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Figure 1 in Morphometrics: History, development methods and prospects

Figure 1. Drawing of a staircase using simple two-point perspective with the construction lines left in. Renaissance artists such as Lorenzetti, Brunelleschi and Alberti used graphical methods such as these to represent the forms of three-dimensional objects on twodimensional surfaces — an early type of graphic morphometric analysis.

Figure 3. D in Morphometrics: History, development methods and prospects

Figure 3. D'Arcy Thompson's (1917) deformation grid analysis of morphological variation for the transformation between Argyroplecus and Sternoptyx. Although these diagrams appeared intriguingly mathematical in design Thompson created them using qualitative techniques only. Redrawn from Thompson (1917).

Figure 2 in Morphometrics: History, development methods and prospects

Figure 2. Examples of graphical morphometric analysis. Left. Leonardo daVinci's Virtuvian Man which is a graphical analysis of ideal or average human proportions (c. 1480). Center. Albrecht's Düer's sketch of ideal human arm proportions relative to other regional of the body (c. 1524). Right. Albrecht's Düer's sketches of human facial proportions as a system of isotropic and anisotropic deformations, from Vire Bücher von Menchlicher Proportion (1524).

Figure 9 in Morphometrics: History, development methods and prospects

Figure 9. Left. Representation of the surface of the Kendall shape space for triangles with the pole position occupied by an equilateral triangle. Each point on the surface of the sphere represents a unique configuration of 3 2D coordinate points as illustrated by the triangle diagrams. Note isosceles triangles occupy a meridian, right triangles that verge left or right occupy two meridians, and colinear triangles occupy the equator. Triangles in the lower hemisphere of this shape space are reflections across the baseline of triangles in the upper hemisphere. These two hemispheres collapse under Procrustes alignment as the lower hemisphere triangles are rotated to match the shapes of the upper hemisphere triangles. Right. Principal components ordination of 500 Procrustes-aligned random triangle configurations.

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Figs 1-6 in Reproductive behaviour and larval development of Prionyx thomae (F ) from Brazil (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Figs 1-6: Development of a male Prionyx thomae, consuming a specimen of the grasshopper Rhammatocerus pseudocyanipes. (1) Prey bearing the wasp's egg; (2) first day of larval development; (3) second day of larval development; (4) third day of larval development, the prey is death; (5) fourth day of larval development, full-grown larva; (6) adult male and its cocoon.

Fig. 5. Berthelinia singaporensis development. A–D in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 5. Berthelinia singaporensis development. A–D, SEM micrographs of larval shells of newly hatched veligers from different aspects, showing sinistral coiling, suture (C), and faint growth lines (C–D); E, SEM micrograph of larval operculum; F, light micrograph of newly hatched veliger larva showing the radula (circled).

Fig. 3 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 3. Intra-capsular development of Berthelinia singaporensis. A, complete gastrula (day 3); B, early veliger, shell not coiled; velum visible (day 4); C, D, early veliger (day 5) with pigment along shell aperture and in suture; E, veliger larvae (day 6) with eyespots; F, large veliger larvae (day 10) with operculum (arrowhead) and foot (arrow).

Fig. 1 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 1. Adult Berthelinia singaporensis, spawning and complete egg masses. A, specimen on Caulerpa racemosa; B, specimen crawling on petri-dish; C, D, specimen spawning. Notice head moving from side to side and opaque content of egg capsules during spawning (circled in D). E, complete egg mass on Caulerpa lentillifera; F, another egg mass with more developed embryos. Blue arrows indicate eggs moving inside oviduct through mucus gland; red arrowheads indicate eggs exiting female gonopore and being transported along spawn groove to mouth area.

Fig. 8 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 8. Juvenile development of Berthelinia singaporensis. A–B, right side and dorsal view of late metamorphosis stage; right valve soft and smaller, hinge line complete; C–D, left and right view of early juvenile; right and left valves same size; E, larger juvenile on Caulerpa; F, larger juvenile with adult shell shape (taller anteriorly) and some brown pigment spots.

Fig. 11 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 11. SEM micrographs of early juvenile Berthelinia singaporensis. A, right side view showing right valve smaller than left one; B, close-up of hinge line of same showing growth lines continuous across hinge line and right valve flatter than left one; C, left valve of older juvenile showing gap between protoconch aperture and juvenile shell; D, close-up of thickened hinge of same.

Fig. 2 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 2. Early development of Berthelinia singaporensis embryos. A, uncleaved eggs; B, 2-cell stage; C, 2–4-cell stages (1 h); D, 4-cell stage (1 h 20 min); E, 8-cell stage (3 h); F, multi-cell stage (6 h); G, blastula (22 h); H, early gastrula (23 h). Times in parentheses are after first cell division. In E and F, the spiral cleavage pattern is distinct.

Fig. 4 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 4. Hatched larvae of Berthelinia singaporensis. A, veliger larva shortly after hatching; large velar lobes with long cilia; B, newly hatched larva; long cilia on propodial margins as well as on velum; C, crawling veliger larva on Caulerpa (probably C. taxifolia); D, crawling larva from behind, with circular operculum (arrowhead).

Fig. 7 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 7. Stages of shell metamorphosis in Berthelinia singaporensis. A–B, right and left side views of transitional stage with soft, flexible shell flared; C, dorsal view with fold and downwards bent right side of shell; D, right side view with tilted protoconch.

Fig. 10 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 10. SEM micrographs of shell of Berthelinia singaporensis in metamorphosis stage. A, left side of visor-like shell and anterior flared fold; B, ventral view of visor with dried part of mantle fold in aperture; C, close-up of same showing fracture line (arrowhead) where hinge line will form; D, higher magnification of same. In A–C the narrow gap between larval shell (= protoconch) and juvenile shell is visible.

Fig. 6 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 6. Stages of shell metamorphosis in Berthelinia singaporensis. A, initial growth of visor-shaped shell (arrowhead); B–C, pedi-veligers on Caulerpa with increasing visor; in C veliger shell is tilted; D, first appearance of fold in visor (arrow) looking like notch.

Fig. 9 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 9. Juvenile development of Berthelinia singaporensis (continued). A, two specimens on Caulerpa; smaller white one with many brown pigment spots, larger specimen completely green with some brown spots; B, close-up of protoconch area of larger specimen showing green contents of digestive gland extending into protoconch.

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Fig. 2 in Notes on egg structure and larval development in the highly miniaturised and progenetic Paedocypris (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Fig. 2. Adhesion and adhesive organ in larvae of Paedocypris carbunculus. A, Recently hatched larvae adhering to aquarium side (photograph by O. Perrin); B, SEM of head and anterior part of body in ventrolateral view, anterior to right, highlighting position of adhesive organ in gular region (BMNH 2018.6.20.1-15, ca. 1.6 mm NL); C, SEM close up of adhesive organ, anterior to left. White arrows in C indicate fibrous material on surface of adhesive organ. Abbreviations: AO, adhesive organ; AOR, adhesive organ ridge; LJ, lower jaw; PFB, pectoral-fin bud.

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Fig. 3 in Notes on egg structure and larval development in the highly miniaturised and progenetic Paedocypris (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Fig. 3. Larvae (A–F) and juvenile (G) stages of Paedocypris carbunculus (BMNH 2018.6.20.1-15), right side, lateral view. A, 1.7 mm NL; B, 4.2 mm SL; C, 4.6 mm SL; D, 5.0 mm SL; E, 5.3 mm SL; F, 6.0 mm SL; G, 7.6 mm SL. White arrows in E and F point to pelvic-fin bud.

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Fig. 1 in Notes on egg structure and larval development in the highly miniaturised and progenetic Paedocypris (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Fig. 1. Eggs of Paedocypris carbunculus. A, Recently laid egg attached to underside of plant leaf in aquarium (photograph by O. Perrin); B, Light microscope; C, SEM.