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FIGURE 1 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 1. Ultrametric guide tree topologies used for BPP analyses: A. topology based on *BEAST analyses of phased nuclear alignments, with posterior probability values for nodes; B. alternative topology guide tree based on the results of concatenated mt+nuDNA gene tree analyses (Dataset E); C. alternative topology based on *BEAST analyses of unphased nuclear alignments, with posterior probability values for nodes. Taxon names in pink represent the eastern clade, blue represents the western clade (southern subclade), and green represents the western clade (northern subclade). Refer to Appendix I, Table 2 for revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review.

FIGURE 15 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 15. Megophrys major: A–F. referred specimens from Manipur: A. and B. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: A. dorsolateral view; B. ventral view; C. and D. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view.

FIGURE 21 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 21. Megophrys himalayana sp. nov.: A. dorsolateral view of adult male holotype (BNHS 6050: SVL 72.1 mm) in life; B. dorsolateral view of adult female referred specimen (SDBDU 2009.750: SVL 83.9 mm) in life; C–D. dorsolateral views of adult male paratype (BNHS 6051: SVL 70.2 mm) in life; E. dorsolateral view of adult male referred specimen (SDBDU 2009.787: SVL 70.2 mm) in life; F. ventral view of two adult males (left paratype BNHS 6051: SVL 70.2 mm; right holotype BNHS 6050: SVL 72.1 mm) immediately after euthanisation; G. ventral view of adult referred specimens in preservation, left male (SDBDU 2009.787: SVL 70.2 mm), right female (SDBDU 2009.750: SVL 83.9 mm); H. variation in ventral markings of adult male holotype and paratypes in preservation, clockwise from the top left specimen (BNHS 6050: SVL 72.1 mm; BNHS 6052: SVL 68.5 mm; BNHS 6054: SVL 68.0 mm; BNHS 6053: SVL 73.5 mm; BNHS 6051: SVL 70.2 mm).

FIGURE 14 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot.

FIGURE 5 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 5. DensiTree cloudogram representations of *BEAST analyses, removing the first 10% of trees as burn-in, produced from the four nuDNA gene alignments of Dataset E: A. original unphased; B. phased. Dark blue branches represent the most frequently occurring topology, light blue branches represent the consensus trees with intensity proportional to the frequency of the topology in the dataset, and green areas represent all topologies in the dataset. Refer to Appendix I, Table 2 for revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review.

FIGURE 11 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 11. Megophrys robusta lectotype: adult female (BMNH 1947.2.25.19: SVL 102.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of foot; E. ventral view of hand.

FIGURE 8 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 8. Distribution map of the western MMSG taxa: A. All taxa (excluding M. monticola) from Northeast India and surrounding countries: diamonds represent type localities, circles represent referred localities based on molecularly sampled specimens: orange = M. zhangi; yellow = M. robusta; black = M. medogensis; dark blue = M. major; pink = Megophrys flavipunctata sp. nov.; dark green = Megophrys oreocrypta sp. nov.; light blue = Megophrys himalayana sp. nov.; light green = Megophrys periosa sp. nov.; pale blue = M. cf. periosa; purple = M. glandulosa. B. Inset rectangle in Figure A enlarged to show the distribution map for M. monticola from Darjeeling and Sikkim region, Northeast India, showing distribution of named mitochondrial haplotypes: stars represent the type localities, circles represent referred localities confirmed from sequence data: red = M. "sanu" comb. nov., light blue = M. "katabhako" comb. nov. Blue lines represent major rivers; grey lines represent international borders.

FIGURE 7 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 7. Megophrys monticola: A–H. referred specimens from West Bengal state: A. and G. adult female (SDBDU 2011.1030: SVL 47.3 mm): A. dorsolateral view of in life; G. ventral view in preservation as example showing extensive dark pigmentation on throat and chest. B. dorsolateral view of adult male (SDBDU 2011.1423: SVL 46.7 mm) in life. C. and E. adult male (SDBDU 20011.1047: SVL 40.7 mm): C. dorsolateral view in life; E. dorsal view in preservation. D. ventral pigmentation immediately after euthanisation for an adult female (SDBDU 2011.1065: SVL 56.1 mm, left) and adult male (SDBDU 2011.1066: SVL 44.2 mm, right). F. dorsal view of adult female (SDBDU 2011.1049: SVL 48.7 mm) in preservation. H. showing variation in ventral pigmentation within a population, specimens from left to right (male SDBDU 2011.1048: SVL 38.2 mm; female SDBDU 2011.1049: SVL 48.7 mm; male SDBDU 2011.1047: SVL 40.7 mm; male SDBDU 2011.1046: SVL 38.4 mm).

FIGURE 17 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 17. Megophrys flavipunctata sp. nov.: A. variation of dorsal markings in adult female paratypes, left (BNHS 6043: SVL 74.6 mm), centre (BNHS 6042: SVL 68.0 mm), and right (BNHS 6041: SVL 68.0 mm) in preservation; B. dorsolateral view of holotype adult male (BNHS 6040: SVL 68.4 mm) in life; C. and D. adult female paratype (BNHS 6043: SVL 74.6 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. adult male referred specimen (SDBDU 2007.134: SVL 67.5 mm) from Nagaland state, in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view.

FIGURE 18 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 18. Megophrys oreocrypta sp. nov. holotype: adult female (BNHS 6045: SVL 94.9 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot.

FIGURE 2 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 2. BI concatenated gene tree based on the 47 taxa concatenated mt+nuDNA alignment (Dataset C), with ML node values provided. Posterior probability/bootstrap values>95% in both analyses are represented by a black spot on the node, values <95% in one or both analyses are provided next to relevant nodes, where * is>95%, and – is given for nodes that were not resolved on the ML tree. Taxon names in pink represent the eastern clade, blue represents the western clade (southern subclade), and green represents the western clade (northern subclade). Revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review are provided in parentheses.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Xenodontinae)

FIGURE 5. Dorsal and lateral views of head; dorsal, ventral and lateral views of midbody; and ventral and lateral views of tail of Erythrolamprus zweifeli (AMNH 137302—A), E. dorsocorallinus (MZUSP 7362—B), and E. rochai (MPEG 25680 -C). Scale Bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Xenodontinae)

FIGURE 2. Dorsal and lateral views of head; dorsal, ventral and lateral views of midbody; and ventral and lateral views of tail of Erythrolamprus reginae (RMNH 13662—A), E. oligolepis (MPEG 25180—B), and E. macrosomus (FUNED 802—C). Scale Bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Xenodontinae)

FIGURE 8. Geographic distribution of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group. White symbols for each species represents literature records; red symbols for each species represents the type localities of each species; the other symbols and colors refer to the specimens examined in first hand.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Xenodontinae)

FIGURE 4. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the topotype of Erythrolamprus macrosomus (MCP 13063; SVL= 557 mm—A), holotype of Leimadophis zweifeli (MBUCV 95; SVL= 447 mm—B), holotype of Liophis dorsocorallinus (ULABG 6691; SVL= 474 mm—C), and holotype of Liophis miliaris intermedius (ZFMK 34243a; SVL= 340 mm—D). Photos by M. Rivera (A), E. La Marca (B), and M. Franzen (D).

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Xenodontinae)

FIGURE 3. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views of the hemipenis of Erythrolamprus reginae (RMNH 42042—A), E. oligolepis (MPEG 23979—B), E. macrosomus (CEPB 2125—C), E. zweifeli (AMNH 137302—D), E. dorsocorallinus (UFAC 129—E), and E. rochai (MPEG 25681—F). Scale Bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Xenodontinae)

FIGURE 7. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of midbody; dorsal (C), ventral (D) and lateral (E) views of head; and lateral view of tail (F) of the holotype of Erythrolamprus rochai (MPEG 25680). Scale Bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Xenodontinae)

FIGURE 6. General aspect of individuals in life of Erythrolamprus reginae from Trésor reserve, French Guiana (A), E. oligolepis from Maués, Amazonas, Brazil (B); E. macrosomus from San Sebastian de La Selva, Misiones, Argentina (C); E. zweifeli from Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela (D); E. dorsocorallinus from Boca Pariamanu, Peru (E); and E. dorsocorallinus from Barinas, Venezuela (F). Photos by Trésor Foundation (A), P. Peloso (B), J. Chiavo (C), J. Mejías (D), S. de Jong (E), and D. Sandoval (F).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Xenodontinae)

FIGURE 1. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the lectotype (NRM 44; SVL= 185 mm—A) and paralectotype of Coluber reginae (NRM 45; SVL= 165 mm—B), holotype of Coluber graphicus (BMNH 1946.1.5.73b; SVL= 340 mm—C), lectotype of Natrix semilineata (ZSM 1832-0-1; SVL= 375 mm—D); and holotype of Liophis oligolepis (BMNH 1946.1.4.66; SVL= 247 mm—E). Photos by B. Kajrup (B), P. Campbell (C, E), and M. Franzen (D).