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Fig. 12 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 12. Stenaelurillus solapur Kuni, Tripathi & Kadam sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6957). A. Male habitus, dorsal view. B. Male habitus, lateral view. C. Carapace, frontal view. D. Leg I, prolateral view. E–H. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6959). E. Female habitus, dorsal view. F. Carapace, frontal view. G. Leg I, prolateral view. H. Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: A–B, E, H = 1 mm; C–D, F–G = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 9 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 9. Stenaelurillus judithbleisterae Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni sp. nov., genitalia. A–G. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6955). A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Male palp, retrolateral view. C. Male palp, palpal segments, retrolateral view. D. Embolic division, ventral view. E. Embolic division, retrolateral view. F. Embolic division, prolateral view. G. RTA, ventral view indicate serration. H–I. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6956). H. Epigyne, ventral view. I. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–F = 0.2 mm; G–I = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 10 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 10. Stenaelurillus judithbleisterae Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni sp. nov., genitalia. A–B. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6955). A. Male palp, ventral view; the arrow indicates the serration of RTA. B. Male palp, retrolateral view. C–E. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6956). C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Vulva, dorsal view. E. Vulva, dorsal view of insemination ducts on left side. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 8 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 8. Stenaelurillus judithbleisterae Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni sp. nov. A–E. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6955). A. Male habitus, dorsal view. B. Male habitus, lateral view. C. Carapace, frontal view. D. Carapace, dorsal view. E. Leg I, prolateral view. F–H. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6956). F. Female habitus, dorsal view. G. Carapace, frontal view. H. Carapace, lateral view. Scale bars: A–B, F, H = 1 mm; C–E, G = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 7. Stenaelurillus judithbleisterae Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni sp. nov., habitus, live photographs. A–D. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6955). E–G. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6956). Photographs by Gautam Kadam (A–D) and Rishikesh Tripathi (E–G).

Fig. 6 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 6. Stenaelurillus naldurg Kuni, Kadam & Tripathi sp. nov. A–B. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6952). A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Male palp, retrolateral view. C–E. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6954), genitalia. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Vulva, dorsal view. E. Vulva, dorsal view of insemination ducts on left side. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm; C–D = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 5. Stenaelurillus naldurg Kuni, Kadam & Tripathi sp. nov., genitalia. A–H. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6952). A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Male palp, retrolateral view. C. Male palp, palpal segments, retrolateral view. D–F. Embolic division. D. Ventral view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Embolus, dorsal view. H. Palpal femur, prolateral view. I–J. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6954). I. Epigyne, ventral view. J. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D–J = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 2. Stenaelurillus feral Tripathi, Kuni & Kadam sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6951), genitalia. A. Ventral view. B. Retrolateral view. C. Embolic division, apical view. D. RTA, ventral view indicate serration. E. Embolic division, ventral view. F. Embolic division, retrolateral view. G. Embolic division, prolateral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 3. Stenaelurillus naldurg Kuni, Kadam & Tripathi sp. nov., habitus, live photographs. A–B, D. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6952). C, E–F. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6954). Photographs by Rishikesh Tripathi.

Fig. 1 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 1. Stenaelurillus feral Tripathi, Kuni & Kadam sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6951). A. Male habitus, dorsal view. B. Male habitus, lateral view. C. Carapace, frontal view. D. Carapace, dorsal view. E. Male palp, ventral view; the arrow indicates the serration of RTA. F. Male palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm; C–D = 0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 4. Stenaelurillus naldurg Kuni, Kadam & Tripathi sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6952). A. Male habitus, dorsal view. B. Male habitus, lateral view. C. Carapace, frontal view. D. Leg I, prolateral view. E–H. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6954). E. Female habitus, dorsal view. F. Carapace, frontal view. G. Leg I, prolateral view. H. Female habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: A–B, E, H = 1 mm; C–D, F–G = 0.5 mm.

Figure 6 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 6. Mean time (s), with standard error bars, spent grooming body regions in 30-min isolation observations (N=142), A. Mean time grooming body regions (H=291, df=14, p<0.001), with x-axis organized by anterior body regions on the left to posterior body regions on the right. Sensory and respiratory structures were designated by gray bars: A1, A2, E, G; decoration body regions were designated by a black bars: R, RG, M, P. White bars are body regions not associated with sensory, respiratory, or decorations. B. Mean time grooming of sensory/respiratory structures (gray bars) compared to body regions where decorations (black bars) are attached (N=598, t=9.48, p<0.001). A1, first antennae; A2, second antennae; ABD, abdomen; AM, all maxillipeds; E, eye; G, gills; M, dorsal mid-carapace; LC, left P1 cheliped; M1, first maxilliped; M2, second maxilliped; 3M, third maxilliped; P, pereiopods 2–5 (walking legs); R, rostrum; RC, right P1 cheliped; RG, lateral ridge. Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 8. Gills from the ablation experiment, with images A–D from the side with the 3M epipod ablated and images E–H from the side with all gill grooming appendages intact. A in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 8. Gills from the ablation experiment, with images A–D from the side with the 3M epipod ablated and images E–H from the side with all gill grooming appendages intact. A. Dorsal view of gill, with the central axis and lamellae both fouled; inset showing "shark teeth" nodules on lamellae with minimal fouling. B. Ventral view of gill, with minimal fouling between lamellae. C. Ventral view of gill, with heavily fouled lamellae mostly of sediment. D. Fouling by a gooseneck barnacle attached to lamellae, with minimal. E. Dorsal view of gill, with the central axis and lamellae both fouled; inset showing "shark teeth" nodules on lamellae with fouling. F. Ventral view of gill, with fouling in between lamellae. G. Ventral view of gill, with fouling on gill surface and simple setae along edge. H. Fouling by a gooseneck barnacle attached to lamellae, with minimal fouling.

Figure 5 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 5. Mean frequency of grooming mechanism, with standard error bars, mechanisms in 30-min isolation observations (N=142; scrape/pick: z=1.16, p=0.246; flap/brush: z=2.18, p=0.029). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 4 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 4. Mean frequency of grooms, with standard error bars, by grooming appendages in 30-min isolation observations (N=142). A. Mean frequency of grooms for each of the grooming appendages, with genders combined (z=3.39, p<001). B. Mean frequency of grooms for each of the grooming appendages, with the genders separated; males groomed with their 3M more than P1 (z=3.23, p=0.001) whereas females groomed with the 3M and P1 appendages equally (z=1.40, p=0.140). 3M, third maxilliped; P1, pereiopod #1 (cheliped). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 3 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 3. Frequency of grooms, with standard error bars, per body region during 30-min isolation observations (N=142; N=89 males; N=53 females) for males and females. A. Mean frequency of grooms for males and females for body regions (males: H=248, p<0.001; females: H=101, p<0.001); x-axis organized by anterior body regions on the left to posterior body regions on the right. B. Grooming frequency of sensory and respiratory structures compared to body regions where decorations are attached for males and females (sensory/respiratory: N=568, df=540, t=- 2.67, p=0.008; decorating: N=568, df=523, t=-1.97, p=0.049). A1, first antennae; A2, second antennae; ABD, abdomen; AM, all maxillipeds; E, eye; G, gills; M, dorsal mid-carapace; LC, left P1 cheliped; M1, first maxilliped; M2, second maxilliped; 3M, third maxilliped; P (_), pereiopods 2–5 (walking legs); R, rostrum; RC, right P1 cheliped; RG, lateral ridge. Note: Sensory and respiratory body regions were A1, A2, E, G; decoration body regions were R, RG, M, P. Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 1 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 1. Relationship between grooming frequency and grooming time budget by carapace width (mm) for males and females in 30-min isolation observations (N=142). A. Mean grooming frequency by carapace width for males and females; no relationship between number of times individuals groomed and their body size (R2=0.003, y=.092x+10.3). B. Mean grooming time budget by carapace width for males and females; no relationship between time spent grooming and body size (R2=0.005, y=1.044x+48.2).

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Vibrating aggression: Spider males perform an unusual assessment strategy during contest displays

A recurrent question in animal contests is whether individuals adopt a self or mutual assessment rule to decide to withdraw from a contest. However, many empirical studies fail to find conclusive support for one of these two possibilities. A possible explanation is that assessment strategies vary between individuals. In the contests of the orb-web spider Trichonephila clavipes, males perform a vibrational display on webs that may escalate to physical contact. Since all individuals perform the vibrational phase and only some of them escalate, we proposed two hypotheses: 1) all individuals perform mutual assessment during the vibrational phase, or 2) some individuals that do not escalate adopt self-assessment, while individuals that escalated adopt mutual assessment. To evaluate these hypotheses, we investigated the relationship between the duration of the vibrational phase and frontal leg length (a proxy of male fight capacity) of loser and winner males in contests that escalated and did not escalate to the physical contact phase. We found a non-significant relationship between duration and losers leg length for both contests that escalate and did not escalate. While we found a positive relationship between duration and winners leg length, particularly in contests that did not escalate. These results do not provide support for mutual assessment or for a mix of different assessment rules among individuals. We suggest that in T. clavipes, the dynamics of the vibrational phase may be explained by two different contest strategies (opponent-only assessment or size-based aggressiveness) that are dependent on intruder motivation to escalate.

Figure 7 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 7. Mean frequency and time (s), with standard error bars, of individuals behaviors in 30-min agonistic observations (N=45). A. Mean frequency of behaviors (H=82.6, df=4, p<0.001). B. Mean time budget spent performing behaviors (H=75.6, df=4, p<0.001). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 2 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 2. Grooming frequency and grooming time, with standard error bars, of males and females in 30-min isolation observations (N=142 total; N=89 males; N=53 females). A. Mean frequency of grooms by males and females (z=-10.3, p<0.001). B. Mean time spent grooming by males and females (z=1.95, p=0.0507). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).