communities had, on average, a larger wingspan than woodland site communities. Surprisingly, higher woodland cover in the landscape had no effect on butterfly abundance in both habitats. In contrast, species richness was higher with higher woodland cover. Butterfly species assemblages were distinct between wood- and farmland and shifted across the woodland cover gradient.</p> <p>Farmland butterfly abundance, but not species richness, was higher with higher flowering plant species richness on farms. Farms with a higher number of agroecological pest management practices had a lower abundance of the dominant butterfly species, but not of rarer species. However, a larger number of agroecological soil management practices was associated with a higher abundance of rarer species. </p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: We show that diversified agroecological soil practices and flowering plant richness enhanced butterfly abundance on farms. However, our results suggest that on-farm measures cannot compensate for the negative effects of continued woodland conversion. Therefore, we call for more active protection of remaining African woodlands in tandem with promoting agroecological soil management practices and on-farm flowering plant richness to conserve butterflies whilst benefiting smallholders.</p>
Data for: At a fine scale, hardwood patches support wildlife diversity in longleaf pine woodlands
<p>Restoring and maintaining biodiversity in a changing world is increasingly challenging due to the competing needs of species for suitable space and resources. One ecosystem that has seen considerable anthropogenic changes in extent and structure is the longleaf pine (<em>Pinus</em> <em>palustris</em>) ecosystem. Understanding how wildlife responds to restoration is important to informing forest restoration and conservation. We monitored game birds and mid-large-sized mammal occupancy in and around hardwood patches embedded within a longleaf pine woodland at The Jones Center at Ichauway in Newton, GA. We found that 11 species use the transition zone between the longleaf pine and hardwood hammocks. Gray squirrels (<em>Sciurus</em> <em>carolinensis</em>), Virginia opossums (<em>Didelphis</em> <em>virginiana</em>), nine-banded armadillos (<em>Dasypus</em> <em>novemcinctus</em>) occupancy increased along the gradient while and fox squirrel (<em>Sciurus</em> <em>niger</em>) declined. Our results suggest that oak patches and transitional zones are important to maintaining biodiversity within the longleaf pine ecosystem.</p>
Long-term livestock exclusion increases plant richness and reproductive capacity in arid woodlands
<p><strong>Aim</strong></p> <p>Herbivore exclusion is implemented globally to recover ecosystems from grazing by introduced and native herbivores, but evidence for large-scale biodiversity benefits is inconsistent in arid ecosystems. We examined the effects of livestock exclusion on dryland plant richness and reproductive capacity.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong></p> <p>Central Australia.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>We collected data on plant species richness and seeding (reproductive capacity), rainfall, vegetation productivity and cover, soil health, and herbivore grazing intensity from 68 sites across 6500 km<sup>2</sup> of arid Georgina gidgee (<em>Acacia</em> <em>georginae</em>) woodlands between 2017 and 2020. Sites were on an actively grazed cattle station and two destocked conservation reserves. We used structural equation modelling to examine indirect (via soil or vegetation modification) versus direct (herbivory) effects of grazing intensity by two introduced herbivores (cattle, camels) and a native herbivore (red kangaroo), on seasonal plant species richness and seeding.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Soil health and rainfall were the strongest drivers of variation in richness and seeding. Cattle and camel grazing indirectly led to lower seasonal richness and seeding by reducing soil health. Kangaroos had a small but negative direct impact on richness, but no impact on soil health. Both introduced and native herbivores reduced annual chenopod shrub richness and seeding, whereas only cattle directly reduced perennial shrub richness and seeding. Camels indirectly reduced perennial shrub richness by impacting shrub abundance. Introduced herbivores reduced native grass richness and seeding indirectly via impacts on soil health, whereas forbs responded positively to cattle and camel activity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusion</strong></p> <p>Considering indirect impacts improves evaluations of the effects of disturbances on biodiversity, as focusing only on direct effects can mask critical mechanisms of change. Our results indicate substantial biodiversity benefits from excluding livestock and controlling camels in drylands. Reducing introduced herbivore impacts will improve soil and vegetation condition, ensure reproduction and seasonal persistence of species, and protect native plant diversity.</p>
Woodland expansion in the presence of deer: 30 years of evidence from the Cairngorms Connect landscape restoration partnership
<ol> <li>Restoring native woodlands to areas where they have been lost is a key element for tackling the nature and climate crises. Natural regeneration offers the potential to achieve this cheaply and at scale, but browsing ungulates like deer can inhibit this or alter the pattern of regeneration. This issue is particularly pronounced in the Scottish Highlands, a heavily deforested region with high deer numbers.</li> <li>We describe the work of the 600 km<sup>2</sup> landscape restoration partnership, Cairngorms Connect, in speeding up natural woodland expansion. We use 30 years of regeneration monitoring to show a consistent, large-scale expansion of native woodland, largely through natural regeneration alongside deer culling, without the use of fences. This was achieved across the partnership, despite differing management histories and land-managing organisations (comprising two statutory agencies, one private landowner and one non-governmental organisation).</li> <li>During peak periods of woodland expansion, the area of new woodland (i.e. exceeding 100 trees per hectare) increased by 1.2%, 1.7%, 2.7% and 6.0% annually in the four landholdings' regeneration zones, equating to a total of approximately 164 ha annually of new woodland.</li> <li>Natural regeneration is however patchy and hard to predict. Higher levels of management intervention may be needed to increase species that are rarer, more palatable or further from seed sources; we recommend long-term field trials to inform this, such as those underway in Cairngorms Connect. Further research should develop techniques for remote-sensing of woodland expansion, verified against field data, combined with development of process-based models to enable us to predict the outcomes of different management scenarios.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications:</em> We show that collaborative deer management across multiple adjoining landholdings can achieve rapid landscape-scale native woodland expansion with minimal need for planting or fencing. Our results show the power of monitoring regeneration directly, to inform deer management for an area. We demonstrate that by uniting over a shared vision, organisations with differing management approaches and histories can build understanding alongside landscape-scale ecological restoration.</li> </ol>
Data and code from Pierson et al. "Revisiting a cryptic species complex: interspecific gene flow among woodland salamanders in the Blue Ridge Mountains of northern Georgia"
<p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>The complex topography of mountainous landscapes can create biogeographic barriers and promote allopatric speciation—even among morphologically cryptic species. However, these biogeographic barriers are rarely permanent, and secondary contact between previously independently evolving populations may result in hybridization and introgression. Here, we use genome-wide SNP data to reexamine a classic example of cryptic species in the Appalachian Mountains: the slimy salamander (<em>Plethodon glutinosus</em>) species complex. This group of morphologically similar terrestrial salamanders includes 14 species with parapatric distributions across the eastern United States. In this study, we focused on the Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander in northern Georgia and used a series of complementary phylogenomic and population genomic analyses to evaluate spatial genetic structure within this species and demonstrate admixture with at least four other species of parapatric woodland salamanders. Our results highlight the utility of genomic data in clarifying species boundaries and underscore the difficulty of species delimitation in organisms with complex evolutionary histories.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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