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Fig. 1 in Stable isotope analysis spills the beans about spatial variance in trophic structure in a fish host - parasite system from the Vaal River System, South Africa

Fig. 1. Map of the Vaal River showing the position of sampling sites (I: below Grootdraai Dam; II: Vaal Dam; III: below Vaal River Barrage; IV: Bloemhof Dam; V: below Vaalharts Weir; VI: Douglas Weir) along the Vaal River. The block (B) indicates the position of the Vaal River within South Africa and insert A indicates the position of South Africa shaded on the African continent.

Fig. 2 in Sensitive, quantitative detection of Besnoitia darlingi and related parasites in intermediate hosts and to assess felids as definitive hosts for known and as-yet undescribed related parasite species

Fig. 2. Coccidia-specific PCR to confirm the presence of DNA of various parasite species used to test the analytic specificity of the BdanjoRT1 real-time PCR. (1) Besnoitia darlingi, (2) B. neotomofelis, (3) B. oryctofelisi, (4) B. besnoiti (Evora isolate), (5) B. bennetti (Texas), (6) B. tarandi (Bt-CA-Quebec1), (7) Toxoplasma gondii, (8) Hammondia hammondi, (9) Neospora caninum, (10) H. heydorni, (11) Cystoisospora felis, (12) C. rivolta, (13) C. burrowsi, (14) C. canis, (15) Sarcocystis cruzi and (16) Crytosporidium parvum. Presence of (17) Giardia duodenalis and (18) Tritrichomonas foetus DNA was shown by amplification using species or genus-specific primers, respectively. C, negative control; M, marker.

Fig. 3 in Sensitive, quantitative detection of Besnoitia darlingi and related parasites in intermediate hosts and to assess felids as definitive hosts for known and as-yet undescribed related parasite species

Fig. 3. Analytic sensitivity (A) and standard curve (B) obtained for the threshold cycle (Cq) values obtained in the BdanjoRT1 real-time PCR using varying amounts of genomic Besnoitia darlingi DNA (approximately equivalent to the DNA content of 10.000 [blue], 1000 [green], 100 [red], 10 [brown] and 1 [black] B. darlingi tachyzoites) diluted in 100 ng/μl mouse DNA. Cq values used for regression are displayed as circles. Results on samples resembling DNA of 0.1 tachyzoite were not included in regression, since only two of four samples had reacted with a Cq value of 37.8 or 38.3 (displayed grey in A and as crosses in B). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Sensitive, quantitative detection of Besnoitia darlingi and related parasites in intermediate hosts and to assess felids as definitive hosts for known and as-yet undescribed related parasite species

Fig. 1. Location of the primers and the probe of the Besnoitia darlingi/B.neotomofelis /B. oryctofelisi-specific real-time PCR assay BdanjoRT1 within the ITS-1 region of the rRNA gene. The sequences of the ITS-1 region of B. akodoni (AY545987, bold), B. jellisoni (AF076860, bold), B. neotomofelis (HQ909085, bold), B. darlingi (AF489696, bold) and B. oryctofelisi (AY182000, bold), were aligned relative to sequences of other Besnoitia spp. including B. besnoiti from Portugal, Spain and Germany, B. bennetti reported from the USA and Belgium, B. tarandi from Canada and Finland and those of Neospora caninum, Hammondia heydorni, Toxoplasma gondii and H. hammondi by using Clustal V (DNAStar, Madisin, Wisconsin, USA). Deletions and substitutions in the sequences relative to and within the clade of B. acodoni, B. jellisoni, B. neotomofelis, B. darlingi and B. oryctofelisi are indicated by black background. Sequences of the primer BdanjoRev and the Probe Bb11-12 are displayed in their complementary form. The probe Bb11-12 was established for a real-time PCR to detect B. besnoiti, but it is universal and can be used for the detection of all Besnoitia spp. mentioned here.

Fig. 2 in Ecology of bat flies in Singapore: A study on the diversity, infestation bias and host specificity (Diptera: Nycteribiidae)

Fig. 2. Posterior mean intensity of the three species of bats and 89% HDPI (High Density Posterior Interval).

Fig. 7 in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland

Fig. 7. Large rostellar hooks: A - larvae T. lynciscapreoli from roe deer; B – larvae T. hydatigena from wild boar, C - larvae T. hydatigena from moose.

Fig. 6 in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic tree of Taenia lynciscapreoli haplotypes, constructed by Bayesian inference (BI) analysis using MrBayes version 3.2. The HKY + G + I model was chosen as the best-fitting nucleotide substitution model using JModelTest version 2.1.10 software (Guindon and Gascuel, 2003; Darriba et al., 2012). Sequences of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto GenBank accession number AB688619 and Echinococcus multilocularis GenBank accession number AB461413 were used as the outgroup. Analysis was run for 1,000,000 generations, with 250,000 generations discarded as 'burn-in'. Nodal support is indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities. Sequences generated in this study are shown in bold. The scale bars are proportional to the number of substitutions per site.

Fig. 5 in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland

Fig. 5. Four crowns of T. lynciscapreoli, A – C larvae, D – adult; A – AM1 (32 hooks), B – APS3 (38 hooks), C – APS2 (34 hooks), D – R17 (36 hooks).

Fig. 4 in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland

Fig. 4. The crown of T. lynciscapreoli; examples of empty spaces, from where hooks have been lost are indicated (arrows).

Fig. 3. A in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland

Fig. 3. A – lung of roe deer with cyst of tapeworm T. lynciscapreoli; B – Cysticercoid of T. lynciscapreoli.

Fig. 7 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 7. Distribution of the records of parasitic arthropods in relation to host species and their distribution in the sub-regions of the Antarctic region. Legend: AAP = Antarctic Peninsula (including South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago), AWS = Antarctica Weddell Sea sector, AAT = Antarctica Atlantic Ocean sector (including Bouvet Island), AIW = Antarctica Indian Ocean West sector, AIE = Antarctica Indian Ocean East sector, ARS = Antarctica Ross Sea sector (including Scott and Balleny Islands), APW = Antarctica Pacific Ocean West sector, APE = Antarctica Pacific Ocean East sector (including Peter I Island), SOI = South Orkney Island, SGI = South Georgia Island, SSI = South Sandwich Islands, PEI = Prince Edward Islands, CRI = Crozet Islands, KEI = Kerguelen Islands, HMI = Heard and McDonald Islands.

Fig. 6 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 6. Distribution of host species and host-parasite-location records in the Antarctic region, excluding stragglers and contaminants. Legend: (A) avian hosts, (B) pinniped hosts, (C) chewing lice, (D) sucking lice, (E) fleas, (F) ticks, (G) nasal mites, (H) feather mites.

Fig. 4 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 4. Genera of fleas (Ceratophyllidae – 1, Pygiopsyllidae – 2, Rhopalopsyllidae – 3), pentastomes (Reighardiidae – 4), hard ticks (Ixodidae – 5), parasitic mites (Laelapidae – 6, Halarachnidae – 7, Rhinonyssidae – 8) and feather mites (Alloptidae – 9, Avenzoariidae – 10, Freyanidae – 11, Xolalgidae – 12) recorded infesting Antarctic birds and mammals.

Fig. 5 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 5. Network representation and mean and standard deviation of degrees and betweenness centrality of the host-parasite associations by host families (A) and parasite families (B), excluding stragglers and contaminants. Degrees (number of connections of a given node) may be interpreted as a measure of the host breadth of a given parasite species or the parasite diversity of a given host species; node size is drawn proportional to the number of degrees. Betweenness centrality (proportion of shortest paths between nodes that pass through a given node) may be interpreted as a measure of the potential influence a species has over the spread of vectorborne pathogens through the network.

Fig. 3 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 3. Genera of sucking lice (Echinophthiriidae – 1) and chewing lice (Menoponidae – 2, Philopteridae – 3) recorded infesting Antarctic birds and mammals.

Fig. 2 in Untapped potential: The utility of drylands for testing eco-evolutionary relationships between hosts and parasites

Fig. 2. Worldwide endemic and imported cases of (A) cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and (B) viceral leishmaniasis (VL) as of 2018. Warmer colors indicate a higher number of cases reported that year. Source: World Health Organization (2019).

Fig. 2 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 2. Host-parasite associations at the family level between Antarctic birds and mammals and arthropods, excluding stragglers and contaminants. Phylogenetic trees are not drawn to scale (adapted from Dabert and Mironov, 1999; Whiting, 2002; Dowling and O'Connor, 2010; Zhang, 2011; Prum et al., 2015).

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Fig. 2 in Gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory endoparasites in the wild felid guigna (Leopardus guigna) in Chile: Richness increases with latitude and first records for the host species

Fig. 2. Parasites recovered from analyzed guignas in Chile: A-anterior extremity of female Molineus sp. (40x); B- caudal extremity of female Molineus sp. with caudal spine (40x); C- oral extremity of female Angiostrongylus sp. (40x); D-lateral view of caudal extremity of female Angiostrongylus sp. (40x); E-caudal extremity of male Angiostrongylus sp., caudal bursa and spicules can be observed (40x); F- lateral view of the rounded caudal extremity of female Oslerus sp. (40x); G-lateral view of the caudal extremity of male Oslerus sp., with characteristic short and stout spicules (40x); H- oral extremity of female Troglostrongylus sp. (100x); I- lateral view of the caudal extremity of male Troglostrongylus sp., long spicules and caudal bursa can be observed (40x).

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Fig. 3 in Gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory endoparasites in the wild felid guigna (Leopardus guigna) in Chile: Richness increases with latitude and first records for the host species

Fig. 3. Parasite richness (number of species/genera) in the analyzed guignas from Chile (a) overall, (b) by geographic zone and (c) by sex. Error bars represent standard error of 5%.