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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Fig. 2 in Microsatellite variation and population genetic structure of a neotropical endangered Bryconinae species Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877: implications for its conservation and sustainable management

Fig. 2. UPGMA clustering of the Nei's genetic distance (1972) of the Brycon insignis sampling locations based on six microsatellite loci. Bootstrap values above 50% are shown above branches indicating percentage support in 5000 permutations. Power Company Hatchery (PCH), São João River (SJR), Paraíba do Sul River (PSR), Imbé River (IMR), Muriaé River (MUR) and Itabapoana River (ITR).

Fig. 2 in Phylogeography of the Neotropical catfish Pimelodus albicans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from río de la Plata basin, South America, and conservation remarks

Fig. 2. Map showing the collecting sites of Pimelodus albicans. The square represents the río Arrecifes, the remaining localities are indicated in the río de la Plata.

Fig. 4 in Phylogeography of the Neotropical catfish Pimelodus albicans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from río de la Plata basin, South America, and conservation remarks

Fig. 4. Minimum spanning network of P. albicans haplotypes. The number of mutational steps separating each haplotype were represented by dots. Pointed branches represent alternatives links. The size of the circles represents the frequency of each haplotype.

Fig. 1 in Phylogeography of the Neotropical catfish Pimelodus albicans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from río de la Plata basin, South America, and conservation remarks

Fig. 1. Hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship among three Siluriformes families: Pimelodidae, Heptapteridae, Pseudopimelodidae. a- Cladogram presented by de Pinna (1998). b- Consensus tree among three most parsimonious topologies based on cyt b sequences modified from Hardman (2005). Numbers above nodes are posterior probabilities recovered by the Bayesian analysis for those clades common to both parsimony and likelihood topologies. Nodes with 0 failed to reject the null hypothesis of zero length, and are considered falsely resolved. c- Maximum parsimony analysis of rag1 and rag2 sequences showing likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities (as %) modified from Sullivan et al. (2006).

Fig. 3 in Phylogeography of the Neotropical catfish Pimelodus albicans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from río de la Plata basin, South America, and conservation remarks

Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood tree based on GTR+G model, showing Bayesian support values in the nodes. Pimelodidae family appears basal and paraphyletic whereas P. albicans conforms as a monophyletic assemblage. Pimelodus albicans clade shows four monophyletic groups with strong clade support.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2005View details →

Fig. 3 in Previously undescribed dental arrangement among electric knifefishes, with comments on the taxonomic and conservation status of Tembeassu marauna Triques (Otophysi: Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)

Fig. 3. Radiograph (inverted) showing the left side of the anterior region of head of the male paratype of Tembeassu marauna (MZUSP 23090), also exhibiting the conspicuous forward extension of the fleshy ("boneless") portions of the upper and lower jaws, in front of the premaxillary (PM) and dentary bones (DE), respectively. Additional abbreviations as in Figure 2. Arrow at left indicates the patch of extra teeth loosely attached to soft tissue at the roof of oral cavity, in front of the premaxillary bones, at the anteriorly extended portion of the upper jaw. Scale bar ~ 5 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2005View details →

Fig. 4 in Previously undescribed dental arrangement among electric knifefishes, with comments on the taxonomic and conservation status of Tembeassu marauna Triques (Otophysi: Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)

Fig. 4. Radiograph (inverted) showing a detail of the left side of the upper jaw region of the female paratype of Tembeassu marauna (MZUSP 23090). Arrow at left indicates the patch of extra teeth at the anteriorly extended "boneless" portion of snout, loosely attached to soft tissue in front of the premaxillary bones (PM). Additional abbreviations as in Figure 2 (above; both maxillary bones noticed). Scale bar ~ 5 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2005View details →

Fig. 2 in Previously undescribed dental arrangement among electric knifefishes, with comments on the taxonomic and conservation status of Tembeassu marauna Triques (Otophysi: Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)

Fig. 2. Radiograph (inverted) showing skeletal structures at the anterior portion of head of the holotype of Tembeassu marauna (MZUSP 48510). Arrow at left indicates the patch of extra teeth inside the mouth (roof of the oral cavity), loosely attached to soft tissue in front of the premaxillary bones (PM). Additional abbreviations are as follows: AN = anguloarticular; DE = dentary; EN = endopterygoid; FR = frontal; LE = lateral ethmoid; ME = mesethmoid; MX = maxilla; PS = pterosphenoid; VO = vomer (ventral ethmoid). Scale bar ~ 5 mm.

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Conservation of woody species in China under future climate and land-cover changes

<ol> <li>Climate and land-cover changes are major threats to biodiversity, and their impacts are expected to intensify in the future. Protected areas (PAs) are crucial for biodiversity conservation. However, their effectiveness under future climate and land-cover changes remains to be evaluated. Moreover, the impacts of climate and land-cover changes on multi-dimensions of biodiversity are rarely considered when expanding PAs.</li> <li>Using distributions of 8732 woody species in China and species distribution models, we identified species that will be threatened by future climate and land-cover changes (i.e. species with significant projected loss of suitable habitats by the 2070s) under different dispersal scenarios. We then estimated the geographical patterns in species richness (SR) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) of these threatened species, evaluated the effectiveness (i.e. the changes in SR and PD) of Chinese PAs, and identified conservation priorities for future PA expansion.</li> <li>Approximately 12-38% of woody species will be threatened under different scenarios. These species tend to be clustered in the tree of life, and their SR and PD show consistent spatial patterns, being highest at low latitudes. PAs currently protect 90% of these threatened species. However, their SR and PD of threatened species within PAs will decrease by 30-40% by the 2070s, which reduces the PA effectiveness, especially for PAs at low elevations and those with low topographic heterogeneity and high natural vegetation loss.</li> <li>The conservation priorities identified from the SR and PD of the threatened species are mainly in mountains in southern China, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and Taiwan Island. PA expansion and ecological corridors in these regions are needed to conserve these threatened species.</li> <li> Synthesis and applications. We present a systematic study of the impacts of future climate and land-cover changes on the conservation status of woody species and PA effectiveness in China. Our results suggest that future climate and land-cover changes will reduce PA effectiveness, and the spatial prioritization of biodiversity conservation should consider the influences of future global changes on biodiversity. These results shed new light on the conservation priorities for the post-2020 expansion of PAs in China.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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Data for: Brood parasitism of Hooded Warblers by Brown-headed Cowbirds: Severe impact on individual nests but modest consequences for seasonal fecundity and conservation

<div> <div> <div> <div> Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) often has pronounced negative effects on host nests. However, the extent to which parasitism reduces annual reproduction and presents conservation challenges for host species is unclear. We address this issue with data from a color-banded population of Hooded Warblers (Setophaga citrina) in Pennsylvania, where Hooded Warblers have increased dramatically despite frequent nest parasitism. Our analysis is based on both an extensive dataset (8 years, 847 nests) on the per-nest impacts of cowbird parasitism, and female-based stochastic simulations that accurately reflect the reproductive biology and parasitism rate (30%) of our study population. Cowbird parasitism has multiple negative consequences for Hooded Warbler nests, including: (1) reduced host clutch size, (2) increased nest abandonment, (3) increased risk of complete failure due to predation, and (4) in surviving nests increased egg loss, hatching failure, and nestling mortality. We estimate that parasitism reduces success of Hooded Warbler nests 68%, from 1.29 to 0.41 fledglings per nest. For females and populations, however, the consequences of nest parasitism are considerably less extreme; female annual fecundity decreases 25% for each nesting attempt parasitized, and population-level fecundity drops 5.6% for each 10% increase in the frequency of parasitism. These more modest impacts are attributable to: (1) steep declines in rates of cowbird parasitism as the nesting season progresses, (2) rapid re-nesting following abandonment or failure of parasitized nests, and (3) regular double brooding, with second broods initiated in late June and July when the incidence of cowbird parasitism is low. Our results help resolve the paradox of how cowbird parasitism can have both severe consequences for individual host nests but more modest and sustainable conservation impacts on the seasonal fecundity of females and populations. They further underscore the importance of determining population-level effects of brood parasites before investing in costly management efforts. </div> </div> </div> </div>

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Green taxes as ecosystem conservation: an analysis of the industrial sector's view in Peru

Background: Environmental problems are becoming more and more recurrent nowadays, which is why many countries have acted on the matter, through different forms, laws and taxes that can contribute and reduce the polluting impact of companies at the time of manufacturing their products. One of the reforms has been environmental taxes, which are not only aimed at raising money, but also at taking corrective action on the behavior of companies that damage both the environment and the health of the population. Objective: The research is interested in finding out the opinion and interest of managers of different companies in the industrial sector on environmental taxes, also known as green taxes, and whether they consider it necessary to add green taxes to the current tax system. Method: For the data collection of the research, 120 managers of small and medium-sized enterprises in the industrial sector were questioned about whether green taxes could have an influence on ecosystem conservation and several other questions. Results: 63.3% of the managers surveyed agree that the application of an environmental tax is necessary.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

dataset for bioRxiv preprint titled 'Evolution of drug resistance drives progressive destabilizations in functionally conserved molecular dynamics of the flap region of the HIV-1 protease'

This data supports the Figures in the preprint titled Evolution of drug resistance drives progressive destabilizations in functionally conserved molecular dynamics of the flap region of the HIV-1 protease working abstract The HIV-1 protease is one of several common key targets of combination drug therapies for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).  During the progression of the disease, some individual patients acquire -drug resistance due to mutational hotspots on the viral proteins targeted by combination drug therapies.  It has recently been discovered that drug-resistant mutations accumulate on the ‘flap region’ of the HIV-1 protease,  which is a critical dynamic region involved in non-specific polypeptide binding  during invasion and infection of the host cell.  In this study, we utilize machine learning assisted comparative molecular dynamics, conducted at single amino acid site resolution, to investigate the dynamic changes that occur during functional dimerization and polypeptide binding of the main protease. We use a multi-agent machine learning model to identify conserved dynamics of the HIV-1 main protease that are preserved across simian and feline protease orthologs (SIV and FIV).  We also investigate changes in dynamics due to common drug-resistant mutations in many patients. We find that a key functional site in the flap region, a solvent-exposed isoleucine (ILE50) and surrounding sites that control flap dynamics is often targeted by drug-resistance mutations, likely leading to malfunctional molecular dynamics affecting the overall flexibility of the flap region. We conclude that better long term patient outcomes may be achieved by designing drugs that target protease regions which are less dependent upon single sites with large functional binding effects.

FIG. 2 in Natural history and conservation of the wolf spider Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) (Araneae, Lycosidae), assessed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List

FIG. 2. –– Long-term monitoring programme of Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881): A, a typical high-altitude rocky area colonized by Vesubia jugorum; B, a female with its cocoon; C, measurement of the cocoon diameter with a digital calliper; D, removal of leg IV from a female; E, measurement of leg IV through Leica M80 stereoscopic microscope; F, a female with cocoon found in its retreat.

FIG. 4 in Natural history and conservation of the wolf spider Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) (Araneae, Lycosidae), assessed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List

FIG. 4. –– Predicted relationship (blue line) and 95% confidence intervals (gray stripe) between length of femur IV and habitat suitability of each monitoring site derived from the Ecological Niche Model presented in Mammola et al. (2019) (see Material and Methods for further details).

FIG. 3 in Natural history and conservation of the wolf spider Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) (Araneae, Lycosidae), assessed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List

FIG. 3. –– Life cycle of Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) derived from field observations conducted across the species distribution range during the 2016-2019 sampling seasons. Daily fluctuations in temperature (red line) and humidity (blue line) derived from data-logger positioned across 2018 and 2019 at the ground level under stones, in the nearby of Rocca dell'Abisso (Valdieri, 2589 m a.s.l.). Daily fluctuations in air temperature (orange line) derived from the meteorological station of Rocca dell'Abisso (2753 m a.s.l.). Growing season is indicated by light grey (females), black (males) and dotted dark grey (juveniles) bars. Dash line refers to the overwintering. See text for further details.

Fig. 4. Predicted suitable habitats for S in Discovery of a new crocodile lizard population in Vietnam: Population trends, future prognoses and identification of key habitats for conservation

Fig. 4. Predicted suitable habitats for S. crocodilurus in the period between 2020 to 2080, based on bioclimatic data and elevation. Habitat suitability increases from yellow to dark brown.

Fig. 5 in Discovery of a new crocodile lizard population in Vietnam: Population trends, future prognoses and identification of key habitats for conservation

Fig. 5. Predicted suitable habitats throughout the distribution range of S. crocodilurus in northern Vietnam, using combined vegetation, bioclimatic and elevation data. Red squares indicate recommended priority areas for habitat conservation (bottom left: proposed corridor to link two existing reserves; top right: proposed reserve to be established in the future).

Fig. 3 in Discovery of a new crocodile lizard population in Vietnam: Population trends, future prognoses and identification of key habitats for conservation

Fig. 3. Observed population structure of Vietnamese S. crocodilurus from 2010 to 2015. Photos M. van Schingen.

Fig. 2 in Discovery of a new crocodile lizard population in Vietnam: Population trends, future prognoses and identification of key habitats for conservation

Fig. 2. Population trends of S. crocodilurus in Vietnam from 2010 to 2015. (A) Estimated total population sizes in Vietnam. (B) Observed total subpopulation sizes. (C) Observed effective subpopulation sizes. Arrows indicate trend lines.

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Data for: Population genomics and conservation management of the threatened black-footed tree-rat (Mesembriomys gouldii) in northern Australia

Genomic diversity is a fundamental component of Earth's total biodiversity and requires explicit consideration in efforts to conserve biodiversity. To conserve genomic diversity, it is necessary to measure its spatial distribution and quantify the contribution that any intraspecific evolutionary lineages make to overall genomic diversity. Here, we describe the range-wide population genomic structure of a threatened Australian rodent, the black-footed tree-rat (Mesembriomys gouldii), aiming to provide insight into the timing and extent of population declines across a large region with a dearth of long-term monitoring data. By estimating recent trajectories in effective population sizes at four localities, we confirm widespread population decline across the species' range, but find that the population in the peri-urban area of the Darwin region has been more stable. Based on current sampling, the Melville Island population made the greatest contribution to overall allelic richness of the species, and the prioritisation analysis suggested that conservation of the Darwin and Cobourg Peninsula populations would be the most cost-effective scenario to retain more than 90% of all alleles. Our results broadly confirm current sub-specific taxonomy and provide crucial data on the spatial distribution of genomic diversity to help prioritise limited conservation resources. Along with additional sampling and genomic analysis from the far eastern and western edges of the black-footed tree-rat distribution, we suggest a range of conservation and research priorities that could help improve black-footed tree-rat population trajectories at large and fine spatial scales, including the retention and expansion of structurally complex habitat patches.