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Data from: Genetic and ecological data reveal species boundaries between viviparous and oviparous lizard lineages
Identification of cryptic species is an essential aim for conservation biologists to avoid premature extinctions of 'unrecognized' species. Integrating different types of data can undoubtedly aid in resolving the issue of species delimitation. We studied here two lineages of the common lizard Zootoca vivipara that display different reproductive mode (the viviparous Z. v. vivipara and the oviparous Z. v. carniolica) and that overlap their distributional ranges in the European Alps. With the purpose of delimiting species' boundaries, we analyzed their ecological, genetic and natural history features. More than 300 samples were collected and analyzed at cytochrome b and 11 microsatellites loci for investigating genetic variation, population structure, individual relatedness and evolutionary histories of the two lineages. Additionally, we compared their ecological niches using eight ecological variables. Genetic data showed contrasting patterns of genetic structure between the two lineages, different demographic dynamics and no hybridization events. Also strong ecological differences (such as temperature) emerged between the two lineages, and niche overlap was limited. Taken together, these results indicate that Z. v. vivipara and Z. v. carniolica should be recognized as two separate species, and particular conservation consideration should be given to the oviparous lineage that tends to live in areas threatened by increasing impact of human activities. However, recent and rapid climate warming might determine an increasing risk for the persistence of the viviparous lineage, being adapted to cold environments.
Data from: Phylogenomic analysis of the Chilean clade of Liolaemus lizards (Squamata: Liolaemidae) based on sequence capture data
The genus Liolaemus is one of the most ecologically diverse and species-rich genera of lizards worldwide. It currently includes more than 250 recognized species, which have been subject to many ecological and evolutionary studies. Nevertheless, Liolaemus lizards have a complex taxonomic history, mainly due to the incongruence between morphological and genetic data, incomplete taxon sampling, incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization. In addition, as many species have restricted and remote distributions, this has hampered their examination and inclusion in molecular systematic studies. The aims of this study are to infer a robust phylogeny for a subsample of lizards representing the Chilean clade (subgenus Liolaemus sensu stricto), and to test the monophyly of several of the major species groups. We use a phylogenomic approach, targeting 541 ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) and 44 protein-coding genes for 16 taxa. We conduct a comparison of phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood and several species tree inference methods. The UCEs provide stronger support for phylogenetic relationships compared to the protein-coding genes; however, the UCEs outnumber the protein-coding genes by 10-fold. On average, the protein-coding genes contain over twice the number of informative sites. Based on our phylogenomic analyses, all the groups sampled are polyphyletic. Liolaemus tenuis tenuis is difficult to place in the phylogeny, because only a few loci (nine) were recovered for this species. Topologies or support values did not change dramatically upon exclusion of L. t. tenuis from analyses, suggesting that missing data did not had a significant impact on phylogenetic inference in this data set. The phylogenomic analyses provide strong support for sister group relationships between L. fuscus, L. monticola, L. nigroviridis and L. nitidus, and L. platei and L. velosoi. Despite our limited taxon sampling, we have provided a reliable starting hypothesis for the relationships among many major groups of the Chilean clade of Liolaemus that will help future work aimed at resolving the Liolaemus phylogeny.
Data from: Feed or fight: testing the impact of food availability and intraspecific aggression on the functional ecology of an island lizard
Body size often varies among insular populations relative to continental conspecifics – the 'island rule' – and functional, context-dependent morphological differences tend to track this body size variation on islands. Two hypotheses are often proposed as potential drivers of insular population differences in morphology: one relating to diet and the other involving intraspecific competition and aggression. We directly tested whether differences in morphology and maximum bite capacity were explained by interisland changes in hardness of both available and consumed prey, and levels of lizard-to-lizard aggression among small-island populations. Our study included 11 islands in the Greek Cyclades and made use of a gradient in island area spanning five orders of magnitude. We focused on the widespread lizard Podarcis erhardii. We found that on smaller islands, P. erhardii body size was larger, head height was larger relative to body size, and maximum bite capacity became proportionally stronger. This pattern in morphology and performance was not related to differences in diet, but was highly correlated with proxies of intraspecific aggression – bite scars and missing toes. Our findings suggest that critical functional traits such as body size and bite force in P. erhardii follow the predictions of the island rule and are changing in response to changes in the competitive landscape across islands of different sizes.
Data from: Phylogeography of a widespread lizard complex reflects patterns of both geographic and ecological isolation
A primary challenge for modern phylogeography is understanding how ecology and geography, both contemporary and historical, shape the spatial distribution and evolutionary histories of species. Phylogeographic patterns are the result of many factors, including geology, climate, habitat, colonization history, and lineage-specific constraints. Assessing the relative influences of these factors is difficult because few species, regions, and environments are sampled in enough detail to compare competing hypotheses rigorously and because a particular phylogeographic pattern can potentially result from different evolutionary scenarios. The silky anoles (Anolis sericeus complex) of Central America and Mexico are abundant and found in all types of lowland terrestrial habitat, offering an excellent opportunity to test the relative influences of the factors affecting diversification. Here, we performed a range-wide statistical phylogeographic analysis on restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) markers from silky anoles and compared the phylogeographic patterns we recovered to historical and contemporary environmental and topographic data. We constructed niche models to compare niche overlap between sister lineages and conducted coalescent simulations to characterize how the major lineages of silky anoles have diverged. Our results revealed that the mode of divergence for major lineage diversification events was geographic isolation, resulting in ecological divergence between lineages, followed by secondary contact. Moreover, comparisons of parapatric sister lineages suggest that ecological niche divergence contributed to isolation by environment in this system, reflecting the natural history differences among populations in divergent environments.
Amber fossils demonstrate deep-time stability of Caribbean lizard communities
<p>This is the dataset for the paper Sherratt et al. 2015 (PNAS, doi: ). Included are the X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) TIFF stacks for the amber encased anole lizard fossils studied. Also included are the morphometric data for the fossil and 100 modern specimens, and the phylogenetic character matrix for the fossils and 181 species (91 morphological characters, 4873 DNA bases).</p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>Whether the structure of ecological communities can exhibit stability over macroevolutionary timescales has long been debated. The similarity of independently evolved <em>Anolis</em> lizard communities on environmentally similar Greater Antillean islands supports the notion that community evolution is deterministic. However, a dearth of Caribbean <em>Anolis</em> fossils—only three have been described to date—has precluded direct investigation of the stability of anole communities through time. Here we report on an additional 17 fossil anoles in Dominican amber dating to 15–20 My before the present. Using data collected primarily by X-ray micro computed tomography (X-ray micro-CT), we demonstrate that the main elements of Hispaniolan anole ecomorphological diversity were in place in the Miocene. Phylogenetic analysis yields results consistent with the hypothesis that the ecomorphs that evolved in the Miocene are members of the same ecomorph clades extant today. The primary axes of ecomorphological diversity in the Hispaniolan anole fauna appear to have changed little between the Miocene and the present, providing evidence for the stability of ecological communities over macroevolutionary timescales.</p>
FIGURE 10 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 10. Photographs of some I. monticola specimens from several different localities across its distribution range: A, male (above) and female (below) from Llagu la Cueva, Somiedo (Asturias, Spain). These are perhaps the most common patterns in the main part of the species area. B, young male from the Picos de Europa (Asturias, Spain). Lizards from this area (males and females) take on a vivid green colour during the breeding period. C, young male from Cabeza Grande de Manzaneda (Orense, Spain). D, old female from Cabeza Grande de Manzaneda (Orense, Spain). E, wellgrown brown coloured male from Puerto de Vegarada (León, Spain). In some localities where the species inhabits earth taluses instead of rock outcrops, cryptic brown colours seem to be adopted. F, two hatchlings from Puerto de Vegarada (León, Spain). G, old female from Puerto de las Señales (León, Spain). H, adult male from A Torre, Serra da Estrela (Beira Alta, Portugal). Fullygrown specimens from this locality are very patterned, with a greyish, very light brown or more frequently green and occasionally bluish base colour.
FIGURE 9 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 9. Specimens of I. galani nov. and pictures of localites across its distribution range: A, hatchlings from Puerto del Morredero (Sierra del Teleno, León, Spain). B, hatchling from the Laguna de los Peces (Sierra Segundera, Zamora, Spain). C, female (paratype) melanistic from Puerto del Morredero (Sierra del Teleno, León, Spain). D, male (paratype) from the Lago de Truchillas (Sierra de la Cabrera Baja, León, Spain). Notice the malachite greenish tinge of the venter and the numerous ocelli on the shoulders. E, Puerto del Morredero (Sierra del Teleno, León, Spain). There is a small ski resort but I. galani nov. mainly inhabits the road and tracktaluses. F, Puerto de los Portillinos (Sierra de Teleno, León, Spain) is situated near the Puerto del Morredero. In this locality I. galani nov. inhabits not only the road taluses but also the extensive rocky (quarzites) outcrops at the higher parts and is syntopic with Podarcis bocagei. G, granitoid outcrops surrounded by heathland seen from the dam of the Laguna de los Peces (Sanabria). This is the typical habitat of I. galani nov. in Sanabria and is syntopic with Lacerta schreiberi. The lizard is especially abundant near the glacial lakes of this area. H, abandoned ski resort in the Peña Trevinca area. Iberolacerta galani nov. inhabits the slate slab accumulations by the road and track taluses such as the one seen in the centre of the picture (which constitutes the border between the provinces of León and Orense). It is syntopic with Podarcis bocagei in this area.
FIGURE 6 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 6. Morphology of the squamosal bone in Iberolacerta. Iberolacerta galani nov. (represented in black) has a fairly straight squamosal in comparison with the more gradually incurved ones of the other Iberolacerta spp. 1) I. monticola (male) from Sª Estrela; 2) I. monticola (female) from Sª Estrela; 3) I. monticola (female) from Sª Caurel; 4) I. monticola (female) from Pto. de las Señales; 5) I. monticola (male) from Somiedo; 6) I. monticola (male) from Somiedo; 7) I. monticola (female) from Cabeza de Manzaneda. 8) I. galani nov. (male) from Sanabria; 9) I. galani nov. (female) from Sanabria. 10) I. cyreni (male) from Pto. de Navacerrada; 11) I. cyreni (male) from Gredos; 12) I. cyreni (male) from Gredos; 13) I. martinezricai (female) from Las Batuecas.; 14) I. martinezricai (female) from las Batuecas; 15) I. aurelioi (female) from Coma Pedrosa (Andorra); 16) I. bonnali (male) from Bigorre; 17) I. aranica (female) from Mauberme massif; 18) I. horvathi (female) from Udine (Italy).
FIGURE 8 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 8. Specimens of I. galani nov. from several different localities across its distribution range: A–B, male (holotype) from the Laguna de los Peces (Sierra Segundera, Zamora, Spain) viewed from both sides. C, female (paratype) from Puerto del Morredero (Sierra del Teleno, León, Spain). D, female (ventral side) from the same locality as in C, ventral view. E, male (paratype) from Puerto de los Portillinos (Sierra del Teleno, León, Spain). F, same male as in E photographed under ultraviolet light. Notice the highly reflective blue ocelli on the shoulders. G, female (paratype) from the Trevinca Massif (Sierra del Eje, León, Spain). H, same female as in G, ventral view.
FIGURE 5 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 5. Karyograms of Iberian Iberolacerta species with 2n=36 chromosomes, showing distribution of heterochromatin (solid black blocks) and localization of NORs (black circles).
FIGURE 3. Maximumlikelihood tree using 1041 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 3. Maximumlikelihood tree using 1041 base pairs of the mitochondrial genes cytb and 12SrRNA and the nuclear gene cmos. Support values are presented above the branches (posterior probabilities, only asterisk if value is equal to or above 95%) and below the branches (left bootstrap value for ML and right bootstrap value for MP). Datations are presented for some nodes and are indicated by a dot and a value in My (millions of years).
FIGURE 2 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 2. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA). Threedimensional representation of the three first canonical axes. OTUs (same abbreviations as in text) are represented by their centroid. The Minimumlength Spanning Tree (MST) connecting the closest samples is superimposed. A) Male analysis (76.9% of all explained variability). B) Female analysis (78.5% of all explained variability).
FIGURE 4 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 4. Metaphase plates (A, CF) and karyotype (B) of male (A) and female (BF) of I. galani from Sanabria, Giemsa stained (A and B), AgNOR banded (C), Cbanded (D) and sequentially stained with Cbanding+CMA3(E)+DAPI(F). Asterisks in A and C point to chromosomes bearing secondary constrictions and AgNOR positive spots, respectively; empty and filled arrows in DF point to W and Z chromosomes, respectively.
FIGURE 7 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 7. Lateral view of the head of the holotype of I. galani nov. from the Laguna de los Peces (Sanabria, Zamora), Spain.
FIGURE 1 in Description of a new endemic species of mountain lizard from Northwestern Spain: Iberolacerta galani sp. nov. (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 1. Map of the Iberian Peninsula showing the current distribution ranges of all known species and subspecies of Iberolacerta (shaded areas). Numbers refer to sampling localities as in Table 1.
FIGURE 5 in New Carlia fusca complex lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) from New Guinea, PapuaIndonesia
FIGURE 5. Distribution of sample localities [left] and Carlia fusca complex species [right] in PapuaIndonesia. Sample localities: 1, Ayamaru; 2, Manokwari; 3, FakFak; 4, Tanah Merak; 5, Saengga; 6, Mandiwa; 7, Yeretina; 8, Gariau; 9, Unipo; 10, Uta; 11, Freeport; 12, Lorentz River; 13, Agats; 14, Bayum.
FIGURE 2 in New Carlia fusca complex lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) from New Guinea, PapuaIndonesia
FIGURE 2. Juveniles of Carlia caesius (BPBM 21195 [left], BPBM 21203 [right]), dorsolateral aspect, preserved.
FIGURE 4 in New Carlia fusca complex lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) from New Guinea, PapuaIndonesia
FIGURE 4. Juveniles of Carlia bomberai (BPBM 21315 [left], BPBM 21325 [right]), dorsolateral aspect, preserved.
FIGURE 7 in Genetic and morphological differentiation of Mosor rock lizards, Dinarolacerta mosorensis (Kolombatović, 1886), with the description of a new species from the Prokletije Mountain Massif (Montenegro) (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 7. Photograph of the type locality of Dinarolacerta montenegrina sp. nov. Debeza mt. of Prokletije mountain massif, above the Bukumirsko Lake in Montenegro.
FIGURE 4. Maximum-likelihood tree using 352 in Genetic and morphological differentiation of Mosor rock lizards, Dinarolacerta mosorensis (Kolombatović, 1886), with the description of a new species from the Prokletije Mountain Massif (Montenegro) (Squamata: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 4. Maximum-likelihood tree using 352 base pairs of the mitochondrial gene 12S rRNA. Support values are presented above the branches (left bootstrap value for ML and right bootstrap value for MP). Numbers between square brackets after locality names refer to population numbers shown in Fig. 1.
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