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Figure 9 from: Kawada R, Barbosa D, Azevedo C (2014) Cryptalyra (Hymenoptera, Megalyridae) from Maranhão, Brazil: three new species discovered after a large collecting effort. ZooKeys 442: 85-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.442.8237

Figure 9 - Cryptalyra helenae sp. n. A metasoma lateral view B forewing C hind wing. Scales bar in microns.

Figure 8 from: Kawada R, Barbosa D, Azevedo C (2014) Cryptalyra (Hymenoptera, Megalyridae) from Maranhão, Brazil: three new species discovered after a large collecting effort. ZooKeys 442: 85-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.442.8237

Figure 8 - Cryptalyra limeirai sp. n. A mesosoma lateral view B mesosoma dorsal view. Scales bar in microns.

Figure 5 from: Kawada R, Barbosa D, Azevedo C (2014) Cryptalyra (Hymenoptera, Megalyridae) from Maranhão, Brazil: three new species discovered after a large collecting effort. ZooKeys 442: 85-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.442.8237

Figure 5 - Cryptalyra helenae sp. n. A head in ventral view B antenna in dorsal view. Cryptalyra ichiroi sp. n. C head in ventral view D antenna in dorsal view. Cryptalyra limeirai sp. n. E head in ventral view F antenna in dorsal view. Scales bar in microns.

Figure 6 from: Kawada R, Barbosa D, Azevedo C (2014) Cryptalyra (Hymenoptera, Megalyridae) from Maranhão, Brazil: three new species discovered after a large collecting effort. ZooKeys 442: 85-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.442.8237

Figure 6 - Cryptalyra helenae sp. n. A mesosoma lateral view B mesosoma dorsal view. Scales bar in microns.

Figures 13-16 from: Shirley X, Restuccia D, Ly A, Wharton R (2014) A new opiine (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Australia with discussion of Diachasma Foerster. ZooKeys 437: 33-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7726

Figures 13-16 - Diachasma spp. 13 Diachasma tasmaniae Fischer, mandible 14 Diachasma tasmaniae mesosoma, lateral view 15 Diachasma tasmaniae fore wing 16 Diachasma dentatum Shirley, Restuccia & Ly, fore wing stigma, female holotype.

Figures 9-12 from: Shirley X, Restuccia D, Ly A, Wharton R (2014) A new opiine (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Australia with discussion of Diachasma Foerster. ZooKeys 437: 33-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7726

Figures 9-12 - Diachasma dentatum Shirley, Restuccia & Ly, holotype female. 9 Lateral habitus 10 Mesosoma, lateral view 11 Mesoscutum, dorsal view 12 Propodeum and T1, dorsal view, arrow = dorsope.

Figures 5-8 from: Shirley X, Restuccia D, Ly A, Wharton R (2014) A new opiine (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Australia with discussion of Diachasma Foerster. ZooKeys 437: 33-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7726

Figures 5-8 - Diachasma dentatum Shirley, Restuccia & Ly head, holotype female. 5 Frontal view showing juxtaposition of mandibles 6 mandible, frontal-oblique view, arrows = flanges on dorsal and ventral margins 7 ventral-posterior view showing widely spaced occipital and hypostomal carinae 8 lateral view showing relative size of eye.

Figures 1-4 from: Shirley X, Restuccia D, Ly A, Wharton R (2014) A new opiine (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Australia with discussion of Diachasma Foerster. ZooKeys 437: 33-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7726

Figures 1-4 - Diachasma fulgidum (Haliday) female. 1 Head, frontal view showing exposed labrum and absence of malar sulcus 2 fore and hind wing venation 3 mesosoma, dorsal-lateral view showing notaulus and midpit 4 middle part of body, dorsal view.

Figures 2-4 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 2-4 - Acronicta and Chloronycta adults. 2a Acronicta fallax male (North Port, FL) 2b Acronicta fallax male (Hillsboro, MO) 2c Acronicta fallax female (Hillsboro, MO) 2d Acronicta fallax female (Backus Woods, ON) 2e Acronicta fallax male (Cartwright, MB) 2f Acronicta fallax male Edmunston, NB) 2g Acronicta fallax female (Ottawa, ON) 2h Acronicta fallax male (La Verendrye Reserve, QC) 2i Acronicta fallax male (Crooked Lake, SK) 3a Chloronycta tybo male (Huachuca Mtns, AZ) 3b Chloronycta tybo female (Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mtns, AZ) 4 Chloronycta sp. female (Turundeo, MEX).

Figure 21 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figure 21 - Distribution of Acronicta fallax (circles) and Chloronycta tybo (triangles) based on material examined in this study.

Figures 13-16 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 13-16 - Acronicta last instar larvae. 13 Acronicta fallax (Norfolk, CT) 14 Acronicta superans (Norfolk, CT) 15 Acronicta vinnula (Coventry, CT) 16 Acronicta lithospila (Martha's Vineyard, MA).

Figures 17-20 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 17-20 - Chloronycta tybo (Cave Creek Canyon, AZ) and Polygrammate hebraeicum (Cosby, TN) larvae. 17 Chloronycta tybo early instar 18 Chloronycta tybo penultimate instar 19 Chloronycta tybo ultimate instar 20 Polygrammate hebraeicum ultimate instar. In addition to overall resemblance, note similarities in dorsal pattern elements, as well as head allometry, colouration, and luster (particularly between penultimate instar of Chloronycta tybo and ultimate instar Polygrammate hebraeicum).

Figures 9-12 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 9-12 - Acronicta and Chloronycta female genitalia. 9 Acronicta fallax 10 Acronicta grisea 11 Acronicta tritona 12 Chloronycta tybo.

Figure 1 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figure 1 - Phylogenetic placement of Agriopodes fallax (terminal branch in red) relative to 12 additional acronictine taxa, based on Bayesian analysis of eight gene regions. Bootstrap support values >50% are given for internal branches.

Figures 5-8 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 5-8 - Acronicta and Chloronycta male genitalia. 5 Acronicta fallax 6 Acronicta grisea 7 Acronicta tritona 8 Chloronycta tybo. Reproduced to scale.

Figure 2 from: Lepage D, Vaidya G, Guralnick R (2014) Avibase – a database system for managing and organizing taxonomic concepts. ZooKeys 420: 117-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.420.7089

Figure 2 - The relationships between the taxonomic entities related to the Vireo solitarius superspecies. Numbers under each name refer to Avibase IDs. The concept for the nominal plumbeus sec. Oberholser, 1974 is therefore distinct from the concept for the nominal subspecies plumbeus when jacksoni is subsumed. It is worth noting however that the recognition or not of jacksoni does not affect the higher related concepts, such as the plumbeus species, any of its other subspecies, or the rest of the Vireo solitarius complex because they are either orthogonal to those alternative arrangements or they completely include both. In the database model (Fig. 1), these trees are maintained with the parent-child relationship table in which each Avibase ID only needs to identify its immediate parent, while other relationships can be calculated programmatically.

Figure 1 from: Lepage D, Vaidya G, Guralnick R (2014) Avibase – a database system for managing and organizing taxonomic concepts. ZooKeys 420: 117-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.420.7089

Figure 1 - Simplified schema of Avibase primary tables, The Avibase ID table is the central element of Avibase, to which all other concepts are related, and which aims to represent all distinct taxonomic concepts ever published for birds. Published taxonomic concepts (species and subspecies, as well as subspecies groups in some cases), along with their scientific and common names as recognized in the publication, are each mapped to a single Avibase ID. A table of parent-child relationships is used to describe relationships between different Avibase IDs. Because all taxonomic concepts are congruent with Avibase IDs, relationships among taxonomic concepts themselves are not needed. Biological properties (geographic range, life-history, etc.) are linked directly to Avibase ID, as are synonyms, a table that partly overlaps with the names used by taxonomic concepts, but that can also extend to vernacular names in multiple languages. Name concepts, which relate to names attached to original type specimens, are a property of taxonomic concepts, and can themselves be linked to ITIS Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN) identifiers.

Figure 4 from: Lepage D, Vaidya G, Guralnick R (2014) Avibase – a database system for managing and organizing taxonomic concepts. ZooKeys 420: 117-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.420.7089

Figure 4 - Fractional weights (w) can be used to validate the taxonomic arrangements within a particular authority. In this example, in any valid listing of the concepts within an authority, the sum of all taxonomic concepts related to the superspecies Vireo solitarius should add up to 1.0 at both the species and the subspecies levels.

Figure 3 from: Lepage D, Vaidya G, Guralnick R (2014) Avibase – a database system for managing and organizing taxonomic concepts. ZooKeys 420: 117-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.420.7089

Figure 3 - The relationships between Pterodroma arminjoniana, Pterodroma heraldica and Pterodroma atrata, with two alternative arrangements (A and B) of biological concepts found in taxonomic authorities. Concepts with the same lowercase letters in brackets in the two diagrams represent congruent circumscriptions.

Figure 1 from: Adams B, Wall D, Virginia R, Broos E, Knox M (2014) Ecological Biogeography of the Terrestrial Nematodes of Victoria Land, Antarctica. ZooKeys 419: 29-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.419.7180

Figure 1 - Victoria Land, Antarctica. Labeled areas represent study locations and major geographic features referenced in the tables and text. Box inset of the McMurdo Dry Valleys is rotated 180 °and expanded in Figure 2.