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2,021 results for “valley”
Data from: Lagged effects of early-season herbivores on valley oak fecundity
The seasonal match between folivore and leaf phenology affects the annual success of arboreal folivore populations because many folivores exploit developing leaves, which are an ephemeral resource. One strategy for folivores to exploit early-season leaves is to anticipate their emergence. The consequence of this behavior for trees is that individuals that set leaves earlier may experience greater rates of folivore damage, with potential negative fitness consequences. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the early-season phenology, insect folivore damage, and acorn crop of a population of valley oaks (Quercus lobata) over a 3-year period. We found that trees that set leaves earlier experienced greater rates of folivore damage than trees that set leaves later in the season. In addition, we observed a lagged effect of folivore damage on acorn production, whereby trees with greater leaf damage produced fewer acorns in the subsequent year. These results indicate potential negative fitness consequences of earlier leaf phenology. Our study suggests that folivore pressure may be one factor that affects the optimal timing of leaf set in oaks.
Data from: Crossing the uncrossable: novel trans-valley biogeographic patterns revealed in the genetic history of low dispersal mygalomorph spiders (Antrodiaetidae, Antrodiaetus) from California
Antrodiaetus riversi is a dispersal-limited, habitat specialized mygalomorph spider species endemic to mesic woodlands of northern and central California. Here we build upon prior phylogeographic research using a much larger geographic sample and include additional nuclear genes, providing more detailed biogeographic insights throughout the range of this complex. Of particular interest is the uncovering of unexpected and replicated trans-valley biogeographic patterns, where in two separate genetic clades western haplotypes in the California south Coast Ranges are phylogenetically closely-related to eastern haplotypes from central and northern Sierran foothills. In both instances, these trans-valley phylogenetic patterns are strongly supported by multiple genes. These western and eastern populations are currently separated by the Central Valley, a well-recognized modern-day and historical biogeographic barrier in California. For one clade the directionality is clearly northeast to southwest, and all available evidence is consistent with a jump dispersal event estimated at 1.2-1.3 million years ago. During this time period, paleogeographic data indicate that northern Sierran rivers emptied to the ocean in the south Coast Ranges, rather than at the San Francisco Bay. For the other trans-valley clade genetic evidence is less conclusive regarding the mechanism and directionality of biogeographic exchange, although the estimated timeframe is similar (approximately 1.8 Ma). Despite the large number of biogeographic studies previously conducted in central California, to the best of our knowledge no prior studies have discussed or revealed a northern Sierran to south Coast Range biogeographic connection. This uniqueness may reflect the low-dispersal biology of mygalomorph spiders, where "post-event" gene exchange rarely erases historical biogeographic signal.
Data from: A maximum likelihood approach to generate hypotheses on the evolution and historical biogeography in the Lower Volga Valley regions (southwest Russia)
The evolution of the diverse flora in the Lower Volga Valley (LVV) (southwest Russia) is complex due to the composite geomorphology and tectonic history of the Caspian Sea and adjacent areas. In the absence of phylogenetic studies and temporal information, we implemented a maximum likelihood (ML) approach and stochastic character mapping reconstruction aiming at recovering historical signals from species occurrence data. A taxon-area matrix of 13 floristic areas and 1018 extant species was constructed and analyzed with RAxML and Mesquite. Additionally, we simulated scenarios with numbers of hypothetical extinct taxa from an unknown palaeoflora that occupied the areas before the dramatic transgression and regression events that have occurred from the Pleistocene to the present day. The flora occurring strictly along the river valley and delta appear to be younger than that of adjacent steppes and desert-like regions, regardless of the chronology of transgression and regression events that led to the geomorphological formation of the LVV. This result is also supported when hypothetical extinct taxa are included in the analyses. The history of each species was inferred by using a stochastic character mapping reconstruction method as implemented in Mesquite. Individual histories appear to be independent from one another and have been shaped by repeated dispersal and extinction events. These reconstructions provide testable hypotheses for more in-depth investigations of their population structure and dynamics.
Data from: Modelling vaccination strategies against Rift Valley fever in livestock in Kenya: model code
The impacts of vaccination on the transmission of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) have not been evaluated. We have developed a RVFV transmission model comprising two hosts -- cattle as a separate host and sheep and goats as one combined host (herein after referred to as sheep) -- and two vectors -- Aedes species (spp) and Culex spp -- and used it to predict the impacts of: (1) reactive vaccination implemented at various levels of coverage at pre-determined time points, (2) targeted vaccination involving either of the two host species, and (3) a periodic vaccination implemented biannually or annually before an outbreak. Methodology/Principal Findings: The model comprises coupled vector and host modules where the dynamics of vectors and hosts are described using a system of difference equations. Vector populations are structured into egg, larva, pupa and adult stages and the latter stage is further categorized into three infection categories: susceptible, exposed and infectious mosquitoes. The survival rates of the immature stages (egg, larva and pupa) are dependent on rainfall densities extracted from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) for a Rift Valley fever (RVF) endemic site in Kenya over a period of 1827 days. The host populations are structured into four age classes comprising young, weaners, yearlings and adults and four infection categories including susceptible, exposed, infectious, and immune categories. The model reproduces the 2006/2007 RVF outbreak reported in empirical surveys in the target area and other seasonal transmission events that are perceived to occur during the wet seasons. Mass reactive vaccination strategies greatly reduce the potential for a major outbreak. The results also suggest that the effectiveness of vaccination can be enhanced by increasing the vaccination coverage, targeting vaccination on cattle given that this species plays a major role in the transmission of the virus, and using both periodic and reactive vaccination strategies. Conclusion/Significance: Reactive vaccination can be effective in mitigating the impacts of RVF outbreaks but practically, it is not always possible to have this measure implemented satisfactorily due to the rapid onset and evolution of RVF epidemics. This analysis demonstrates that both periodic and reactive vaccination ought to be used strategically to effectively control the disease.
Figure 4 in Taxonomic key to the snakes (Squamata: Ophidia) species of the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Figure 4. Lateral view of the head of a general Viperidae, showing the loreal pit.
Figure 1 in Taxonomic key to the snakes (Squamata: Ophidia) species of the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Figure 1. Map of the Itajaí Valley location.
Data from: A novel case of autogamy and cleistogamy in Dendrobium wangliangii: a rare orchid distributed in the dry-hot valley
Dendrobium wangliangii is an epiphytic orchid distributed in the Jinshajiang dry-hot valley in Luquan County, Yunnan Province, China. Most Dendrobium spp. typically have a low fruit set, but this orchid shows a higher fruit set under natural conditions despite the lack of effective pollinators. The pollination biology of the critically endangered D. wangliangii was investigated in this study. A fruit set rate of 33.33±4.71% was observed after bagging treatment in 2017 and a high fruit set rate (65.72±4.44% in 2011; 50.79±5.44% in 2017) was observed under natural conditions, indicating that D. wangliangii is characterized by spontaneous self-pollination. The anther cap prevented the growing pollinium, thus the pollinium slid down and reached the stigmatic cavity, leading to autogamous self-pollination. Specifically, 51.50% of 162 unopened flowers (total 257 flowers) of this Dendrobium species under extreme water-deficit conditions developed into fruits, suggesting the presence of cleistogamy in D. wangliangii. Here, cleistogamy may represent the primary mode of pollination for this orchid. Spontaneous self-pollination and specific cleistogamous autogamy could represent major adaptions to the drought and pollinator-scarce habitat in the Jinshajiang dry-hot valley.
Data from: The tempo of trait divergence in geographic isolation: avian speciation across the Marañon valley of Peru
Geographic isolation is considered essential to most speciation events, but our understanding of what controls the pace and degree of phenotypic divergence among allopatric populations remains poor. Why do some taxa exhibit phenotypic differentiation across barriers to dispersal, whereas others do not? To test factors controlling phenotypic divergence in allopatry, we employed a comparative phylogeographic approach consisting of replicates of ecologically similar Andean bird species isolated across a major biogeographic barrier, the Marañon valley of Peru. Our study design leverages variation among co-distributed taxa in their degree of plumage, morphometric and vocal differentiation across the Marañon to examine the tempo of phenotypic evolution. We found that substantial plumage differences between populations required roughly two million years to evolve. In contrast, morphometric trait evolution showed greater idiosyncrasy and stasis. Our results demonstrate that despite a large degree of idiosyncrasy in the relationship between genetic and phenotypic divergence across taxa and environments, comparative studies within regions may reveal predictability in the pace of phenotypic divergence. Our results also suggest that social selection is important for driving differentiation of populations found in similar environments.
Valley of the Garbage Dump
Ras Baalbek burning garbage dump Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Petarka River valley, 3D landscape
The ancient "white smokers", the Petarka River, Pai-Khoi Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Tulul adh-Dhahab, Zarqa Valley - Esri imagery
Landscape around the lower Zarqa river valley, from the foothills of the West Bank to the Jordan Highlands, including the Jordan Valley, the Ghor al-Urdun. In the center of the map the Tulul adh-Dhahab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulul_adh-Dhahab). * Generator: [DEM Net Elevation API](https://elevationapi.com) * Digital Elevation Model: [SRTM_GL1 OpenTopography](https://opentopography.org/) * Imagery: [Esri World Imagery](https://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Esk Valley Mine
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 2 in A new species of night-lizard of the genus Lepidophyma (Squamata: Xantusiidae) from the Cuicatlán Valley, Oaxaca, México
FIGURE 2. Specimens in life and habitat of Lepidophyma cuicateca; A: an adult specimen from Santa María Texcatitlán (MZFC 19739); B: Juvenile from Santa María Texcatitlán (Paratype, MZFC 16421); C: an adult from Santiago Dominguillo; D: Habitat at the type locality (Santa María Texcatitlán); E: Habitat in Santiago Dominguillo.
FIGURE 1. A in A new species of night-lizard of the genus Lepidophyma (Squamata: Xantusiidae) from the Cuicatlán Valley, Oaxaca, México
FIGURE 1. A: Lateral, B: dorsal and C: ventral view of the holotype of Lepidophyma cuicateca (MZFC 16419) from Santa María Texcatitlán, Oaxaca.
FIGURE 5. Filispirifer merzakhsaiensis Jansen, 2001 in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 5. Filispirifer merzakhsaiensis Jansen, 2001. All specimens original size (1.0 x). A. SMF 59159. Collecting locality: Tiguisselt, West of Tata, South Morocco. Stratum: Merzâ-Akhsaï Formation ('Rich 2'), Middle/Upper Siegenian (middle Lower Devonian). Plan view of internal ventral mould. B. SMF 65790. Collecting locality: Sidi Rezzoug I, c. 30 km south of Tata, South Morocco. Statum: same as A. Plan view of ventral internal mould. C. SMF 59103a, holotype. Collecting locality: Tadoucht, South Morocco. Stratum: same as A. Plan view of dorsal internal mould. D. GZG.INV. 15203a. Collecting locality: Section La Vid near León, Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), Stratum: La Vid Formation (Upper Siegenian, middle Lower Devonian). Plan view of ventral internal mould. E. GZG.INV. 15202. Collecting locality and stratum same as D. Plan view of ventral internal mould.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 7.? Filispirifer cf. beaujeani (Béclard, 1887). All specimens original size (1.0 x) if no other indication. Dorsal internal mould with corresponding external mould. Collecting locality: Section Arauz, Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Stratum: Cortes Formation (probably Upper Siegenian, middle Lower Devonian). GZG.INV. 15201a; Plan (A) and oblique posterior (B) views of internal mould, Plan (C) view of latex cast. GZG.INV. 15201b; micro-ornamentation of latex cast (D), plan view (E) of external mould and of latex cast (F), scale bar 5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 4. Serial sections of Filispirifer hamadae n. sp., A–G. SMF 66590, all figures of double size (2.0 x); sectioning perpendicular to commissural plane, shell material in black, sectioning distance in mm from posterior; c = crus, cb = crural base, ct = ctenophoridium, dp = dental plate, ds = dental socket, lac = lateral apical cavity, sp = spiralia, ssm = secondary shell material, t = tooth, vmf = ventral muscle field, vp = ventral process.
FIGURE 2. Morphological terms for Filispirifer hamadae n in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 2. Morphological terms for Filispirifer hamadae n. sp., SMF 65248b, holotype. Internal mould of ventral valve. Plan view. Dental plates, ventral process, and myophragm are preserved as negative forms. Drawing: M. McMullen.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 6. Filispirifer fallax (Giebel, 1858). All specimens original size (1.0 x). A. Mbg. 4839. Collecting locality: Erbsloch-Schurf (= Erbsloch Trench), South of Densberg, Kellerwald, topographical mapsheet 1:25,000 Gilserberg (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany), Stratum: Erbslochgrauwacke, lower Lower Emsian (upper Lower Devonian). Plan view of ventral internal mould. B. SMF 65395a. Collecting locality and stratum: same as A. Plan view of dorsal internal mould.
FIGURE 3. Morphological terms for Filispirifer hamadae n in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 3. Morphological terms for Filispirifer hamadae n. sp., SMF 66583. Internal mould of dorsal valve. A. Plan view. B. Oblique posterior view. Dental sockets, brachiophores, and myophragm are preserved as negative forms. Drawing: J. Eberhardt.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.