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Data from: Global patterns in helminth host specificity: phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional host species pools matter
Host specificity has a major influence on a parasite's ability to shift between human and animal host species. Yet there is a dearth of quantitative approaches to explore variation in host specificity across biogeographical scales, particularly in response to the varying community compositions of potential hosts. We built a global dataset of intermediate host associations for nine of the world's most widespread helminth parasites (all of which infect humans). Using hierarchical models, we asked if realised parasite host specificity varied in response to regional variation in the phylogenetic and functional diversities of potential host species. Parasites were recorded in 4-10 zoogeographical regions, with some showing considerable geographical variation in observed versus expected host specificity. Parasites generally exhibited the lowest phylogenetic host specificity in regions with the greatest variation in prospective host phylogenetic diversity, namely the Neotropical, Saharo-Arabian and Australian regions. Globally, we uncovered notable variation in parasite host shifting potential. Observed host assemblages for Hydatigera taeniaeformis and Hymenolepis diminuta were less phylogenetically diverse than expected, suggesting limited potential to spillover into unrelated hosts. Host assemblages for Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides lineatus and Trichinella spiralis were less functionally diverse than expected, suggesting limited potential to shift across host ecological niches. By contrast, Hydatigera taeniaeformis infected a higher functional diversity of hosts than expected, indicating strong potential to shift across hosts with different ecological niches. We show that the realised phylogenetic and functional diversities of infected hosts are determined by biogeographical gradients in prospective host species pools. These findings emphasise the need to account for underlying species diversity when assessing parasite host specificity. Our framework to identify variation in realised host specificity is broadly applicable to other host-parasite systems and will provide key insights into parasite invasion potential at regional and global scales.
FIGURE 2. Prasmodon zlotnicki n in Prasmodon zlotnicki, a new Neotropical species of the genus Prasmodon Nixon (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Costa Rica, with the first host records for the genus
FIGURE 2. Prasmodon zlotnicki n. sp. A: mesonotum. B: first metasomal tergum. C: hind tarsal claw. E: ovipositor and ovipositor sheath. F: tip of ovipositor. G: propodeum. Prasmodon eminens Nixon. D: hind tarsal claw. H: propodeum.
FIGURE 1. Prasmodon zlotnicki n in Prasmodon zlotnicki, a new Neotropical species of the genus Prasmodon Nixon (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Costa Rica, with the first host records for the genus
FIGURE 1. Prasmodon zlotnicki n. sp. A: mesonotum. B: body in lateral view. E: ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths. F: dorsal view of body. H: hind wing and forewing. Prasmodon eminens Nixon. C: lateral view of body. D: mesonotum. G: dorsal view of body.
FIGURE 3 in Prasmodon zlotnicki, a new Neotropical species of the genus Prasmodon Nixon (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Costa Rica, with the first host records for the genus
FIGURE 3. White silk cocoon (16 mm in length) and the carcass of a crambid host (Omiodes humeralis) of Prasmodon eminens Nixon reared in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (03 SRNP10289). Photograph taken by D.H. Janzen.
FIGURES 1–7. Sphaeropthalma jacala. 1 in Description of the female, redescription of the male, and host associations of the Nearctic species Sphaeropthalma jacala Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
FIGURES 1–7. Sphaeropthalma jacala. 1. Mandible of male, frontal view; 2. Mandible of male, lateral view; 3. Posterior portion of head of male, dorsal view; 4. Genitalia, lateral view; 5. Genitalia, ventral view left, dorsal view right; 6. Antenna of female, lateral view; 7. Mesosoma of female, dorsal view.
FIGURES 8–9. Sphaeropthalma jacala female. 8 in Description of the female, redescription of the male, and host associations of the Nearctic species Sphaeropthalma jacala Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
FIGURES 8–9. Sphaeropthalma jacala female. 8. Head, ventral view, punctuation and setae removed; 9. Head, frontal view.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 2. Encolapta najuensis Park & Byun, sp. nov. A, adult, holotype; B, ditto, labial palpus; C, male genitalia, gen. slide. No. CIS-8150; D, ditto, aedeagus; E, abdomen. Scale bar for the genitalia and aedeagus: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 1. Teleiodes juglansivora Park & Byun, sp. nov. A, adult, holotype; B, ditto, close-up right forewing; C, under surface of wings, with name of veins; D, head and labial palpus, in lateral view; E, hind tibia, paratype; F, female genitalia, holotype, gen slide no. CIS-8152; F, ditto, paratype, gen slide no, CIS-8149. Scale bar for the genitalia and aedeagus: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 3. Larvae. A in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 3. Larvae. A, matured larva of Teleiodes juglansivora Park & Byun, sp. nov.; B, ditto, prepupation in the silk-net; C, matured larva of Encolapta najuensis Park & Byun, sp. nov.
FIGURE 5. Pseudione chiesai n in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 5. Pseudione chiesai n. sp. male allotype (MACN-In 43753). A, habitus in dorsal view; B, pereomere 7 and pleon in ventral view; C, left pereopod I in lateral view; D, left pereopod VII in lateral view. Pleomeres were identified with Arabic numbers, and pleopods with Roman numbers. Abbreviations: cs, cuticular slit; plt, pleotelson. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 4. Pseudione chiesai n in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 4. Pseudione chiesai n. sp. female holotype (MACN-In 43752). A, left oostegite I in external view; B, left oostegite I in internal view, with detail of internal ridge; C, left pereopod I in lateral view, with detail of distal end of carpus; D, left pereopod VII in lateral view, with detail of distal end of carpus. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 1. Schematic representations of oostegite I (internal view). A, posterior segment "arched"; B, posterior segment "straight".
FIGURE 3. Pseudione chiesai n in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 3. Pseudione chiesai n. sp. female holotype (MACN-In 43752). A, habitus in dorsal view; B, head and pereomere 1 in horizontal plane; C, barbula; D, left maxilliped in external view, with detail of palp. Abbreviations: cp, coxal plate; cs, cuticular slit; ur, uropod. Pleopods are identified with Roman numbers. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B–D = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Munida spinosa Henderson, 1885 in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 2. Munida spinosa Henderson, 1885 (MACN-In 43754). A, female with right branchial chamber deformed. Pseudione chiesai n. sp., B–C, female holotype (MACN-In 43752). B, dorsal view; C, ventral view (some of the eggs exhibiting staining by Chlorazol Black E®). D–E, male allotype (MACN-In 43753). D, dorsal view; E, ventral view. Scale bars: A = 25 mm; B, C = 5 mm; D, E = 2 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 5. Genitalia of male Habropoda (left dorsal, right ventral view). A, H. tainanicola tainanicola; B, H. bucconis; C, H. christineae; D, H. sinensis taiwana. Scale bars, 500 µm.
FIGURE 8 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 8. Male genitalia of Tetralonioidella of Taiwan. A, T. heinzi; B, T. hoozana; C, T. himalayana formosana. All dorsal view, except A below, showing ventral aspect; Scale bars, 250 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 6. Antenna of male Tetralonioidella of Taiwan. A, T. himalayana formosana; B, T. heinzi; C, T. hoozana. Scale bars, 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 3. Foretarsus of Habropoda christineae. A, bottlebrush-like pubescence; B, close-up of ventral surface of forebasitarsus showing apically bent hairs. Scale bars, 250 µm (G), 100 µm (H).
FIGURE 2 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 2. Colour pattern of head (A, C, E, G) and basal AS (B, D, F, H) of male Habropoda of Taiwan. A, B, H. bucconis; C, D, H. tainanicola tainanicola; E, F, H. christineae; G, H, H. sinensis taiwana. Dotted lines indicate yellow to ivory areas (except on clypeus of H. tainanicola (C), dark maculations). Scale bars, 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 1. Habitus of new species of Habropoda and Tetralonioidella of Taiwan. A, B Habropoda christineae; C, D, Tetralonioidella heinzi (D with attached orchid pollinium). A, C, female; B, D, male.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.