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Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the distal colpus and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; c–e) Equatorial (c) and distal views (d, e) of pollen grains showing the long distal colpus with granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; f) Detail of section through pollen wall showing thick tectum with fine striate ornamentation, perforated by punctae and supported by short stout columellae attached to the thin foot layer; g–h) Surface of tectum (g) and orbicule (h) showing fine striate ornamentation. Specimen, TV44-S149216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (f–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the distal colpus and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; c–e) Equatorial (c) and distal views (d, e) of pollen grains showing the long distal colpus with granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; f) Detail of section through pollen wall showing thick tectum with fine striate ornamentation, perforated by punctae and supported by short stout columellae attached to the thin foot layer; g–h) Surface of tectum (g) and orbicule (h) showing fine striate ornamentation. Specimen, TV44-S149216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (f–h).

Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores (a–c) and attached microspores (c, d) with possible affinities to Salviniales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with a relatively long apical acrolamella; b) Apical view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with slightly twisted apical acrolamella; c, d) Lateral view of Arcellites punctatus megaspore showing coarsely rugulate body and apical acrolamella with attached microspores (d). Specimens, TV39-S174616 (a), TV38-S170224 (b), TV43-S170169 (c, d). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c), 25 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores (a–c) and attached microspores (c, d) with possible affinities to Salviniales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with a relatively long apical acrolamella; b) Apical view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with slightly twisted apical acrolamella; c, d) Lateral view of Arcellites punctatus megaspore showing coarsely rugulate body and apical acrolamella with attached microspores (d). Specimens, TV39-S174616 (a), TV38-S170224 (b), TV43-S170169 (c, d). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c), 25 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Isoetales (a–d) and megaspores of uncertain affinity (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Paxillitriletes reticulatus megaspore in lateral view showing long appendages on the flanges of the laesurae and the reticulate-spiny distal surface; b) Dijkstraisporites sp. megaspore in oblique lateral view showing long, sometimes dichotomizing, appendages on the equatorial flanges and bordering the laesurae; c, d) Tenellisporites sp. megaspore in proximal view (c) showing equatorial flanges and laesurae with short, broad, flattened and unbranched appendages; note numerous, spiny microspores adhering to the proximal face of the megaspore (d); e) Megaspore type sp. 2 in lateral view showing apical gula and ornamentation of scattered spines; f, g) Megaspore type sp. 3 in lateral (f) and proximal (g) view showing broad, often dichotomously branched appendages covering the megaspore surface; h, i) aff. Flabellisporites sp. megaspores in proximal (h) and lateral (i) view showing long, narrow appendages covering the megaspore surface. Specimens, TV39-S174619 (a), TV38-S170220 (b), TV38-S170221 (c, d), TV44-S174574 (e), TV44-S174575 (f), TV44-S174577 (g), TV38-S170223 (h), TV38-S170222 (i). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c, e–i), 25 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Isoetales (a–d) and megaspores of uncertain affinity (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Paxillitriletes reticulatus megaspore in lateral view showing long appendages on the flanges of the laesurae and the reticulate-spiny distal surface; b) Dijkstraisporites sp. megaspore in oblique lateral view showing long, sometimes dichotomizing, appendages on the equatorial flanges and bordering the laesurae; c, d) Tenellisporites sp. megaspore in proximal view (c) showing equatorial flanges and laesurae with short, broad, flattened and unbranched appendages; note numerous, spiny microspores adhering to the proximal face of the megaspore (d); e) Megaspore type sp. 2 in lateral view showing apical gula and ornamentation of scattered spines; f, g) Megaspore type sp. 3 in lateral (f) and proximal (g) view showing broad, often dichotomously branched appendages covering the megaspore surface; h, i) aff. Flabellisporites sp. megaspores in proximal (h) and lateral (i) view showing long, narrow appendages covering the megaspore surface. Specimens, TV39-S174619 (a), TV38-S170220 (b), TV38-S170221 (c, d), TV44-S174574 (e), TV44-S174575 (f), TV44-S174577 (g), TV38-S170223 (h), TV38-S170222 (i). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c, e–i), 25 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h).

Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j).

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Text-fig. 2. Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Lateral view of fruit on long pedicel. Note the two lateral wings and pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix. UF 19376-60038. b: Lateral view of fruit on long, bent pedicel. Note the perianth scar at the base of the fruit (arrow). UF 19376-60023a. c: Lateral view of fruit on long, slightly bent pedicel. Note the pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix, and in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America

Text-fig. 2. Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Lateral view of fruit on long pedicel. Note the two lateral wings and pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix. UF 19376-60038. b: Lateral view of fruit on long, bent pedicel. Note the perianth scar at the base of the fruit (arrow). UF 19376-60023a. c: Lateral view of fruit on long, slightly bent pedicel. Note the pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix, and

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores with possible affinities to lycopodiopsids (a–c) and Schizaeaceae (d–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Densoisporites sp. from a clump of spores in proximal (left) and partial distal views (right) showing the narrow equatorial flange, long laesurae, and reticulum that is coarser on the distal surface than on the proximal surface; b, c) Unnamed microspores from clump of microspores in proximal (b) and distal (c) views showing finely reticulate surface; d, e) Cicatricosisporites ventusus fertile pinnules showing numerous attached sporangia (d) each with terminal annulus (arrowheads) and spores in situ (e); f) Cicatricosisporites sp. 1 spores from fertile pinnules bearing sporangia with a terminal in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores with possible affinities to lycopodiopsids (a–c) and Schizaeaceae (d–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Densoisporites sp. from a clump of spores in proximal (left) and partial distal views (right) showing the narrow equatorial flange, long laesurae, and reticulum that is coarser on the distal surface than on the proximal surface; b, c) Unnamed microspores from clump of microspores in proximal (b) and distal (c) views showing finely reticulate surface; d, e) Cicatricosisporites ventusus fertile pinnules showing numerous attached sporangia (d) each with terminal annulus (arrowheads) and spores in situ (e); f) Cicatricosisporites sp. 1 spores from fertile pinnules bearing sporangia with a terminal

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).

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Text-fig. 7. Steinkerns of the land snail Arabicolaria omanensis eroding from indurated dark green-brown sands of Bed C above the Omanitherium type locality (the pen is 14.5 cm long). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 7. Steinkerns of the land snail Arabicolaria omanensis eroding from indurated dark green-brown sands of Bed C above the Omanitherium type locality (the pen is 14.5 cm long).

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Text-fig. 6. Shells of the sinistral, flat-topped, freshwater ampullariid Carnevalea thaytinitiensis in indurated sandy marl, Bed A in the stratigraphic section (the pen is 14.5 cm long). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 6. Shells of the sinistral, flat-topped, freshwater ampullariid Carnevalea thaytinitiensis in indurated sandy marl, Bed A in the stratigraphic section (the pen is 14.5 cm long).

Fig. 8 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 8. Dorsal view of the condyle of cervical 5. View (a) is unmodified; in view (b) the exposed camellae are highlighted in dark gray.

Fig. 4. Cervical 3 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 4. Cervical 3 of IGM 100/1803 in (a) left lateral, (b) right lateral, (c) dorsal, (d) anterior, and (e) posterior view. For abbreviations, see text. Scale bar for (a), (b), and (c) 5 5 cm.

Fig. 3 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 3. Atlas and axis of IGM 100/1803 in (a) right lateral, (b) left lateral, (c) dorsal, (d) ventral, (e) anterior, and (f) posterior view. Note that the cervical rib has been detached in (c)–(f). For abbreviations, see text. Scale bar for (a), (b), (c), and (d) 5 5 cm.

Fig. 12 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 12. Artificially articulated anterior cervical series of IGM 100/1803 illustrating the relative length increase between vertebrae. The ansa costo-transversaria is reconstructed on the sixth vertebra. Note that all cervical ribs in this figure are incomplete; preserved ribs overlap at least one succeeding centrum, but have not been reattached due to their fragile nature. The hypothesized position of M. ascendens cervicalis shown in white, with small arrows indicating attachment sites (after Wedel and Sanders, 2002: fig 2). Scale bar 5 50 cm.

Fig. 6. Cervical 5 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 6. Cervical 5 of IGM 100/1803 in (a) left lateral, (b) dorsal, and (c) right lateral view. This vertebra has been deformed so that the centrum appears artificially dorsoventrally flattened and the right diapophysis is visible ventrally in view a. For abbreviations, see text. Scale bar 5 5 cm.

Fig. 7 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 7. Computed tomography images of cervical 4. (a) Lateral view of cervical 5 showing plane of coronal sections. Scale bar 5 5 cm. (b) Section through position 1. (c) Section through position 2. (d) Section through position 3. For abbreviations, see text.

Fig. 5. Cervical 4 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 5. Cervical 4 of IGM 100/1803 in (a) left lateral, (b) right lateral, (c) dorsal, (d) anterior, and (e) posterior view. For abbreviations, see text. Scale bar for (a), (b), and (c) 5 5 cm.

Fig. 11 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 11. Strict consensus of six most parsimonious trees of 434 steps derived from analysis using the matrix, character orderings, and coding strategies of Wilson (2002) with the addition of Erketu. Bootstrap values were calculated in PAUP*4.0b10 from 1,000 replicates with TBR branch swapping. Bootstrap values.50 are shown above the node they refer to. Decay values calculated manually in PAUP*4.0b10 are shown below the node they refer to.

Fig. 10 in Erketu ellisoni, a Long-Necked Sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)

Fig. 10. Right tibia, fibula, astragalus, and calcaneum of IGM 100/1803 in (a) anterior and (b) posterior views. Scale bar 5 10 cm.