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3,583 results for “elevations”
Data from: Omnivory in bees: elevated trophic positions among all major bee families
As pollen- and nectar-foragers, bees have long been considered strictly herbivorous. Their pollen-provisions, however, are host to abundant microbial communities, which feed on the pollen before/while it is consumed by bee larvae. In the process, microbes convert pollen into a complex of plant and microbial components. Since microbes are analogous to metazoan consumers within trophic hierarchies, the pollen-eating microbes are, functionally, herbivores. When bee larvae consume a microbe-rich pollen complex, they ingest proteins from plant and microbial sources, thus should register as omnivores on the trophic "ladder." We tested this hypothesis by examining the isotopic compositions of amino acids extracted from native bees collected in North America over multiple years. We measured bee trophic position across the six major bee families. Our findings indicate that bee trophic identity was consistently and significantly higher than that of strict herbivores, providing the first evidence that omnivory is ubiquitous among bee fauna. Such omnivory suggests that pollen-borne microbes represent an important protein source for larval bees, which introduces new questions as to the link between floral fungicide residues and bee development.
Data from: Variation in the transcriptional response of threatened coral larvae to elevated temperatures
Coral populations have declined worldwide largely due to increased sea surface temperatures. Recovery of coral populations depends in part upon larval recruitment. Many corals reproduce during the warmest time of year when further increases in temperature can lead to low fertilization rates of eggs and high larval mortality. Microarray experiments were designed to capture and assess variability in the thermal stress responses of Acropora palmata larvae from Puerto Rico. Transcription profiles showed a striking acceleration of normal developmental gene expression patterns with increased temperature. The transcriptional response to heat suggested rapid depletion of larval energy stores via peroxisomal lipid oxidation and included key enzymes that indicated the activation of the glyoxylate cycle. High temperature also resulted in expression differences in key developmental signalling genes including the conserved WNT pathway that is critical for pattern formation and tissue differentiation in developing embryos. Expression of these and other important developmental and thermal stress genes such as ferritin, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal components, cell adhesion and autophagy proteins also varied among larvae derived from different parent colonies. Disruption of normal developmental and metabolic processes will have negative impacts on larval survival and dispersal as temperatures rise. However, it appears that variation in larval response to high temperature remains despite the dramatic population declines. Further research is needed to determine whether this variation is heritable or attributable to maternal effects.
GNSS uplift time series and ice surface elevation changes
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">We use Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations attached to bedrock to measure elastic displacements of the solid Earth caused by dynamic thinning near the glacier terminus. When we compare our results with discharge, we find a time lag between glacier speedup/slowdown and onset of dynamic thinning/thickening. Our results show that dynamic thinning/thickening on Jakobshavn Isbræ occurs 0.87 ± 0.07 years before speedup/slowdown. This implies that using GNSS time series we are able to predict speedup/slowdown of Jakobshavn Isbræ by up to 10.4 months. For Kangerlussuaq Glacier the lag between thinning/thickening and speedup/slowdown is 0.37 ± 0.17 years (4.4 months).</p>
Data from: The conservation value of high elevation habitats to North American migrant birds
The basic patterns of faunal community composition and habitat associations of high elevation mountainous regions are poorly-known. This is true for the avifauna of western North America where our knowledge of high elevation use is primarily restricted to breeding assemblages. Here we report on systematic avian surveys of high elevation habitats over four years in British Columbia conducted during the post-breeding and fall migration periods (Aug–Oct). We detected a remarkable diversity of birds (95 species in 30 families) using alpine, subalpine, and montane forest, many of which used these habitats seasonally. One quarter of the species are on lists of conservation concern. Density, species richness, and community composition varied considerably between habitats and mountain ranges within the study area, especially between the western slope of the Coast range and other ranges. Most species exhibited strong temporal variation in patterns of abundance that were related to migratory behavior. From an extensive literature-based survey, we found that ~ 35% of North America's breeding bird species use high elevations, and that all primary high elevation habitats are important for full life-cycle conservation of this avifauna. Our findings highlight the importance of high elevation habitats to migrating birds from wide-ranging breeding distributions for at least three months of the year, a period equivalent to the length of the breeding season for most species. These results emphasize the need for effective conservation of fragile alpine and other high elevation habitats that are increasingly threatened by local, regional, and global anthropogenic disturbance.
Data from: Effects of host colony size and hygiene behaviors on social spider kleptoparasite loads along an elevation gradient
1.Group living animals are likely to attract more parasites than solitary ones. Parasite loads, however, should also depend on environmental conditions and on host characteristics and behaviors. Previous work has found that social spider colonies harbor communities of kleptoparasitic spiders thats forego building their own web and, instead, steal prey from their social host. 2.We examined parasite loads and host hygiene behaviors in colonies of social and subsocial spiders in the genus Anelosimus along an elevation gradient in eastern Ecuador. 3.We found that parasite loads declined dramatically with increasing elevation. Host hygiene behaviors, such as debris removal, web repair, and interactions with the parasites, also declined with elevation. Within elevations, species with more frequent hygiene behaviors appeared more successful at keeping parasites at bay. Contrary to our predictions, parasite density declined with host nest and colony size. 4.The decline in parasite loads at higher elevations likely reflects a lower rate of energy exchange between colonies and their environments, where colder temperatures mean fewer and smaller prey for colonies to process. The decline in parasite density with host colony size may reflect a decline in the number of accessible prey in larger host colonies, as larger colonies should capture fewer but larger insects due to scaling properties of their three dimensional webs. 5.Social immunity, whereby a social host uses social behaviour to fight against parasites, has been studied in eusocial and non‐eusocial insects. This study opens up social spiders as a novel system in which to study how host characteristics interact with environmental factors to affect parasite loads. It also introduces the concept of group‐level immunity to social spiders and suggests a role for colony‐level metabolism in determining ecological patterns in parasitism.
Data from: Feather melanin and micro-structure variation in dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) across an elevational gradient in the Selkirk Mountains
Variation in feather melanism and microstructure can arise through sexual selection and ecological functional drivers. Melanin-based plumage traits are associated with sexual dichromatism and the intensity of sexual selection in many avian species, but also have several ecological benefits such as protection against ultra-violet (UV) radiation, camouflage, and feather strength. Additionally, feather microstructure influences thermoregulation. Plumage variation across species is well documented; however, the relative role of sexual selection and ecological drivers in intra-specific and within-population variation is less established. We investigated UV reflectance, melanism, and feather microstructure in a population of Oregon dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis oreganus between high (1900–2200 m a.s.l.) and low (450–800 m a.s.l.) elevations in the Selkirk Mountains to evaluate potential sexual selection and ecological drivers of variation. We found no difference in UV reflectance or lightness (melanism) of head feathers between elevations, but individuals at high elevation had lighter (less melanism) and less brown (less pheomelanin) body contour feathers than at low elevations. High elevation individuals also had longer contour feathers with more pronounced plumulaceous regions. Sexual dichromatism did not vary between elevations, leading us to reject sexual selection in favour of ecological functional drivers of plumage variation in this system. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify within-population differences in feather melanism and microstructure between different elevations.
Data from: Elevational and microclimatic drivers of thermal tolerance in Andean Pristimantis frogs
Aim: We analysed elevational and microclimatic drivers of thermal tolerance diversity in a tropical mountain frog clade to test three macrophysiological predictions: less spatial variation in upper than lower thermal limits (Bretts' heat invariant hypothesis); narrower thermal tolerance ranges in habitats with less variation in temperature (Janzen´s climatic variability hypothesis); and higher level of heat impacts at lower altitudes. Location: Forest and open habitats through a 4230 m elevational gradient across the tropical Andes of Ecuador. Method: We examined variability in critical thermal limits (CTmax, and CTmin), and thermal breadth (CTmax-CTmin) in 21 species of Pristimantis frogs. Additionally, we monitored maximum and minimum temperatures at the local-scale (tmax, tmin), and estimated vulnerability to acute thermal stress from heat (CTmax-tmax) and cold (tmin – CTmin), by partitioning thermal diversity into elevational and microclimatic variation. Results: Our results were consistent with Brett's hypothesis: altitude promotes more variation in CTmin and tmin than in CTmax and tmax. Frogs inhabiting thermally variable open habitats have higher CTmax and tmax and greater thermal breadths than species restricted to forest habitats, which show less climatic overlap across the elevational gradient (Janzen´s hypothesis). Vulnerability to heat stress was higher in open than forest habitats and did not vary with altitude. Main conclusions: We suggest a mechanistic explanation of thermal tolerance diversity in elevational gradients by including microclimatic thermal variation. We propose that the unfeasibility to buffer minimum temperatures locally may explain the rapid increase in cold tolerance (lower CTmin) with elevation. In contrast, the relative invariability in heat tolerance (CTmax) with elevation may revolve around the organisms' habitat selection of open and canopy buffered habitats. Secondly, on the basis of microclimatic estimates, lowland and upland species may be equally vulnerable to temperature increase, which is contrary to the pattern inferred from regional interpolated climate estimators.
Data from: Evolutionary potential in the Alpine: trait heritabilities and performance variation of the dwarf willow Salix herbacea from different elevations and microhabitats
Alpine ecosystems are seriously threatened by climate change. One of the key mechanisms by which plants can adapt to changing environmental conditions is through evolutionary change. However, we still know little about the evolutionary potential in wild populations of long-lived alpine plants. Here, we investigated heritabilities of phenological traits, leaf size, and performance traits in natural populations of the long-lived alpine dwarf shrub Salix herbacea using relatedness estimates inferred from SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. Salix herbacea occurs in early- and late-snowmelt microhabitats (ridges and snowbeds), and we assessed how performance consequences of phenological traits and leaf size differ between these microhabitats in order to infer potential for evolutionary responses. Salix herbacea showed low, but significant, heritabilities of leaf size, clonal and sexual reproduction, and moderate heritabilities of phenological traits. In both microhabitats, we found that larger leaves, longer intervals between snowmelt and leaf expansion, and longer GDD (growing-degree days) until leaf expansion resulted in a stronger increase in the number of stems (clonal reproduction). In snowbeds, clonal reproduction increased with a shorter GDD until flowering, while the opposite was found on ridges. Furthermore, the proportion of flowering stems increased with GDD until flowering in both microhabitats. Our results suggest that the presence of significant heritable variation in morphology and phenology might help S. herbacea to adapt to changing environmental conditions. However, it remains to be seen if the rate of such an evolutionary response can keep pace with the rapid rate of climate change.
Data from: Mediating water temperature increases due to livestock and global change in high elevation meadow streams of the Golden Trout Wilderness
Rising temperatures due to climate change are pushing the thermal limits of many species, but how climate warming interacts with other anthropogenic disturbances such as land use remains poorly understood. To understand the interactive effects of climate warming and livestock grazing on water temperature in three high elevation meadow streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California, we measured riparian vegetation and monitored water temperature in three meadow streams between 2008 and 2013, including two "resting" meadows and one meadow that is partially grazed. All three meadows have been subject to grazing by cattle and sheep since the 1800s and their streams are home to the imperiled California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita). In 1991, a livestock exclosure was constructed in one of the meadows (Mulkey), leaving a portion of stream ungrazed to minimize the negative effects of cattle. In 2001, cattle were removed completely from two other meadows (Big Whitney and Ramshaw), which have been in a "resting" state since that time. Inside the livestock exclosure in Mulkey, we found that riverbank vegetation was both larger and denser than outside the exclosure where cattle were present, resulting in more shaded waters and cooler maximal temperatures inside the exclosure. In addition, between meadows comparisons showed that water temperatures were cooler in the ungrazed meadows compared to the grazed area in the partially grazed meadow. Finally, we found that predicted temperatures under different global warming scenarios were likely to be higher in presence of livestock grazing. Our results highlight that land use can interact with climate change to worsen the local thermal conditions for taxa on the edge and that protecting riparian vegetation is likely to increase the resiliency of these ecosystems to climate change.
elevator
elevator from android game Evil nun maze Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 12–17 in Andraca yauichui sp. n., a new species endemic to mid elevation forests of Taiwan (Bombycidae sensu lato, Lepidoptera)
FIGURE 12–17. Male genitalia of Andraca spp. 12. A. theae (Matsumura, 1909), Fushiping, Taipei, Taiwan, slide TFRI120048; 13. ditto, Lalashan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, slide NSMT–SW1044; 14. ditto, Nanling, Guangdong, China, slide NSMT–SW1047; 15. A. yauichui sp. nov., paratype, Shihshan, Nantou, Taiwan, slide TFRI69346; 16. A. trilochoides trilochoides Moore, 1865, Tigerhill, Darjeeling, India, slide NSMT–SW1051; 17. A. trilochoides roepkei Bryk, 1944, male, Sa Pa, Lao Cai, N. Vietnam, slide NSMT–SW1050. Specimens courtesy of: TFRI (12, 15); NSMT (13, 14, 16, 17). Bar scale= 1 mm. Photo by Shipher Wu.
FIGURE 1–11 in Andraca yauichui sp. n., a new species endemic to mid elevation forests of Taiwan (Bombycidae sensu lato, Lepidoptera)
FIGURE 1–11. Dorsal views of Andraca spp. 1a. Andraca theae (Matsumura, 1909), male, lectotype; 1b. ditto, lectotype label; 2. ditto, male, Xionkong, Taipei, Taiwan; 3. ditto, female, Zhongyungshan, Taipei, Taiwan; 4. ditto, male, Lalashan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; 5. ditto, male, Nanling, Guangdong, China; 6. ditto, female, Nanling, Guangdong, China; 7. A. yauichui sp. nov., male, holotype, Meifeng, Nantou, Taiwan; 8. ditto, male, paratype, Meifeng; 9. ditto, female, paratype, Shihshan, Nantou, Taiwan; 10. A. trilochoides trilochoides Moore, 1865, male, Tigerhill, Darjeeling, India; 11. A. trilochoides roepkei Bryk, 1944, male, Sa Pa, Lao Cai, N. Vietnam. Specimens courtesy of: HUM (1); TFRI (2, 3, 7–9); NSMT (4–6, 10, 11). Bar scale= 10 mm. Photo by Yu-Chen Chang (1); Shipher Wu (2–11).
FIGURE 22–33 in Andraca yauichui sp. n., a new species endemic to mid elevation forests of Taiwan (Bombycidae sensu lato, Lepidoptera)
FIGURE 22–33. Life images of Andraca spp. in Taiwan. 22. A. theae (Matsumura, 1909), male, Xiongkong, Taipei; 23. ditto, female, Tianxiyuan, Taipei; 24. ditto, mating pair, Dongyenshan, Taoyuan; 25. A. yauichui sp. nov., male, Guanwu, Miaoli; 26. ditto, female, Shihshan, Nantou; 27. A. theae, 2nd instar on Gordonia axillaris, Daluntoushan, Taipei; 28. ditto, 4th instar on Symplocos chinensis, Fushiping, Taipei; 29. ditto, 4th instar on Eurya loquaiana, Zhongyuanshan, Taipei; 30. ditto, final instar on E. loquaiana, Zhongyuanshan; 31. ditto, armed condition, Zhongyuanshan; 32, 33. A. yauichui, final instar on E. strigillosa, Meifeng, Nantou; 33. ditto, anal horn pointed by yellow arrow. Photo by Shipher Wu (22, 25–31); Hwei-shan Lai (23), Hsueh Lee (24); Mei-Yu Chen (32, 33).
FIGURE 18–21 in Andraca yauichui sp. n., a new species endemic to mid elevation forests of Taiwan (Bombycidae sensu lato, Lepidoptera)
FIGURE 18–21. Female genitalia of Andraca spp. 18. A. theae (Matsumura, 1909), Taipei Botanical Garden, Taipei, Taiwan, slide TFRI59634; 19. ditto, Nanling, Guangdong, China, slide NSMT–SW1049; 20. A. yauichui sp. nov., paratype, Shihshan, Nantou, Taiwan, slide TFRI128878; 21. ditto, paratype, Meifeng, Nantou, Taiwan, slide TFRI156677. Specimens courtesy of: TFRI (18, 20, 21), NSMT (19). Bar scale= 1 mm. Photo by Shipher Wu.
FIGURE 4 in A new, high-elevation glassfrog (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Manu National Park, southern Peru
FIGURE 4. Tadpoles of Centrolene sabini hatching at Gosner stage 25 from epiphyllous egg masses. These eggs are laid on top of leaves above water in fast-flowing sections of the stream. Photos by A. Catenazzi.
FIGURE 3 in A new, high-elevation glassfrog (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Manu National Park, southern Peru
FIGURE 3. Hand (A) and foot (B) of Centrolene sabini (MUSM 27941, holotype). Photos by A. Catenazzi.
FIGURE 6 in A new, high-elevation glassfrog (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Manu National Park, southern Peru
FIGURE 6. Distribution of the seven species of Centrolene known to occur in Peru. Six of the seven species are only known from their type locality, shown on this map. The only species with a type locality outside of Peru is C. buckleyi, and the locality reported here is for specimen KU 181884 (Duellman & Wild 1993). Centrolene lemniscatum and C. muelleri are the only two species known to occur sympatrically in Peru. The generic placement of Centrolene azulae and C. fernandoi is uncertain (Guayasamin et al. 2009).
FIGURE 5 in A new, high-elevation glassfrog (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Manu National Park, southern Peru
FIGURE 5. (A) Maximum-likelihood phylogeny estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences depicting the phylogenetic relationships of Centrolene sabini for (A) 16S ribosomal RNA gene, (B) ND1 gene, and (C) the two genes combined. Nonparametric bootstrap values greater than 50% are shown.
FIGURE 2 in A new, high-elevation glassfrog (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Manu National Park, southern Peru
FIGURE 2. (A) Snout profile of C. lemniscatum (KU 217300, holotype). (B) Snout profile of C. sabini (MUSM 27941). Photos by A. Catenazzi.
FIGURE 1 in A new, high-elevation glassfrog (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Manu National Park, southern Peru
FIGURE 1. Male Centrolene sabini in life, holotype MUSM 27941 (adult male; SVL = 31.2 mm) in (A) dorsolateral, (B) dorsal and (C) ventral view (photos by A. Catenazzi). Female Centrolene lemniscatum in life, MUSM 31085 (adult female; SVL = 27.2 mm) in (D) dorsolateral, (B) dorsal and (C) ventral view (photos by G. Gagliardi-Urrutia).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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