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VOYAGER 1 JUPITER PLASMA DERIVED ION MOMENTS 96 SEC

THIS DATA SET CONTAINS THE BEST ESTIMATES OF THE TOTAL ION DENSITY AT JUPITER DURING THE VOYAGER 1 ENCOUNTER IN THE PLS VOLTAGE RANGE (10-5950 EV/Q). IT IS CALCULATED USING THE METHOD OF MCNUTT ET AL. (1981) WHICH TO FIRST ORDER CONSISTS OF TAKING THE TOTAL MEASURED CURRENT AND DIVIDING BY THE COLLECTOR AREA AND PLASMA BULK VELOCITY. THIS METHOD IS ONLY ACCURATE FOR HIGH MACH NUMBER FLOWS DIRECTLY INTO THE DETECTOR, AND MAY RESULT IN UNDERESTIMATES OF THE TOTAL DENSITY OF A FACTOR OF 2 IN THE OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE. THUS ABSOLUTE DENSITIES SHOULD BE TREATED WITH CAUTION, BUT DENSITY VARIATIONS IN THE DATA SET CAN BE TRUSTED. THE LOW RESOLUTION MODE DENSITY IS USED BEFORE 1979 63 1300, AFTER THIS THE LARGER OF THE HIGH AND LOW RESOLUTION MODE DENSITIES IN A 96 SEC PERIOD IS USED SINCE THE L-MODE SPECTRA OFTEN ARE SATURATED. COROTATION IS ASSUMED INSIDE L=17.5, AND A CONSTANT VELOCITY COMPONENT OF 200 KM/S INTO THE D CUP IS USED OUTSIDE OF THIS. THESE ARE THE DENSITIES GIVEN IN THE MCNUTT ET AL. (1981) PAPER CORRECTED BY A FACTOR OF 1.209 (.9617) FOR DENSITIES OBTAINED FROM THE SIDE (MAIN) SENSOR. THIS CORRECTION IS DUE TO A BETTER CALCULATION OF THE EFFECTIVE AREA OF THE SENSORS. DATA FORMAT: COLUMNS 1-6 ARE TIME (YEAR, DAY, HOUR, MIN, SEC, MSEC) COLUMN 7 IS THE MOMENT DENSITY IN CM-3. EACH ROW HAS FORMAT (6I4, E12.3). VALUES OF 1.E32 INDICATE THAT THE PARAMETER COULD NOT BE OBTAINED FROM THE DATA USING THE STANDARD ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DATASET AND THE INSTRUMENT WHICH PRODUCED IT CAN BE FOUND ELSEWHERE IN THIS CATALOG. AN OVERVIEW OF THE DATA IN THIS DATA SET CAN BE FOUND IN MCNUTT ET AL. (1981) AND A COMPLETE INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION CAN BE FOUND IN BRIDGE (1977).

MMS 3 Fast Plasma Investigation, Dual Ion Spectrometer (FPI, DIS) Partial Distribution Moments, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 4.5 s Data

FPI usually operates in Fast Survey (FS) Mode in the MMS Region Of Interest (ROI) for the current Mission Phase. Data are taken at Burst (30/150 ms for DES/DIS) Resolution in this Mode. Data are also made available at Survey (4.5 s, etc.) Resolution. Per Mission Design, not all Burst Resolution Data are downlinked, but all Survey Data are downlinked. Planning around Calibration Activities, avoidance of Earth Radiation Belts, etc., when possible, FPI usually operates in Slow Survey (SS) Mode (60 s Resolution) outside of ROI, and then only the 60 s Resolution Survey Data are available. This Product contains Partial Moments that come from performing the Standard Moment Integrals over a limited Portion of Velocity Space. The resulting Quantities are named similarly to their corresponding Standard Moments, but are decorated with 'part' to differentiate. For example, density_part is the Density Moment integrated from a particular Energy Step to Infinity. These Partial Moments are formed from the indicated Data Type (DES/DIS Burst, FS or SS). For convenience, some additional Parameters are included to augment those most commonly found in a Moments Product of this sort, plus Time Stamps and other Annotation characterizing the State of the Instrument System at the indicated Time.

Effects of low-dose oxygen ions and protons on cardiac function and structure in male C57BL/6J mice (western blot, histology, and immunohistochemistry)

Purpose: Astronauts traveling beyond low Earth orbit will be exposed to high linear energy transfer charged particles. Because there is concern about the adverse effects of space radiation on the cardiovascular system, this study assessed cardiac function and structure and immune cell infiltration in a mouse model of charged particle irradiation. Materials and methods: Male C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to oxygen ions (16O, 600 MeV/n at 0.25 to 0.26 Gy/min to a total dose of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, or 1 Gy), protons (150 MeV, 0.35 to 0.55 Gy/min to 0, 0.5, or 1 Gy), or protons (150 MeV, 0.5 Gy) followed by 16O (600 MeV/n, 0.1 Gy). Separate groups of mice received 137Cs γ rays (1 Gy/min to 0, 0.5, 1, or 3 Gy) as a reference. Cardiac function and blood velocity were measured with ultrasonography at 3, 5, 7, and 9 months after irradiation. At 2 weeks, 3 months, and 9 months, cardiac tissue was collected to assess apoptosis, tissue remodeling, and markers of immune cells. Results: Ejection fraction and fractional shortening decreased at 3 and 7 months after 16O. These parameters did not change in mice exposed to γ rays, protons, or protons followed by 16O. Each of the radiation exposures caused only small increases in cleaved caspase3 and numbers of apoptotic nuclei. Changes in the levels of α smooth muscle cell actin and a 75kDa peptide of collagen type III in the left ventricle suggested tissue remodeling, but there was no significant change in total collagen deposition at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 9 months. Increases in protein amounts of cluster of differentiation (CD)2, CD68, and CD45 as measured with immunoblots at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 9 months after exposure to protons or 16O alone suggested immune cell infiltration. For type III collagen, CD2 and CD68, the efficacy in inducing protein abundance of CD2, CD68, and CD45 was 16O greater than protons was greater than γ rays greater than protons followed by 16O. Conclusions: Low dose, high energy charged particle irradiation caused mild changes in cardiac function and tissue remodeling in the mouse. This dataset derives result from the western blot, histology, and immunohistochemistry assays.

VOYAGER 2 SATURN PLASMA DERIVED ION FITS 96 SEC

THIS DATA SET CONTAINS THE ION PARAMETERS IN THE PLS VOLTAGE RANGE (10-5950 EV/Q) WITH FORMAL 1 SIGMA ERRORS OBTAINED FROM VOYAGER 2 DATA AT SATURN BY FITTING THE MEASURED SPECTRA WITH ISOTROPIC MAXWELLIAN DISTRIBUTIONS TO OBTAIN PLASMA DENSITIES, TEMPERATURES, AND VELOCITY. ONLY SPECTRA WHICH HAD DISTINCT CURRENT PEAKS WERE FIT. SPECTRA WERE FIT USING ONE OR TWO ION SPECIES, PROTONS AND/OR A HEAVY ION WHICH WAS TAKEN TO BE NITROGEN OUTSIDE OF 14 RS AND OXYGEN ELSEWHERE. OUTSIDE L=10-12 ION SPECTRA CHANGE RAPIDLY, SO THE VALUES IN THIS DATA SET DO NOT REPRESENT AVERAGE PLASMA CONDITIONS IN THE OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE. THE VALUES FOR POSITION AND MAGNETIC FIELD GIVEN IN THE DATA SET ARE ONLY APPROXIMATE AND SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR PUBLICATION. PARAMETERS WHICH ARE IDENTICALLY 0 AND HAVE UNCERTAINTIES OF 0 WERE NOT FIT DUE TO INSUFFICIENT DATA; THESE NUMBERS ARE THUS NOT REAL VALUES.

MMS 4 Fast Plasma Investigation, Dual Ion Spectrometer (FPI, DIS) Partial Distribution Moments, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 4.5 s Data

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VOYAGER 1 SATURN PLASMA DERIVED ION FITS 96 SEC

THIS DATA SET CONTAINS THE ION PARAMETERS IN THE PLS VOLTAGE RANGE (10-5950 EV/Q) WITH FORMAL 1 SIGMA ERRORS OBTAINED FROM VOYAGER 1 DATA AT SATURN BY FITTING THE MEASURED SPECTRA WITH ISOTROPIC MAXWELLIAN DISTRIBUTIONS TO OBTAIN PLASMA DENSITIES, TEMPERATURES, AND VELOCITY. ONLY SPECTRA WHICH HAD DISTINCT CURRENT PEAKS WERE FIT. SPECTRA WERE FIT USING ONE OR TWO ION SPECIES, PROTONS AND/OR A HEAVY ION WHICH WAS TAKEN TO BE NITROGEN OUTSIDE OF 14 RS AND OXYGEN ELSEWHERE. OUTSIDE L=10-12 ION SPECTRA CHANGE RAPIDLY, SO THE VALUES IN THIS DATA SET DO NOT REPRESENT AVERAGE PLASMA CONDITIONS IN THE OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE. THE VALUES FOR POSITION AND MAGNETIC FIELD GIVEN IN THE DATA SET ARE ONLY APPROXIMATE AND SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR PUBLICATION. PARAMETERS WHICH ARE IDENTICALLY 0 AND HAVE UNCERTAINTIES OF 0 WERE NOT FIT DUE TO INSUFFICIENT DATA; THESE NUMBERS ARE THUS NOT REAL VALUES. A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THIS DATA SET IS GIVEN IN RICHARDSON (1986).

STEREO-A IMPACT (In-Situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients) Suprathermal Ion Telescope (SIT) 1-min Level 1 Multi-Z Ion Spectra

The IMPACT Suprathermal Ion Telescope (SIT) data consist of 1-min resolution ion fluxes of the following species (and numbers of energy bands, typically spanning ~0.04-9 MeV/n): H(12), 3He(10), 4He(16), C(17), O(16), NeS(16; neon through sulfur), Fe(14), UH(6; ultra heavy; 0.06-0.5 MeV/n), and associated uncertainties due to counting statistics.

MMS 4 Fast Plasma Investigation, Dual Ion Spectrometer (FPI, DIS) Instrument Distributions, Level 2 (L2), Burst Mode, 0.15 s Data

The Fast Plasma Instrument (FPI) usually Operates in Fast Survey (FS) Mode in the MMS Region Of Interest (ROI) for the current Mission Phase. Data are taken at Burst (30/150 ms for DES/DIS) Resolution in this Mode. Data are also made available at Survey (4.5 s, etc.) Resolution. Per Mission Design, not all Burst Resolution Data are downlinked, but all Survey Data are downlinked. This Product contains Phase Space Distribution Maps of those Burst Resolution Data selected for downlink. In particular, the (highest possible Quality at the Time of Release) corrected/converted "Burst Sky Map" Distributions are reported with Time Stamps and other Annotation characterizing the State of the Instrument System at the indicated Time.

TWINS 2 Images of Plasma Sheet Ion Temperature during Storms calculated from Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Measurements

TWINS, Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers, is a Mission of Opportunity under NASA's Small Explorer, SMEX, Program. TWINS-1 and TWINS-2 are the Designations for NASA-Sponsored Instruments flying on Unspecified Non-NASA U.S. Government Spacecraft. The TWINS-1 Instrument High Voltages were turned on in April 2007 and the TWINS-2 High Voltages were turned in May 2008; the Exact Launch Dates are not available. The Data, including both Science Data and Spacecraft Ephemeris and Attitude Information, from the two NASA-Funded Science Instruments are publicly available to the Scientific Research Community. See https://earth.esa.int/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/t/twins/. TWINS is a Stereo Mission whose overall Scientific Objective is to establish the Global Connectivities and Causal Relationships between Processes in Different Regions of the Earth's Magnetosphere. To meet this Goal, TWINS-1 and TWINS-2 provide Stereoscopic Neutral Atom Imaging of the Magnetosphere from Two Widely Spaced, High-Altitude, High-Inclination Spacecraft. TWINS Instrumentation includes an Energetic Neutral Atom, ENA, Imager to capture Charge-Exchange-Produced Neutral Atoms over a Broad Energy Range, approximately from 1 keV ro 100 keV, and a Lyman-alpha Detector to measure the Density of the Neutral Hydrogen Geocorona needed for Extraction of Magnetospheric Ion Fluxes from Neutral Atom Data. The TWINS-1 and TWINS-2 Instruments are identical. Each Spacecraft carrying TWINS Instruments is in a Molniya Orbit, 63.4°, 7.2 Re Apogee, 1000 km Perigee and Period 12 hr. The TWINS Spacecraft are 3-Axis stabilized and with Nadir-Pointing. Each acquires Image Data with Time Resolution of 60 s. The Time required to change Actuator Direction between Scans, an Interval with no Data Collection, was 25 s from June 2008 to July 2009, and 12 s at all other Times. This gives an Effective Cadence of 72 or 85 s. The Nominal Design Lifetime for each Instrument is four Years. TWINS operates only during the Apogee Portion of each Orbit, when the Spacecraft is above the Radiation Belts. The TWINS Lyman-alpha Detector consists of two independent Sensors to measure Lyman-alpha Radiation being emitted by Neutral Hydrogen Atoms. The Sensors oriented at Angles of 40° with respect to the Actuator Spin Axis. Each Sensor has a Full Width, Half Maximum, FWHM, Field-of-View of 4°, defined by Collimation Hole Baffles, uses Lyman-alpha Interference Filters as Narrow Band Transmissions Filters, and applies a KBr or CsI Photodiode for Photon Detection. The Lyman-alpha Detector is located on the rotating Actuator Platform to provide Full 360° Azimuthal Angle Coverage Time resolution is 60 s.

P11 JUPITER CRT ELECTRON/PROTON/ION FLUX 15 MIN AVGS V1.0

Pioneer 11 Cosmic-Ray Telescope (CRT) data from the Jupiter encounter period from 1974-11-26 and 1974-12-09. The data set provides 15.0 minute flux averages from 18 electron, proton, and heavy ion channels.

Voyager 1 Plasma Spectrometer (PLS) VIPER-Fit Plasma Ion Composition near Jupiter, 96 s Data

These Data are from a Re-Analysis of the Voyager Plasma Spectrometer, PLS, Data at Jupiter by the PLS Group at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, LASP, at the University of Colorado. Density, Temperature, and Flow Velocity Fits for total and individual Ions were done using the Voyager Ion PLS Experiment Response, VIPER, Code and Error Analysis as described at http://lasp.colorado.edu/home.mop/missions/voyager/viper/. Fits are determined from processing of the Ion Currents from the A, B, C, and D Cups of the Instrument. As per the Fit Case Variable, one of five different Constraints were used in the VIPER Fits for each 96 s Time Interval: (1) Free Variation of all Parameters (mainly for the cold Ion Torus), (2) Constraint of the Ion Abundances for the five major Species (O+, O++, S+, S++, S+++) to standard Composition as determined from Delamere et al., (2005), (3) fixed Ion Composition and Flow Speed, (4) Cold Blobs in the Plasmasheet where resolved Peaks can be Fit with allowance for some Variance in Composition, (5) Interpolation between Composition of Cold Torus and standard Abundances at 6 RJ from Delamere et al., (2005). Reference: Delamere, P.A., Bagenal, F., and Steffl, A. (2005), Radial Variations in the Io Plasma Torus During the Cassini Era, J. of Geophys. Res., Space Phys., 110(A12), A12223, doi:10.1029/2005JA011251.

MARS EXPRESS ASPERA-3 RAW EDR ION MASS ANALYZER EXT1 V1.0

This data set contains Mars Express ASPERA-3 Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA) data for the first mission extention (January 1, 2006 - September 30, 2007). These data are provided in raw units of counts/accumulation.

TWINS 1, TWINS 2 Storm Time Equatorial Magnetospheric Ion Temperatures derived from Energetic Neutral Fluxes (ENA), Modified Data 2 (MD2), 10 min Data

Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers, TWINS, energetic neutral atom, ENA, derived equatorial magnetospheric ion temperatures, see Katus et al. (2017)

STEREO-A PLasma and Supra-Thermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) He+ Pickup Ion (PUI) Solar Wind Frame Velocity Count Distributions and Proton Plasma Densities and Velocities, Level 3 (L3), 5 min Data

This data set presents STEREO-A PLASTIC PickUp Ion, PUI, He⁺ velocity distributions defined at a 5 min time resolution in the solar wind, SW, frame of reference. The velocity distributions are defined as a function of magnitude of the He⁺ PUI velocity vector divided by the solar wind speed in 69 velocity bins. This data set is not efficiency corrected, which has been shown to cause an increased relative count rate in the suprathermal tail region. Observations using this data set should be limited to the core PUI distribution. This data set is released in conjunction with the publication of Bower et al. (2019) to satisfy the American Geophysical Union, AGU, fair use data policy. Funding for this data release was provided by the SR&T Grant NNX16AF79G and the Heliophysics Grand Challenge 80NSSC17K000 at the University of New Hampshire and under DLR-Grant 50 OC 1103 at the Universität Kiel. CJF funded by NASA STEREO Quadrature grant. If these data are used in presentation or publications, we strongly suggest contacting J.S. Bower at jonathan.bower@unh.edu to ensure you are working with the latest release. For reporting purposes, we request bibliography information for any publication, etc., using these data. Please send information on the use of this data to the PLASTIC PI A.B. Galvin at toni.galvin@unh.edu. If you have questions regarding the data availability, please contact the PLASTIC Data System Manager Lorna Ellis at lorna.ellis@unh.edu.

MMS 1 Fast Plasma Investigation, Dual Ion Spectrometer (FPI, DIS) Instrument Distributions, Level 2 (L2), Burst Mode, 0.15 s Data

MMS 3 Energetic Particle Detector, Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EPD-EIS) Energy by Time of Flight, Level 2 (L2), Survey Mode, 2.42 s Data

Energetic Particle Detector (EPD), Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS) Energy by Time of Flight, Level 2, Quick-Look Survey, 2.42 s Data. The EIS provides ion composition measurements (protons versus oxygen ions) and angular distributions over the energy range from approximately 45 to 500 keV.

MAVEN Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer Data

This bundle contains the data collected by the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) instrument aboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) satellite, along with the documents and other information necessary for the interpretation of that data.

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Effects of 5-Ion Beam Irradiation and Hindlimb Unloading on Metabolic Pathways in Plasma and Brain of Behaviorally Tested WAG/Rij Rats

A limitation of simulated space radiation studies is that radiation exposure is not the only environmental challenge astronauts face during missions. Therefore, we characterized behavioral and cognitive performance of male WAG/Rij rats 3 months after sham-irradiation or total body irradiation with a simplified 5-ion mixed beam exposure in the absence or presence of simulated weightlessness using hindlimb unloading (HU) alone. Six months following behavioral and cognitive testing or 9 months following sham-irradiation or total body irradiation, plasma and brain tissues (hippocampus and cortex) were processed to determine whether the behavioral and cognitive effects were associated with long-term alterations in metabolic pathways in plasma and brain. Sham HU, but not irradiated HU, rats were impaired in spatial habituation learning. Rats irradiated with 1.5 Gy showed increased depressive-like behaviors. This was seen in the absence but not presence of HU. Thus, HU has differential effects in sham-irradiated and irradiated animals and specific behavioral measures are associated with plasma levels of distinct metabolites 6 months later. The combined effects of HU and radiation on metabolic pathways in plasma and brain illustrate the complex interaction of environmental stressors and highlights the importance of assessing these interactions. This study derives results from the Open Field, Novel Object Recognition and Forced Swim Test behavior assays.

Wind SMS Suite SupraThermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (SMS/STICS) Energy-Resolved Pitch-Angle Distributions (ERPAs), Level 2 (L2), 30-minute Data in Magnetosphere

The data include Wind STICS 30-minute Energy-Resolved Pitch-Angle Distributions (ERPAs) for selected ion species using triple coincidence (H+, He+, He2+, C5+, O+, O6+, and Fe10+) and double coincidence (H+, He+, He2+, O+, O6+) measurements in the magnetosphere. ERPAs organize the data by the angle relative to the magnetic field vector direction, in 7.5 degree bins. The energy separation is preserved at the native resolution of the E/q bins. For details, see https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/wind/documents/wind_stics_lv2_release_notes_revD.pdf.The Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) is a time of flight (TOF) plasma mass spectrometer, capable of identifying mass and mass per charge for incident ions up to 200 keV/e. It uses an electrostatic analyzer to admit ions of a particular energy per charge (E/Q) into the TOF chamber. The E/Q voltage is stepped through 32 values, sitting at each value for approximately 24 sec., to measure ions over the full E/Q range of 6 - 200 keV/e. Ions then pass through a carbon foil and TOF chamber, before finally impacting on a solid-state detector (SSD) for energy measurement. STICS combines these three measurements of E/Q, TOF and residual energy, producing PHA words. This triple-coincidence technique greatly improves the signal to noise ratio in the data. Measurements of E/Q and TOF without residual energy also produce PHA words. These double-coincidence measurements are characterized by better statistics since ions whose energy does not allow them to be registered by the SSD can still be counted in double-coincidence measurements. However, ion identification in double-coincidence measurements are limited to a select number of ions that are well separated in E/Q - TOF space. The STICS instrument provides full 3D velocity distribution functions, through a combination of multiple telescopes and spacecraft spin. The instrument includes 3 separate TOF telescopes that view 3 separate latitude sectors, as shown in Figure 1 (https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/wind/documents/wind_stics_lv2_release_notes_revD.pdf). In addition, the WIND spacecraft spins, allowing the 3 telescopes to trace out a nearly 4π steradian viewing area. The longitudinal sectors are shown in Figure 2. The solar direction is in sectors 8-10 while the earthward direction is in sectors 0-2.

MMS 1 Electric Particle Detector, Fly's Eye Energetic Particle Sensor (EPD, FEEPS) Ions, Level 2 (L2), Survey Mode, 2.42 s Data

Fly's Eye Electron Proton Spectrometer (FEEPS) Survey Data. The Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) investigation aboard the four MMS spacecraft consists of two instrument designs, the FEEPS and the EIS (Energetic Ion Spectrometer). A FEEPS consists of six Heads, each composed of two Eyes. Each eye is a particle telescope with a single silicon detector. There are nine electron eyes and three ion eyes per FEEPS. The energy coverage is from 25 keV to 650 keV for electrons and 45 keV to 650 keV for ions. Each eye has sixteen energy channels, the spacing of which can be modified by command. The fields of view and pointing of each eye are designed to provide a broad, instantaneous field of view for the twelve eyes per FEEPS.