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Figures 9–14 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)

Figures 9–14. Generic features of Melanocanthon. 9) M. bispinatus (Robinson), oblique frontal view of pronotum highlighting microsetae. 10) Same, posterior view of pygidium. 11) Same, dorsal profile of habitus (image darkened to enhance silhouette). 12) Same, dorsal view of forebody. 13) Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte), dorsal profile of habitus (image darkened to enhance silhouette). 14) Canthon bispinus Harold, dorsal view of head.

Figures 20–26 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)

Figures 20–26. Melanocanthon punctaticollis (Schaeffer). 20) Dorsal view of head. 21) Same, deformed head margin. 22) Dorsal view of pronotum. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Caudal view of pygidium. 25) Dorsal view of left elytron. 26) Lateral view of metatarsus.

Figures 1–8 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)

Figures 1–8. Generic features of Melanocanthon. 1) M. bispinatus (Robinson) habitus in vivo, New Hanover County, North Carolina. 2) M. nigricornis, habitus in vivo, Lake County, Illinois. 3) M. granulifer (Schmidt), right protibia-tarsus of male. 4) Same, frontal view middle portion clypeus (square encloses area magnified in Figure 5). 5) Same, spiniform clypeal process. 6) Same, shape of clypeal process modified by wear. 7) Same, lateral view of portion of head and prothorax. 8) Same, ventral view of head (arrow indicates labio-gular fimbria).

Figures 43–50. Melanocanthon vulturnus, new species. 43 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)

Figures 43–50. Melanocanthon vulturnus, new species. 43) Dorsal view of pronotum. 44) Same, augmented to emphasize granulation. 45) Lateral view of metatarsus. 46) Dorsal view of left elytron. 47) Dorsal view of interstriae 1–6. 48) Lateral view of aedeagus. 49) Apical view of parameres. 50) Frontal view of head.

Figs 62–65 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Figs 62–65. Helicarionidae: (62) "Sitala" jenynsi, shell 7.9×11.0 mm, subadult, stn 8. Urocyclidae: (63) Bukobia uhehensis, length 35 mm, stn 1; (64) Elisolimax flavescens, length 40 mm, stn 8; (65) Urocyclus kirki, length 75 mm, stn 10.

Figs 30–38 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Figs 30–38. Streptaxidae: (30) Edentulina affinis, 33.4×17.6 mm, stn 5; (31) Tayloria leroyi, 14.4×21.0 mm, stn 5; (32) Gonaxis cf. percivali, 9.4×6.9 mm, stn 1; (33) G. denticulatus, 7.0×4.6 mm, stn 11; (34) Gulella sexdentata var. liederi, 9.4×4.8 mm, stn 1; (35) G. subhyalina, 6.5×2.3 mm, stn 1; (36) G. perissodonta, 3.2×1.5 mm, stn 7; (37) Gulella delgada sp. n., 4.0×1.8 mm, 1st syntype, stn 7; (38) Streptostele herma, 3.8×1.2 mm, stn 7. Scale bar 10 mm in Figs 30–31; 3 mm in Figs 32–34; 1 mm in Figs 35–38.

Figs 3–14 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Figs 3–14. Cyclophoridae: (3) Cyathopoma diegoense, 1.8×2.5 mm, stn 7. Maizaniidae: (4) Maizania wahlbergi, 11.5×15.2 mm, stn 3. Pomatiidae: (5) Tropidophora nyasana, 16.7×17.7 mm, stn 7; (6) T. ligata, 17.5×18.3 mm, stn 17; (7) T. insularis, 17.2×17.0 mm, stn 4; (8) T. zanguebarica, 11.0×10.8 mm, stn 9. Truncatellidae: (9) Truncatella marginata, 6.0×2.5 mm, stn 7. Pupillidae: (10) Pupoides coenopictus, 4.3×2.2 mm, stn 7. Gastrocoptidae: (11) Gastrocopta klunzingeri, 1.8×1.0 mm, stn 7. Vertiginidae (stn 7): (12) Nesopupa peilei, 1.7×1.0 mm; (13) Nesopupa corrugata, 2.0×1.0 mm; (14) Nesopupa bisulcata, 1.3×0.8 mm. Scale bar 1 mm in Figs 3, 10–14; 10 mm in Figs 4–8; 2 mm in Fig. 9.

Fig. 2 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Fig. 2. Cumulative graph of the number of species recorded sequentially at the stations in the sampled area.

Figs 46–52 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Figs 46–52. Euconulidae: (46) Microcystina minima, 0.68×1.20 mm, stn 7; (47) Afroguppya rumrutiensis, 1.3×1.9 mm, stn 7; Helicarionidae: (48) "Sitala" jenynsi, 10.5×16.0 mm, stn 12; (49) Trochonanina albopicta, 7.5×11.5 mm, stn 5; (50) T. bloyeti, 5.8×12.0 mm, stn 17; (51) Trochozonites crenulata, 9.3×12.0 mm, subadult, stn 7; (52) Quickia concisa, 6.0×3.9 mm, stn 7. Scale bar 1 mm in Figs 46–47; 5 mm in Figs 48–52.

Figs 26–29 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Figs 26–29. Subulinidae: (26) Curvella nyasana, 10.6×5.7 mm, stn 1; (27) Euonyma tugelensis, 7.2×2.6 mm, subadult, stn 1; (28) Opeas hannense, 5.4×1.8 mm, stn 1; (29) Allopeas? cf. acmella, 4.0×1.2 mm, stn 7.

Figs 56–61 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Figs 56–61. Pomatiidae: (56) Tropidophora ligata, shell 15.5×15.3 mm, stn 7; (57) T. zanguebarica, shell 10.0×9.5 mm, stn 7; Cerastidae: (58) Rhachistia catenata, shell 10.0×6.3 mm, subadult, stn 1; Achatinidae: (59) Achatina immaculata, shell 102×56 mm, stn 1; Subulinidae: (60) Kempioconcha boivini, shell 16.0×8.4 mm, stn 1; (61) K. conradti, shell 13.7×6.2 mm, stn 8.

Figs 15–25 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Figs 15–25. Cerastidae: (15) Gittenedouardia metuloides, 6.0×3.6 mm, subadult, stn 1; (16) Rhachistia catenata, 13.2×7.8 mm, stn 11; (17) Rachis cunctatoris, 19.1×8.6 mm, stn 5; (18) Limicena nyasana, 11.8×9.1 mm, subadult, stn 7. Achatinidae: (19) Achatina immaculata, 11.3×9.3 mm, juvenile, stn 1; (20) A. randabeli, 43.8×23.0 mm, stn 9. Subulinidae: (21) Kempioconcha cf. obtusa, 39.1×17.5 mm, two shells composite subadult, stn 14; (22) K. kirki, 30.2×13.9 mm, stn 6; (23) K. boivini, 17.8×9.1 mm, stn 5; (24) K. cf. subolivacea, 19.6×7.3 mm, stn 19; (25) K. conradti (von Martens, 1895), 15.4×6.4 mm, stn 5.

Figs 39–45 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Figs 39–45. Gulella delgada sp.n., stn 7: (39–43) 1st syntype, 4.0×1.8 mm, five views; (44) 2nd syntype, 3.8×1.8 mm; (45) 3rd syntype, 2.7×1.8 mm.

Fig. 1 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique

Fig. 1. Map of the sampled area with the plotted stations and the base camp. See Table 1 for additional information.

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Data and R code from: Fin whale song evolution in the North Atlantic

Animal songs can change within and between populations as the result of different evolutionary processes. When these processes include cultural transmission, the social learning of information or behaviours from conspecifics, songs can undergo rapid evolutions because cultural novelties can emerge more frequently than genetic mutations. Understanding these song variations over large temporal and spatial scales can provide insights into the patterns, drivers and limits of song evolution that can ultimately inform on the species' capacity to adapt to rapidly changing acoustic environments. In this study, we analysed changes in fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) songs recorded over two decades (1999–2020) across the central and eastern North Atlantic Ocean. We document a rapid replacement of song INIs (inter-note intervals) over just four singing seasons (2000/2001–2004/2005) in the southeast location of the Oceanic Northeast Atlantic (ONA) region, that co-occurred with hybrid songs (with both INIs). During the transition in song INIs (2002/2003) we show a clear geographic gradient in the occurrence of different song INIs in the whole ONA region. We also found gradual changes in song INIs (Figure 3A) and 20-Hz note (Figure 3B) and HF note (Figure 3C) peak frequencies over more than a decade with fin whales adopting song changes. These results provide evidence of vocal learning in fin whales and reveal patterns of song evolution that raise questions on the limits of song variation in this species.

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Lake effect on summer cooling of shorelines and adjacent inland forests on Lake Superior's north shore

Climate refugia, or areas that are projected to remain relatively stable under climate change, can serve as remnant habitat or steeping stones for species dispersal. The largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, Lake Superior, serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia, as its cool summer water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for disjunct opulations for arctic-alpine plants since deglaciation. It is known to affect local climates by providing a summer cooling effect near its shorelines, however, the inland gradient of change and spatial patterns of cooling has not been quantified. Here, we describe the extent of the inland cooling gradient, the degree of temperature buffering, and patterns of cooling for Lake Superior's north shore over a 3-year period. Specifically, we established 7 transects along Lake Superior's north shore, with temperature data loggers placed at 10 m, 100 m, 1 km, 10 km, and 100 km inland. We analyzed temperature data by year, month, summer maximum, and growing degree days (GDD0) for each site. Summertime cooling at shore sites (10m) was ~5 °C cooler than inland control sites (100 km), while sites 10 km from the shore were still 1.6 °C cooler than control sites. Magnitude of cooling varied geographically, with sites further west and southeast showing little to no cooling effect. Site on the exposed north and northeast shore where disjunct arctic-alpine plants are most common showed the highest degree of temperature buffering. We also found that shoreline sites on the north and northeast shore had shorter growing seasons compared to inland control sites. Finally, the number of days per year warmer than 16 °C, a maximum temperature threshold associated with arctic-alpine plant occurrences, averaged 65 days per year at 10 m sites and 82 days per year at control sites. The north shore of Lake Superior serves as a transition zone between temperate deciduous forests and boreal forests and is predicted to transition to deciduous forests under climate change. An understanding of the extent of lake-mediated cooling on adjacent forests can better inform risk to arctic-alpine disjunct species, inland forests, and overall vegetation transition models on Lake Superior's north shore.

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Figs 31–36 in First record of the genus Alainites Waltz & McCafferty, 1994 (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from India with the description of a new species from the North-western Himalayas

Figs 31–36. Alainites neeru sp. nov. 31–32. Paratype (AMC). 33–36. Holotype (AMC). 31. Tergalius I. 32. Tergalius IV. 33. Posterior margin of tergum IV denticulation. 34–35. Paraproct. 36. Closer view of paraproct.

Figs 27–30 in First record of the genus Alainites Waltz & McCafferty, 1994 (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from India with the description of a new species from the North-western Himalayas

Figs 27–30. Alainites neeru sp. nov., paratype (AMC), thorax and abdomen of larva. 27. Foreclaw. 28. Hindwing pad (pointed by arrow). 29. Tergal segments III–X. 30. Tergal segments VIII–X.

Figs 14–18 in First record of the genus Alainites Waltz & McCafferty, 1994 (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from India with the description of a new species from the North-western Himalayas

Figs 14–18. Alainites neeru sp. nov., paratype (AMC), mouthparts of larva. 14. Labium. 15. Glossae and paraglossae. 16. Closer view of labial palp segment III. 17. Maxilla. 18. Closer view of crown of maxilla.

Figs 19–21 in First record of the genus Alainites Waltz & McCafferty, 1994 (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from India with the description of a new species from the North-western Himalayas

Figs 19–21. Alainites neeru sp. nov., paratype (AMC), legs of larva. 19. Forefemur. 20. Middle femur. 21. Hind femur.