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Fig. 2. A in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 2. A. Composite stratigraphic section of the lithologic members of the Oread Megacylothem and relative sea level curve; modified from Heckel 1999, 2013). B. Detailed measured stratigraphic sections of the Heebner Shale at each locality. Darkness of the shale intervals corresponds to the darkness of the shale in hand sample. See SOM 1 for exact locations.

Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 5. Principal component (PC) cross-plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens. A. Principal component cross plot of the first two principal components, labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues (blue, sinistral; red dextral). B. Black wireframes, the resulting form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray outline, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit.

Fig. 1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 1. Paleogeographic map of Laurentia (A) and the Midcontinent sea (B) during Late Pennsylvanian time. Terrestrial/marine environments represent regions dependent on glacio-eustatic and basin controls. Modern day state outlines for reference to sample locations: 1, Sedan spillway; 2, Clinton Dam; 3, interstate I-229 roadcut. A.W.A., Ancestral-Wichita-Amarillo mountains. A, based on Heckel (1999); B, modified from Algeo and Heckel (2008).

Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 3. Transformation of a conodont P1 element into morphometric coordinate points: 1, specimen is photographed; 2, coordinates are placed on the image using the software TspUtil; 3, wireframe outline is created by linking landmarks to each other; 4, image is removed to illustrate that all analyses beyond this point are performed on the landmarks only, and all other biological criteria are no longer considered. Open circles, location of Type 1 landmarks, and black ovals, location of Type 2 landmarks.

Fig. 4 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 4. Wireframe created by connecting landmarks chosen for the Idiognathodus simulator morphometric analysis. Numbers represent the landmark number designations used for the morphometric analysis: 1, ventral termination of the rostral adcarinal ridge; 2, dorsal termination of the carina; 3, ventral termination of the caudal adcarinal ridge; 4, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 5, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 6, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 7, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 8, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side. 9, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side; 10, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 11, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 12, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 13, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 14, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 15, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 16, dorsal tip of the element; 17, midpoint along the rostral adcarinal ridge; 18, midpoint along the caudal adcarinal ridge.

Fig. 10 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 10. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos sp. from Upper Maastrichtian Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada. A. RSM P2600.1, distal portion of left tibia and astragalocalcaneum in posterior (A1), lateral (A2), and medial (A3) views; distal portion of right second metatarsal in anterior (A4) and posterior (A5) views; distal portion of third metatarsal in anterior (A6), posterior (A7), and distal (A8) views. B. RSM P2161.1, left second metatarsal in anterior (B1), medial (B2), posterior (B3), lateral (B4), distal (B5), and proximal (B6) views.

Fig. 9 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 9. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (UALVP 55585) from the Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Metatarsal III in anterior (A), posterior (B), and cross-sectional (C) views. D. Full petrographic thin section in proximal cross-sectional view (anterior is up). E–G. Details of D. E. Thin anterior cortex showing development of the inner circumferential layer. F. Posterior cortex showing extent of secondary bone relative to primary bone. G. Anteromedial corner showing localized development of highly vascularized periosteal bone. Images in plane-polarized light (D, E, G) and 90° cross-polarized light (F).

Fig. 7 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 7. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (TMP 2000.012.0008) from Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Partial foot, articulated metatarsals II and III in anterior (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and lateral (D) views. Pedal phalanges of digits II (E), III (F), and IV (G) in dorsal (E1–G1), lateral (E2–G2), and ventral (E3–G3) views. Reconstruction of foot in anterior view (H).

Fig. 6 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 6. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (TMP 1993.036.0181) from the Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Right tarsometatarsus in proximal (A), anterior (B), posterior (C), and distal (D) views.

Fig. 4 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 4. Posterior surface of metatarsal III in elmisaurine dinosaurs. A. Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (TMP 1986.036.0186) from Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. B. Chirosenotes pergracilis Gilmore, 1924 (TMP 1979.020.0001) from Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. C. Ingenia yanshini Barsbold, 1981 (MPC-D 102/011), provenance unknown: confiscated specimen. Photographs (A1–C1), annotated photographs (A2–C2), black lines indicate longitudinal ridges; arrow indicates cruciate ridge feature of Leptorhynchos elegans.

Fig. 5 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 5. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (TMP 1982.016.0006) from the Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Right tarsometatarsus in proximal (A), anterior (B), posterior (C), and distal (D) views.

Fig. 3 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 3. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) from the Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. A. TMP 1993.036.0181. B. TMP 1982.016.0006. C. ROM 781. D. TMP 1996.012.0141. Tarsometatarsi in proximal (A1–D1), anterior (A2–D2), and posterior (A3–D3) views.

Fig. 2 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 2. Cross section demonstrating the deep plantar concavity of the tarsometatarsus of elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) (ROM 781) from the Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada.

Fig. 8 in New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus

Fig. 8. Elmisaurine dinosaur Leptorhynchos elegans (Parks, 1933) from the Upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. A. TMP 1995.403.0010. B. TMP 1984.163.0036. C. TMP 1986.036.0186. D. TMP 1996.5.12. Isolated metatarsals III in anterior (A1– D1), posterior (A2–D2), and lateral (A3–D3) views.

Fig. 8 in A new tribe of castoroidine beavers from the late Arikareean to Hemphillian (Oligocene-Miocene) of western North America

Fig. 8. Dentary of castoroidine beaver Hystricops venustus Leidy, 1858, UNSM 75995 (cast) from Barstovian (middle Miocene) Valentine Formation, southeastern Nebraska, USA, in dorsal (A), lateral (B), medial (C), and posterior (D) views.

Fig. 7 in A new tribe of castoroidine beavers from the late Arikareean to Hemphillian (Oligocene-Miocene) of western North America

Fig. 7. Maxilla and dentary of castoroidine beaver Hystricops venustus Leidy, 1858, from Clarendonian (late Miocene) Ash Hollow Formation, Nebraska, USA. A. F:AM 64041, left maxilla with P4–M3 in occlusal (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. F:AM 64049, left dentary with i1, p4–m3 in occlusal (B1) and lateral (B2) views.

Fig. 6 in A new tribe of castoroidine beavers from the late Arikareean to Hemphillian (Oligocene-Miocene) of western North America

Fig. 6. Occlusal views of upper cheek teeth of castoroidine beaver Hystricops venustus Leidy, 1858, from Clarendonian (late Miocene) Ash Hollow Formation, Nebraska, USA. A. F:AM 64041, left P4–M3. B. F:AM 65026, left P4–M1.

Fig. 5 in A new tribe of castoroidine beavers from the late Arikareean to Hemphillian (Oligocene-Miocene) of western North America

Fig. 5. Lower incisors of castoroidine beaver Priusaulax and Anchitheriomys in anterior views. A. Priusaulax wilsoni sp. nov., UNSM 119711 (holotype) from early Hemingfordian (early Miocene) Pawnee Creek Formation, Colorado, USA. B. Priusaulax senrudi (Wood, 1945), AMNH 39415 (holotype) from Barstovian (middle Miocene) Chalky Buttes, Montana, USA. C. Anchitheriomys stouti Korth, 2001a, AMNH 64017 (holotype) from Hemingfordian (early Miocene) Running Water Formation, Nebraska, USA.

Fig. 4 in A new tribe of castoroidine beavers from the late Arikareean to Hemphillian (Oligocene-Miocene) of western North America

Fig. 4. Holotype of castoroidine beaver Priusaulax senrudi (Wood, 1945), AMNH 39415 (cast) from Barstovian (middle Miocene) Chalky Buttes, Montana, USA. Dentary in lateral view (A) and dorsal view with p4–m3 in occlusal view (B).

Fig. 2 in A new tribe of castoroidine beavers from the late Arikareean to Hemphillian (Oligocene-Miocene) of western North America

Fig. 2. Cheek teeth of castoroidine beaver Priusaulax wilsoni sp. nov. A. KU 10173 (holotype) from early Hemingfordian (early Miocene) Pawnee Creek Formation, Colorado, USA, right P4–M3 in occlusal view. B. UNSM 26599 from Hemingfordian (early Miocene) Upper Arikaree Group, Nebraska, USA, p4 (in crypt)–m3 (B1) and dp4 (B2) in occlusal views.