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FIG. 4 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 4. — Herbarium sheets from other collections of Lygodium hians E.Fournier including lectotype: A, herbarium sheet of Lygodium hians from Mt. Arembo (New Caledonia) showing both a dichotomous determinate ground-clothing frond and a climbing fertile frond, the latter with terminal and sub-terminal sorophores (MNHN, P00630569, Herb. P); B, lectotype of Lygodium hians from Mt. Humboldt (New Caledonia), showing a climbing frond with terminal and subterminal sorophores (MNHN, P00523232, Herb.P). Sheet height: 42 cm.

FIG. 3 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 3. — Sporeling plant of typical Lygodium Sw. (L. reticulatum Schkuhr.) showing typical progression of juvenile dichotomous growth more or less immediately into climbing-frond form, collected at lower altitude (c. 25 m) in New Caledonia. Hadfield 76, Herb E. Height (h): 10 cm.

FIG. 2 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 2. — Dichotomous form of ground-clothing fronds of Lygodium hians E.Fournier: A, herbarium sheet of specimens from Plateau de Dogny showing blade form. The reduced length of some blades (right frond and right blade pair of centre frond) is due to extensive insect feeding damage (detail in Fig. 5C). Page 23222, Herb. E; B, stylised diagram of end and side view showing characteristic structure. Abbreviations: a, abscission zones; b, blades; d, double true-dichotomies at top of main stipe; h, height 15 (9-20) cm; S, stipe, distance between stipes 8-15 cm. Scale bar: A, 4 cm.

FIG. 1 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 1. — Forest habitat (A) and forest floor (B) of the Lygodium hians E.Fournier colony on Plateau de Dogny, c. 710 m, New Caledonia.; A, natural vegetation showing temperate character of relatively open, mature forest community (lacking, for example, in such tropical fern families as Cyatheaceae and Gleicheniaceae, which are abundant at lower, more tropical altitudes). The surrounding nearby forest-floor vegetation also contains abundant Blechnum L. ferns; B, fronds of part of the colony, showing predominance of typically dichotomous-bladed vegetative frond growth, with some variation in blade form. The conifer seedling is Austrotaxus spicata Compton.

FIG. 2. — A-C in A synoptic revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. (Salicaceae)

FIG. 2. — A-C, Calantica pseudobiseriata Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov., Schatz et al. 3856 (holotype, MO), A, flowering branch; B, flower from above; C, flower from beneath. Drawing Barbara Alongi. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B, C, 2 mm.

FIG. 6 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 6. — Sorophores and sporangia from Lygodium hians E.Fournier, scanning electron microscope images, uncoated FEGSEM. Preparation from specimen from Mt. Panié, New Caledonia (Nr. 00.nov.00 01836, Herb. Leiden). SEM stubs now deposited in Leiden. A, sorophores situated on laminar protrusions and bearing 5-6 single indusiate sporangia in two rows; B, detail of part of sorophore showing indusiate sporangia; C, detail from A showing apical annulus of sporangium; D, detail from A showing longitudinal dehiscence of sporangium revealing verrucate to irregularly reticulate spores. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 500 µm; C, D, 200 µm.

FIG. 10 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 10. — Scenario for the predominance of the climbing frondform of Lygodium Sw., developing from a basic dichotomous structure. A, a theoretical initial stage in which a series of simple sequenced dichotomies form a successive set in which left and right branches become alternatively indefinitely developed; B, the shorter branches of each non-continuing dichotomy are each soon 'stopped' from further indefinite development by establishment of a non-continuing terminal bud, but with a lateral 'pinna' pair of definite growth forming a pseudo-dichotomy; C, the typical frond-form in most modern Lygodium species in which each noncontinuing dichotomous branch and its arresting bud are eventually reduced to nothing. Paired 'pinnae' only remain, and these may bear further sets of foliage in successive complex 'pinna' arrangement developments in individual species.

FIG. 2. — Pandanus bernardii H in Validating a striking new species endemic from New Caledonia: Pandanus bernardii H.St.John ex Callm., sp. nov. (Pandanaceae) and its monospecific section: Pandanus Parkinson sect. Bernardia B.C.Stone ex Callm., sect. nov.

FIG. 2. — Pandanus bernardii H.St.John ex Callm., sp. nov.: A-H, Bernardi 9431bis (holotype G, isotype BISH [adapted from St. John 1982]); I, Veillon 2082A (BISH [adapted from St. John 1982]; drawing Roger Lala Andriamiarisoa); A, leaf apex; B, drupe apex with stigmas; C, D, lateral view of drupe; E, section of a drupe; F, syncarp; G, basal part of leaf; H, medium part of leaf; I, staminate flower showing a 'stemanophore'. Scale bars: A, C-E, G, H, 1 cm; B, 5 mm; F, 2 cm; I, 2 mm.

FIG. 4. — Marantochloa grandiflora A. C in Five new species of Marantaceae endemic to Gabon

FIG. 4. — Marantochloa grandiflora A. C. Ley, sp. nov.: A, habitus with erect inflorescence at about 10 cm above the ground; B, leaf; C, flower; D, fruit; E, open fruit with three seeds. A-E, A. C. Ley 204. Abbreviations: fs, fleshy staminode; o, ovary; os, outer staminode; p, petal; pa, petaloid appendage of fertile theca; s, sepal. Scale bars: A, B, 10 cm; C, 1 cm; D, E, 0.1 cm.

FIG. 2. — Marantochloa alba A. C in Five new species of Marantaceae endemic to Gabon

FIG. 2. — Marantochloa alba A. C. Ley, sp. nov.: A, habitus with hanging, lax inflorescence (infl); B, leaf, oblong-elliptic; C, flower. A-C, A. C. Ley 242. Abbreviations: fs, fleshy staminode; o, ovary; os, outer staminode; p, petal; pa, petaloid appendage of fertile theca; s, sepal. Scale bars: A, 10 cm; B, C, 1 cm.

FIG. 5. — Marantochloa montsdecristalii A. C in Five new species of Marantaceae endemic to Gabon

FIG. 5. — Marantochloa montsdecristalii A. C. Ley, sp. nov.: A, habitus with erect, condensed inflorescence; B, leaf, oblong-elliptic; C, flower; D, fruit, pubescent. A-D, A. C. Ley 254. Abbreviations: fs, fleshy staminode; o, ovary; os, outer staminode; p, petal; pa, petaloid appendage of fertile theca; s, sepal. Scale bars: A, 10 cm; B, C, 1 cm; C, 0.1 cm.

FIG. 1. — A-C, Hypselodelphys lopei A. C in Five new species of Marantaceae endemic to Gabon

FIG. 1. — A-C, Hypselodelphys lopei A. C. Ley, sp. nov., inflorescence (A), flower (B) and fruit (C); D, E, Marantochloa montsdecristalii A. C. Ley, sp. nov., inflorescence (D) and flower (E); F-H, Marantochloa alba A. C. Ley, sp. nov., flower pair (F), habitus (G), inflorescence (H); I, J, Thaumatococcus flavus A. C. Ley, sp. nov., habitus (I), inflorescence (J); K-M, Marantochloa grandiflora A. C. Ley, sp. nov., habitus (K), inflorescence (L) and flower pair (M). Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 8 in Five new species of Marantaceae endemic to Gabon

FIG. 8. — Fruits of Hypselodelphys (K. Schum.) Milne.-Redh. species: A, B, H. triangularis Jongkind (from Jongkind 2008); C, H. ve- lutina Jongkind (from Jongkind 2008); D, H. violacea (Ridley) Milne-Redh. (from Koechlin 1964); E, H. violacea (from Hepper 1968); F, H. poggeana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh. (from Koechlin 1964); G, H. lopei A. C. Ley, sp. nov.(drawing from this paper); H, H. scandens Louis & Mullenders (from Koechlin 1964); I, H. hirsuta (Loes.) J.Koechlin (drawing by A. C. Ley). Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIG. 7. — Hypselodelphys lopei A. C in Five new species of Marantaceae endemic to Gabon

FIG. 7. — Hypselodelphys lopei A. C. Ley, sp. nov.: A, habitus (liana); B, leaf; C, flower; D, fruit (note the verrucous surface with short spiny tips). A-D, A. C. Ley 141. Abbreviations: br, bracteole; fs, fleshy staminode; o, ovary; os, outer staminode; p, petal; pa, petaloid appendage of fertile theca; s, sepal. Scale bars: A, 10 cm; B-D, 1 cm.

Fig. 2. Polygala bringelii J.F.B in Two new endangered species of Polygala series Trichospermae (Polygalaceae), endemic to the Cerrado domain, Tocantins State, Brazil

Fig. 2. Polygala bringelii J.F.B.Pastore & Antar sp. nov. A. Habitat. B. Habit. C–D. Flowering branches. E. Inflorescence detail. Photos: G.M. Antar, in situ.

Fig. 1. Polygala bringelii J.F.B in Two new endangered species of Polygala series Trichospermae (Polygalaceae), endemic to the Cerrado domain, Tocantins State, Brazil

Fig. 1. Polygala bringelii J.F.B.Pastore & Antar sp. nov. A. Flower. B. Bracteoles. C. Bract. D. Two upper outer sepals. E. Lower outer sepal. F. One of the two inner sepals (wings). G. Gynoecium. H. Crest. I. Keel. J. Androecium and lateral petals. K. Fruit with persistent calyx. L. Capsule. M. Seed. All from G.M. Antar and L. Nascimento 380. Photos: J.F.B. Pastore.

Fig. 5. Polygala tocantinensis J.F.B in Two new endangered species of Polygala series Trichospermae (Polygalaceae), endemic to the Cerrado domain, Tocantins State, Brazil

Fig. 5. Polygala tocantinensis J.F.B.Pastore & Antar sp. nov. A. Inflorescence detail. B. Habit. Photos: G.M. Antar, in situ.

Fig. 8 in Two new endangered species of Polygala series Trichospermae (Polygalaceae), endemic to the Cerrado domain, Tocantins State, Brazil

Fig. 8. Comparative plate of floral parts of P. bringelii J.F.B.Pastore & Antar sp. nov. (G.M. Antar & L. Nascimento 380), P. tocantinensis J.F.B.Pastore & Antar sp. nov. (J.M. Silva et al. 6769), and P. trichosperma Jacq. (J.R. Abbott 19728). A. Bracts and bracteoles. B. Flowers. C. Inner sepals (wings). D. Lower outer sepal. E. Two upper outer sepals. F. Androecium and lateral petals. G. Crest. H. Keel. I. Gynoecium. J. Seed. Photos: J.F.B. Pastore.

Fig. 7. Polygala trichosperma Jacq. A. Flower. B. Bracteoles. C. Bracts. D. Two upper outer sepals. E. Lower outer sepal. F in Two new endangered species of Polygala series Trichospermae (Polygalaceae), endemic to the Cerrado domain, Tocantins State, Brazil

Fig. 7. Polygala trichosperma Jacq. A. Flower. B. Bracteoles. C. Bracts. D. Two upper outer sepals. E. Lower outer sepal. F. One of the two inner sepals (wings). G. Gynoecium. H. Crest. I. Keel. J. Androecium and lateral petals. K. Capsule. L. Seed. All from J.R. Abbott 19728. Photos: J.F.B. Pastore.

Fig. 4. Polygala tocantinensis J.F.B in Two new endangered species of Polygala series Trichospermae (Polygalaceae), endemic to the Cerrado domain, Tocantins State, Brazil

Fig. 4. Polygala tocantinensis J.F.B.Pastore & Antar sp. nov. A. Flower. B. Bracteoles. C. Bracts. D. Two upper outer sepals. E. Lower outer sepal. F. One of the two inner sepals (wings). G. Gynoecium. H. Crest. I. Keel. J. Androecium and lateral petals. K. Fruit with persistent calyx. L. Capsule. M. Seed. All from J.M. Silva, J. Cordeiro and J. Vaz 6769. Photos: J.F.B. Pastore.