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3,484 results for “Plastic”
Dynamic morphological plasticity in response to emergence timing in Abutilon theophrasti (Malvaceae)
<p>Selections on emergence time might be conflicting, suggesting the existence of the optimal emergence time for plants. However, we know little about this and how morphological plasticity contributes to the strategies of plants in response to emergence timing. To better understand this issue in a dynamic perspective, we conducted a field experiment by subjecting plants of <em>Abutilon theophrasti</em> to four emergence treatments (ET1~ET4) and measuring a number of mass and morphological traits on them at different growth stages (I~IV). At day 50, 70 and/or final harvest, among all ET treatments, plants germinated in late spring (ET2) performed the best in total mass, spring germinants (ET1) and ET2 performed better in stem allocation, stem and root diameters than later germinants (ET3 and ET4); summer germinants (ET3) had the highest reproductive mass and allocation, while late-summer germinants (ET4) had the greatest leaf mass allocation, with greater or canalized leaf number and root length traits than others. Plants that emerged in late spring can maximize their growth potential, while those with either advanced or delayed emergence are still capable of adaptation via allocation and morphological plasticity. Early germinants (ET1 and ET2) preferred stem growth to leaf and reproductive growth, due to sufficient time for reproduction in growth season. With limited time for growth, plants emerged late may prefer to quicken leaf growth (indicated by increased leaf mass allocation and leaf number) at the cost of stem or root growth for complete life cycle, reflecting both positive and negative effects of delayed emergence.</p>
Architectural plasticity in response to population density in Abutilon theophrasti (Malvaceae)
<p><strong><span>Background and Aims</span></strong><em> </em>An increase of population density may result in the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of resources at minor scales than an individual, inducing different modular responses at different positions of a plant, or architectural plasticity. To better understanding how plants respond to density via plasticity in architecture, we conducted a field experiment with an annual species of <em><span>Abutilon theophrasti</span></em>.</p> <p><strong><span>Key Results </span></strong>Increased density had different effects for different layers of modular traits, and effects also varied with different stages; high density also reduced variations among layers in different traits. No variation due to density or among different layers was found in reproductive mass and branch traits.</p> <p><strong><span>Conclusions</span></strong><em> </em>An increase of density can induce contrasting responses in different layers of a trait and in different traits of a module, indicating trade-offs between layers and between traits, and low to intermediate competition strength was more likely to induce active response in more layers. It suggested that plants are able to deal with competition via several strategies simultaneously, producing an integrated phenotype. These conclusions further contributed to the complexity of plant plasticity to density.</p>
Plasticity of plant silicon and nitrogen concentrations in response to water regimes varies across temperate grassland species
<p>Temperate grasslands exhibit strong spatial and temporal variation in water regimes. Thus, grassland plants experience potentially stressful water regimes, which may influence their tissue silicon (Si) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. Plant Si and N concentrations play important ecological roles in temperate grasslands, e.g. by influencing plant performance and herbivory, yet comparisons of species' responses to a broad range of water regimes, including drought, waterlogging, and flooding, are lacking.</p> <p>We conducted a mesocosm experiment with ten temperate grassland species of two life forms (grasses and forbs) exposed to four different soil water regimes (drought, benign control, waterlogged and flooded conditions), and analysed their Si and N concentrations.</p> <p>Grasses showed lower Si concentrations under drought and flooding compared to the benign control and the highest concentrations emerged under waterlogging. Overall, plant Si responses of grasses were more uniform, while in forbs, responses varied both in direction and magnitude across species. For N concentrations, all species and life forms showed the highest concentrations under drought compared to the benign control, while half of the species exhibited decreasing concentrations under waterlogging and/or flooding. The water regimes, especially waterlogging and flooding, induced changes in species rankings of plant Si and N concentrations, with stronger shifts in forbs than in grasses.</p> <p>Our results indicate that spatial and temporal variation of water regimes may influence plant Si and N concentrations in temperate grassland species. Plant Si responses to water regimes might be highly species-specific in forbs but more similar in grasses, whereas plant N responses are likely to be relatively uniform across species and life forms.</p> <p>The strong plasticity in plant Si and N concentrations we observed might have pervasive consequences for ecological processes, such as herbivory.</p>
Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors
<p>Elucidating how synaptic molecules such as AMPA receptors mediate neuronal communication and tracking their dynamic expression during behavior is crucial to understand cognition and disease, but current technological barriers preclude large-scale exploration of molecular dynamics in vivo. We have developed a suite of innovative methodologies that break through these barriers: a new knockin mouse line with fluorescently tagged endogenous AMPA receptors, two-photon imaging of hundreds of thousands of labeled synapses in behaving mice, and computer vision-based automatic synapse detection. Using these tools, we can longitudinally track how the strength of populations of synapses changes during behavior. We used this approach to generate an unprecedentedly detailed spatiotemporal map of synapses undergoing changes in strength following sensory experience. More generally, these tools can be used as an optical probe capable of measuring functional synapse strength across entire brain areas during any behavioral paradigm, describing complex system-wide changes with molecular precision.</p>
Phenotypic plasticity in desiccation physiology of closely related, range restricted and broadly distributed fruit fly species
<p>1. Variation in geographic range size among closely related species may result from differences in physiological traits, such as desiccation tolerance, that enable these species to interact with their environment or adapt to new surroundings.</p> <p>2. We tested the hypothesis that insect species with a broader geographic range have either a higher basal desiccation tolerance or mount a more plastic response than more narrowly distributed species by exposing four fruit fly species (Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, Ceratitis cosyra and Ceratitis podocarpi) to one of three acclimation treatments (control: standard relative humidity and temperature; desiccation: standard temperature and low humidity; and temperature: low relative humidity and high temperature) and measuring metabolic rate, activity, water loss rates and survival.</p> <p>3. The targeted physiological responses differed between species and acclimation treatments. Survival of the widely distributed C. capitata improved by up to 43% after short term exposure to high temperature and desiccation (35°C; 0% RH) treatment, while survival in the more narrowly distributed species only improved by 4-30% after a desiccation treatment (25°C; 0% RH).</p> <p>4. Less water was lost by broadly distributed C. capitata through excretion after both high temperature and desiccation treatments, but only activity and respiratory water loss were reduced after the temperature treatment, and total water loss and cuticular water loss declined after the desiccation treatment. The narrowly distributed C. rosa also lost less water through excretion after both acclimation treatments but showed reduced cuticular and respiratory water loss only after desiccation. While basal tolerance in C. cosyra was high, acclimation responses in this species and C. podocarpi were insignificant in that they did not produce a measurable survival benefit.</p> <p>5. Broadly distributed species successfully employed unique combinations of physiological strategies, with some having highly flexible responses to stressful environmental conditions, which ultimately results in beneficial acclimation to enhance survival during dry conditions. By contrast, range restricted species showed limited responses to desiccation stress. Flexible desiccation responses likely contribute to species geographic ranges in changing climate conditions.</p>
Invasive predator diet plasticity has implications for native fish conservation & invasive species suppression
<p>Diet plasticity is a common behavior exhibited by piscivores to sustain predator biomass when preferred prey biomass is reduced. Invasive piscivore diet plasticity could complicate suppression success; thus, understanding invasive predator consumption is insightful to meeting conservation targets. Here, we determine if diet plasticity exists in an invasive apex piscivore and how plasticity could influence native species recovery benchmarks and invasive species suppression goals. We compared diet and stable isotope signatures of invasive lake trout and native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (cutthroat trout) from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, U.S.A. as a function of no, low-, moderate-, and high-lake trout density states. Lake trout exhibited plasticity in relation to their density; consumption of cutthroat trout decreased 5-fold (diet proportion from 0.89 to 0.18) from low- to high-density state. During the high-density state, lake trout switched to amphipods, which were also consumed by cutthroat trout, resulting in high diet overlap (Schoener's index value, D = 0.68) between the species. As suppression reduced lake trout densities, more cutthroat trout (moderate-density state proportion of cutthroat trout = 0.42) were consumed, and diet overlap was released between the species (D = 0.30). A shift in lake trout δ<sup>13</sup>C signatures from the high- to the moderate-density state also corroborated increased consumption of cutthroat trout and lake trout diet plasticity. Observed declines in lake trout are not commensurate with expected cutthroat trout recovery due to lake trout diet plasticity. The abundance of the native species in need of conservation may take longer to recover due to the diet plasticity of the invasive species. The changes observed in diet, diet overlap, and isotopes associated with predator suppression provide more insight into conservation and suppression dynamics than using predator and prey biomass alone. By understanding these dynamics, we can better prepare conservation programs for potential feedbacks caused by invasive species suppression. </p>
Data from: Plastic responses of belowground foraging traits to soil phosphorus-rich patches across 17 coexisting AM tree species in a subtropical forest
<p><span>1. </span><span>Belowground plastic responses to soil nutrient "hot-spots" form a key nutrient foraging strategy of plants coexisting in natural ecosystems. However, it is unclear how plant species differ in these belowground plastic responses and how they co-vary.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Plastic responses to soil phosphorus (P)-rich patches of absorptive root, mycorrhizal, and exudation traits of 17 co-existing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest were investigated using a root bag method.</span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>There was considerable variation and heterogeneity in species-specific responses to P-rich patches. Negative log response ratios usually occurred for high-cost traits and positive log response ratios for low-cost traits. There were tradeoffs in the plastic responses between root acid phosphatase activity and extraradical hyphal length, which were unaffected by phylogeny, and between root acid phosphatase activity and specific root length. Thicker-rooted species responded to P-rich patches more through root exudation plasticity than mycorrhizal plasticity. Thinner-rooted species relied more on mycorrhizal plasticity.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><em><span>Synthesis</span></em><span>. Our results revealed diverse P foraging strategies comprising different combinations of plastic adjustments in absorptive root, mycorrhizal, and exudation traits among coexisting AM tree species, which suggest the potential for complementary exploitation of different soil P sources.</span></p>
Larval development and poor food availability: Local adaptations and plasticity in a widespread amphibian species
<p>Data of fire salamander larvae reared under rich and poor food conditions. Data include also length, growth rate and number of prey attacked by the same larvae for 30 days after metamorphosis.</p> <p>In this study, we considered two extrinsic factors such as food availability and altitude and we examined their effects on larval growth, timing of metamorphosis and survival in fire salamander larvae. We also investigated whether larval diet has repercussions on growth rate of juvenile salamanders in the month following metamorphosis.</p> <p>Our experimental study was conducted on 150 newborn fire salamander larvae from 15 epigean sites at different altitudes (ranging between 250 and 1491 m a.s.l.). The larvae of each site were divided into two treatment groups: "poor" and "rich" food conditions. </p>
Individual-based simulations for: Population rescue through an increase of the selfing rate under pollen limitation: Plasticity vs. evolution
<p>The file contains the individual-based simulation code that is used in the paper "Population rescue through an increase of the selfing rate under pollen limitation: plasticity vs. evolution". This study built eco-evolutionary models and individual-based simulations to explore the demographic and genetic conditions in which higher self-fertilization by plasticity and/or evolution rescues populations, following deficits due to sudden onset of pollen limitation. The code is written in C++. Please first read the README.txt file for instructions and details.</p>
Figure 1 in Unravelling the stomach contents of fish and crab species from Cananéia, São Paulo: Are they eating plastic?
Figure 1. Sampling station in the Cananéia region, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Unambiguous Identification of Crystal Plasticity Parameters from Spherical Indentation
<p>The main results are in folders Population1 and Population2 (that correspondes to initial Popolation 1 and 2, respectively). Each of them contains 3 folders with the results for the investigated cases). The other two folders contain the sensitivity analysis and analysis of the influence of friction. In order to run the simulations one has to first have Wolfram Mathematica with the AceFEM package installed. Running each optimization is possible using the EA.nb file. Running the sensitivity analysis is possible using the Sensitivity.nb file. In order to run the friction analysis one has to run virgin.nb file for each firction coefficient value. Analysis of the results is possible using the Podsumowanie.nb file in each folder. There are several codes used to conduct the simulations. In case of using the contact code one should cite Kucharski, S., S. Stupkiewicz, and H. Petryk. "Surface pile-up patterns in indentation testing of Cu single crystals." Experimental Mechanics 54 (2014): 957-969. In case of using the hanging nodes formulation one should cite: Frydrych, Karol. "Crystal plasticity finite element simulations of the indentation test." Comput. Methods Mater. Sci 19 (2019): 41-49. In case of using the crystal plasticity code one should cite: Kucharski, S., S. Stupkiewicz, and H. Petryk. "Surface pile-up patterns in indentation testing of Cu single crystals." Experimental Mechanics 54 (2014): 957-969. AND Lewandowski, M. J., and S. Stupkiewicz. "Size effects in wedge indentation predicted by a gradient-enhanced crystal-plasticity model." International Journal of Plasticity 109 (2018): 54-78. AND Frydrych, Karol, and Katarzyna Kowalczyk-Gajewska. "Grain refinement in the equal channel angular pressing process: simulations using the crystal plasticity finite element method." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 26.6 (2018): 065015.</p>
Melanoma-derived soluble mediators modulate neutrophil plasticity and the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
<p>Background: polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are main effector cells in the inflammatory responses. The significance of PMN infiltration in tumor microenvironment remains to be clarified. Metastatic melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with an increasing incidence over the last decades. Few studies investigated the role of PMNs in human melanoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PMNs and their mediators in human melanoma; (2) Methods: highly purified human PMNs from healthy donors were stimulated, in vitro, with conditioned media derived from the melanoma cell lines SKMEL28 and A375 (melanoma-CM) as well as from primary melanocytes as control. PMN functions (chemotaxis, survival, activation, cell tracking, morphology and NETs release) were evaluated; (3) Results: we found that the A375 cell line produced soluble factors able to promote PMN chemotaxis, survival, activation, and to modify PMN morphological changes and kinetic properties. Furthermore, both melanoma cell lines CM induced activation and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from PMNs. By contrast, primary melanocytes CM did not modify any PMN biological behavior. In addition, serum levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), CXCL8/IL-8, granulocyte and monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and NETs components were significantly increased in advanced melanoma patients compared to healthy controls; (4) Conclusions: melanoma cell lines produce soluble factors able to ‘educate’ PMNs towards an activated functional state. Metastatic melanoma patients display increased circulating levels of neutrophil-related mediators and NETs, suggesting that a neutrophil-related signature exists in metastatic melanoma patients. Further investigations are needed to better understand the role of these “tumor-educated neutrophils” in modifying melanoma cell behavior.</p>
Figure 3 in A phylogeographical framework for Zhangixalus gliding frogs, with insight on their plasticity of nesting behaviour
Figure 3. Phylogeography of Zhangixalus, part II. For clarity, distributions are mapped separately for two sets of lineages. Stars indicate the known type localities of currently recognized species. Undescribed lineages are labelled as 'cf.', except for Zhangixalus arboreus, for which the labels provided by Matsui et al. (2019) are used. No accurate geographical information exists for the lineage Zhangixalus cf. dorsoviridis 2 (given as 'China'; see Supporting Information, Appendix S1).
Figure 1 in A phylogeographical framework for Zhangixalus gliding frogs, with insight on their plasticity of nesting behaviour
Figure 1. Time-calibrated phylogeny of Zhangixalus lineages, based on ~4 kb of mitochondrial sequences. Node sizes and darkness are proportional to branch support. Lineages are coloured according to their geographical regions. Undescribed lineages are labelled as 'cf.', except for Zhangixalus schlegelii and Zhangixalus arboreus, for which the labels provided by Matsui et al. (2019) are used. The bar graph shows the number of splitting events in the timetree in windows of 1 Myr, overlaid by the evolution of temperatures (as given by δ 18O) on Earth (red curve, adapted from Zachos et al., 2008). Photograph: Zhangixalus chenfui (S.N.L.).
Figure 2 in A phylogeographical framework for Zhangixalus gliding frogs, with insight on their plasticity of nesting behaviour
Figure 2. Phylogeography of Zhangixalus, part I. For clarity, distributions are mapped separately for three sets of lineages. Stars indicate the known type localities of currently recognized species. Undescribed lineages are labelled as 'cf.', except for Zhangixalus schlegelii, for which the labels provided by Matsui et al. (2019) are used.
Data from: Trade-offs between baseline thermal tolerance and thermal tolerance plasticity are much less common than it appears
<p>Thermal tolerance plasticity is a core mechanism by which organisms can mitigate the effects of climate change. As a result, there is a need to understand how variation in tolerance plasticity arises. The Baseline Tolerance/Plasticity Trade-off Hypothesis (hereafter referred to as the Trade-off Hypothesis, TOH) has recently emerged as a potentially powerful explanation. The TOH posits that organisms with high baseline thermal tolerance have reduced thermal tolerance plasticity relative to those with low baseline tolerance. Many studies have found support for the TOH. However, this support must be regarded cautiously because the most common means of testing the TOH can yield spurious 'trade-offs' due to regression to the mean. I acquired data for 25 previously-published analyses that supported the TOH at the intraspecific level and reanalyzed them after applying a method that adjusts plasticity estimates for regression to the mean. Only six of the 25 analyses remained statistically significant after adjustment, and effect size and variance explained decreased in all cases. The few data sets in which support for the TOH was maintained after adjustment point to areas of future study, but are too few to make generalizations at this point. In sum, regression to the mean has led to a substantial overestimation of support for the TOH and must be accounted for in future tests of the hypothesis. </p>
Data for: Bet-hedging via dispersal aids the evolution of plastic responses to unreliable cues
<p>Adaptive plasticity is expected to evolve when informative cues predict environmental variation. However, plastic responses can be maladaptive even when those cues are informative, if prediction mistakes are shared across members of a generation. These fitness costs can constrain the evolution of plasticity when initial plastic mutants use cues of only moderate reliability. Here we model the barriers to the evolution of plasticity produced by these constraints and show that dispersal across a metapopulation can overcome them. Constraints are also lessened, though not eliminated, when plastic responses are free to evolve gradually and in concert with increased reliability. Each of these factors can be viewed as a form of bet-hedging: by lessening correlations in the fates of relatives, dispersal acts as diversifying bet-hedging, while producing submaximal responses to a cue can be understood as a conservative bet-hedging strategy. While poor information may constrain the evolution of plasticity, the opportunity for bet-hedging may predict when that constraint can be overcome. </p>
Plain strain plasticity with meshless methods - raw data
<p>Plain strain plasticity with meshless methods - raw data<br> <br> To support paper: https://gitlab.com/e62Lab/public/p_2d_plasticity</p>
Mapping Marine Plastic Pollution
<p>This dataset contains images of plastic objects placed over coastal areas. This is the organization of the folders:</p> <ul> <li>Source data (ASC and TIFF) / Simulated data (DART): Simulations built on the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model using spectral databases provided by Garaba and Dierssen (doi:10.21232/C27H34, doi:10.21232/r7gg- yv83 and doi:10.21232/ex5j-0z25)</li> <li>Source data (ASC and TIFF) / Observed data (USGS): Clippings on regions of interest of images acquired in PLPs 2019 (https://zenodo.org/record/3752719) and 2021 (https://zenodo.org/ record/7085112) atmospherically corrected by the Acolite algorithm (https://github.com/acolite/acolite/releases/tag/20220222.0);</li> <li>Compiled datasets (CSVs): Source data compiled by Python script available at https://github.com/ufrgs-rescue/plastic_map</li> </ul>
A 3D printed plastic frame deeply impacts yeast cell growth
<p>Solid State Fermentation (SSF) processes have been explored for yeast growth and protein and metabolites production. However, most of these processes lack standardization. In this work, we present a polylactic acid (PLA) 3D printed matrix that dramatically enhances yeast growth when embedded in liquid media compared to equivalent static cultures, and changes yeast expression patterns at the proteome level. Moreover, differences in sugar assimilation and ethanol production, as the main product of alcoholic fermentation, are observed. Our results suggest that these matrixes may be useful for a vast range of biotechnological applications based on yeast fermentation. Here we submit the proteomic data of this paper.</p>
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