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6,234 results for “phenotypes”
Data from: Long-term stasis and short-term divergence in the phenotypes of microsnails on oceanic islands
Phenotypic divergence is often unrelated to genotypic divergence. An extreme example is rapid phenotypic differentiation despite genetic similarity. Another extreme is morphological stasis despite substantial genetic divergence. These opposite patterns have been viewed as reflecting opposite properties of the lineages. In this study, phenotypic radiation accompanied by both rapid divergence and long-term conservatism is documented in the inferred molecular phylogeny of the micro land snails Cavernacmella (Assimineidae) on the Ogasawara Islands. The populations of Cavernacmella on the Sekimon limestone outcrop of Hahajima Island showed marked divergence in shell morphology. Within this area, one lineage diversified into types with elongated turret shells, conical shells and flat disc-like shells without substantial genetic differentiation. Additionally, a co-occurring species with these types developed a much larger shell size. Moreover, a lineage adapted to live inside caves in this area. In contrast, populations in the other areas exhibited no morphological differences despite high genetic divergence among populations. Accordingly, the phenotypic evolution of Cavernacmella in Ogasawara is characterized by a pattern of long-term stasis and periodic bursts of change. This pattern suggests that even lineages with phenotypic conservatism could shift to an alternative state allowing rapid phenotypic divergence.
Data from: The evolution of vertebrate eye size across an environmental gradient: phenotype does not predict genotype in a Trinidadian killifish
Vertebrates exhibit substantial variation in eye size. Eye size correlates positively with visual capacity and behaviors that enhance fitness, such as predator avoidance. This foreshadows a connection between predation and eye size evolution. Yet, the conditions that favor evolutionary shifts in eye size, besides the well-known role for light availability, are unclear. We tested the influence of predation on the evolution of eye size in Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii. Rivulus are located across a series of communities where they coexist with visually oriented piscivores ('high predation' sites), and no predators ('Rivulus-only' sites). Wild-caught Rivulus from high predation sites generally exhibited a smaller relative eye size than communities that lack predators. Yet, such differences were inconsistent across rivers. Second-generation common garden reared fish revealed repeatable decreases in eye size in Rivulus from high predation sites. We performed additional experiments that tested the importance of light and resources on eye size evolution. Sites that differ in light or resource availability did not differ in eye size. Our results argue that differences in predator-induced mortality underlie genetically-based shifts in vertebrate eye size. We discuss the drivers of eye size evolution in light of the nonparallel trends between the phenotypic and common garden results.
Data from: Phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)
Selection can vary geographically across environments and temporally over the lifetime of an individual. Unlike geographic contexts, where different selective regimes can act on different alleles, age-specific selection is constrained to act on the same genome by altering age-specific expression. Snake venoms are exceptional traits for studying ontogeny because toxin expression variation directly changes the phenotype; relative amounts of venom components determine, in part, venom efficacy. Phenotypic integration is the dependent relationship between different traits that collectively produce a complex phenotype and, in venomous snakes, may include traits as diverse as venom, head shape and fang length. We examined the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) across environments and over the lifetime of individuals and used a genotype–phenotype map approach, protein expression data and morphological data to demonstrate that: (i) ontogenetic effects explained more of the variation in toxin expression variation than geographic effects, (ii) both juveniles and adults varied geographically, (iii) toxin expression variation was a result of directional selection and (iv) different venom phenotypes covaried with morphological traits also associated with feeding in temporal (ontogenetic) and geographic (functional) contexts. These data are the first to demonstrate, to our knowledge, phenotypic integration between multiple morphological characters and a biochemical phenotype across populations and age classes. We identified copy number variation as the mechanism driving the difference in the venom phenotype associated with these morphological differences, and the parallel mitochondrial, venom and morphological divergence between northern and southern clades suggests that each clade may warrant classification as a separate evolutionarily significant unit.
Setaria viridis images used in the paper entitled "Led Color Gradient As A New Screening Tool For Rapid Phenotyping Of Plant Responses To Light Quality" by Pierre LEJEUNE et al.
<p><em>Setaria viridis</em> images used in the paper entitled "Led Color Gradient As A New Screening Tool For Rapid Phenotyping Of Plant Responses To Light Quality" by Pierre LEJEUNE, Anthony FRATAMICO, Frédéric BOUCHÉ, Samuel HUERGA-FERNÁNDEZ, Pierre TOCQUIN, Claire PÉRILLEUX</p>
Data from: Phenotype uniformity in combined-stress environments has a different genetic architecture than in single-stress treatments
For crop production it is desirable for the mapping between genotype and phenotype to be consistent, such that an optimized genotype produces uniform sets of individual plants. Uniformity is strongly selected in breeding programs, usually automatically, as harvest equipment eliminates severely non-uniform individuals. Uniformity is genetically controlled, is known to be increased by interplant competition, and is predicted to increase upon abiotic stress. We mapped maize loci controlling genotype by environment interaction in plant height uniformity. These loci are different than the loci controlling mean plant height. Uniformity decreases upon combining two abiotic stresses, with alleles conferring greater uniformity in a single stress showing little improvement in a combined stress treatment. The maize B73 and Mo17 inbreds do not provide segregating alleles for improvement in plant height uniformity, suggesting that the genetic network specifying plant height has a past history of selection for robustness.
Denoising Autoencoders for Phenotype Stratification (DAPS) Sample Simulated Patient Data
<p>Generated with https://github.com/greenelab/DAPS/</p>
Phenotypes of Merinoland lambs and F1 crosses
<p>Phenotypes (Carcasse and meat traits) of Merinoland lambs and F1 crosses</p>
FIGURE 13. Pacific phenotypes. Specimens from New Caledonia. a and b in Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequences for taxonomy
FIGURE 13. Pacific phenotypes. Specimens from New Caledonia. a and b: alternicirrus phenotype, a: specimen BC3, b: stalk of specimen TA20; c and d: sibogae phenotype, specimen BE8.
FIGURE 5 in The limits of polymorphism in Liolaemus rothi: Molecular and phenotypic evidence for a new species of the Liolaemus boulengeri clade (Iguanidae, Liolaemini) from boreal Patagonia of Chile
FIGURE 5. Map of the North-Western Patagonia of Argentina and Chile, showing the distribution of Liolaemus hermannunezi (black circle), L. rothi (empty circles), L. sagei (cross), and L. loboi (black triangle). Details on the wide Patagonian geographical distribution of L. rothi can be found in Cei (1986)
FIGURE 4 in The limits of polymorphism in Liolaemus rothi: Molecular and phenotypic evidence for a new species of the Liolaemus boulengeri clade (Iguanidae, Liolaemini) from boreal Patagonia of Chile
FIGURE 4. Holotype of Liolaemus hermannunezi, male, MNHNC 3785, from 10 km E of Los Barros, near Pichachén Pass, Eighth Region, Chile. Photo D. Pincheira-Donoso.
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among 67 in The limits of polymorphism in Liolaemus rothi: Molecular and phenotypic evidence for a new species of the Liolaemus boulengeri clade (Iguanidae, Liolaemini) from boreal Patagonia of Chile
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among 67 Liolaemini taxa based on maximum parsimony analysis of 1710 aligned positions of DNA sequence data (length = 5810 steps). Strict consensus of five equally most parsimonious trees. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and decay indices are shown in bold below branches on the cladogram.
FIGURE 2 in The limits of polymorphism in Liolaemus rothi: Molecular and phenotypic evidence for a new species of the Liolaemus boulengeri clade (Iguanidae, Liolaemini) from boreal Patagonia of Chile
FIGURE 2. (a) Adult male of L. hermannunezi in life. Specimen collected approximately 8 km E of Los Barros, Laguna del Laja, Chile; (b) adult female from the same locality. Photos J. A. Schulte.
FIGURES 5–10 in First record of intersexual phenotype in Calliopsini bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Andreninae): an unusual specimen of Acamptopoeum submetallicum (Spinola)
FIGURES 5–10. Gynandromorph of Acamptopoeum submetallicum: 5, apex of metasoma (ventral view); 6, pygidial plate on tergum 7; 7, sternum 7 (ventral view); 8, sternum 8 (ventral view); 9, ventral aspect of genitalia; 10, lateral aspect of genitalia. Arrows indicate the possible female gonostylus. Scale bars for Figs 5–6 = 0.2 mm and Figs 7–10 = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 1–4 in First record of intersexual phenotype in Calliopsini bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Andreninae): an unusual specimen of Acamptopoeum submetallicum (Spinola)
FIGURES 1–4. Gynandromorph of Acamptopoeum submetallicum: 1, head; 2, lateral view; 3, dorsal view; 4, ventral view, showing the apex of metasoma with visible sternum 8 of male. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Speciation in Indo-Pacific swiftlets (Aves: Apodidae): integrating molecular and phenotypic data for a new provisional taxonomy of the Collocalia esculenta complex
FIGURE 1. Distribution of the white-bellied swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta) complex across the Indo-Pacific region, with Stresemann's Line separating eastern and western taxa.
FIGURE 2 in Speciation in Indo-Pacific swiftlets (Aves: Apodidae): integrating molecular and phenotypic data for a new provisional taxonomy of the Collocalia esculenta complex
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree topology based on Bayesian analysis of cyt b sequence data. Taxon names and localities are given for each population. High branch support is given in Maximum Parsimony bootstrap, Maximum Likelihood bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probability (multiplied by 100 for ease of reference) in the same order with a cut-off of Ż85 for bootstrap and Ż99 for posterior probability.
FIGURE 3 in Phenotypic variation and vocal divergence reveals a species complex in White-eared Ground-sparrows (Cabanis) (Aves: Passerellidae)
FIGURE 3. Plot of the first two discriminant functions for morphometric measurements, plumage patterns, and vocalizations showing separation between the three subspecies of Melozone leucotis (black circles: M. l. leucotis, gray circles: M. l. nigrior, addition sign: M. l. occipitalis) based on the best model for each comparison (see text for details on percentage of classification and variables included in each model).
FIGURE 2 in Phenotypic variation and vocal divergence reveals a species complex in White-eared Ground-sparrows (Cabanis) (Aves: Passerellidae)
FIGURE 2. Photographs of museum specimens reveal plumage color and pattern differences between the three subspecies of Melozone leucotis. Photographs were taken under the same light conditions at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. The top row compares the ventral surfaces, the middle row shows lateral surfaces, and the bottom row shows dorsal surfaces.
FIGURE 1 in Phenotypic variation and vocal divergence reveals a species complex in White-eared Ground-sparrows (Cabanis) (Aves: Passerellidae)
FIGURE 1. Map of the distribution of the Melozone leucotis subspecies from southern Mexico to Costa Rica, based on data from Stiles & Skutch (1989), Howell & Webb (1995), and Rising (2011). Melozone l. occipitalis is separated from M. l. nigrior by at least 370 km, and M. l. nigrior is separated from M. l. leucotis by at least 250 km.
FIGURE 5 in Phenotypic variation and vocal divergence reveals a species complex in White-eared Ground-sparrows (Cabanis) (Aves: Passerellidae)
FIGURE 5. Sound spectrograms of two call types, male solo songs, and duets of the three subspecies of Melozone leucotis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.