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Figure 5 in How jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) find and use indirect routes to reach their sighted objectives
Figure 5. Hypothetical pursuit of nearby prey (primary objective) in three dimensions. In this example the entire route is almost coplanar and would be visible to the spider at all times during its pursuit. 1, Spider facing the prey (A). 2, Spider facing a secondary objective (B) selected for its visible connection to the primary objective (A). 3, Spider moving down (the only option available at this point) to complete segment one of pursuit. 4, Spider reorienting to face the primary objective (A) to begin the second segment of pursuit. 5, Spider facing the secondary objective (B). 6, Spider facing a tertiary objective (C) connected to the secondary objective (B). 7, Spider moving to the tertiary objective. 8, Spider reorienting to face the primary objective, initiating a third segment of pursuit. 9, Spider moving toward the primary objective.
Figure 12 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 12. Moulting by orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae). 1, Female Nephila Leach 1815 moulting from dragline. 2, Detail of (1) showing smaller male in mating position. The genus Nephila is sometimes placed in the Nephilidae. 3-4, Neoscona Simon 1864 moulting from dragline. 5-6, Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1904 moulting from dragline. 7-8, Male Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli 1772) waiting for a moulting female (7) and then mating with that female (8) as she was hanging beneath her exuvium before her cuticle darkened or hardened. The condition of a newly-moulted female may reduce the vulnerability of the male to her attack (Uhl et al. 2015). Photos 1-2 by Vipin Baliga (Karnataka). Photos 3-6 by Abhijith A. P. C. (Karnataka). Photos 7-8 by Uhl et al. (2015), adapted and used under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 11 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 11. Moulting by wandering spiders. 1, Female Phidippus putnami (Peckham & Peckham 1883) (Salticidae). The thick moulting sac was opened to observe this spider. 2, cf. Carrhotus Thorell 1891 (Salticidae) with exuvium in thin moulting sac. 3-4, Two different Epeus Peckham & Peckham 1886 (Salticidae) with exuviae, in thin moulting sacs under leaves. 5, Heteropoda Latreille 1804 (Sparassidae) moulting from dragline. 6, Olios milleti (Pocock 1901) (Sparassidae) moulting from dragline. 7, Hamadruas Deeleman-Reinhold 2009 (Oxyopidae) with exuvium beneath leaf. 8-11, Sequence showing Oxyopes shweta Tikader 1970 (Oxyopidae) molting from dragline. Photo (1) by David E. Hill (South Carolina). Photos (2-11) by Abhijith A. P. C. (Karnataka).
Figure 1 in Predation by the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) on its mimic jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini)
Figure 1. Distribution of Myrmarachne plataleoides in south and southeast Asia. Numbers correspond to references identified in Appendix 1. Eastern localities (14-Sabah, 27-Manila and 28-Sarawak) may represent a different but similar species such as M. assimilis Banks 1930 (Yamasaki & Ahmad 2013; Yamasaki 2015). Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) range over all of tropical south and southeast Asia through the islands of the East Indies to northern Australia. The background relief map is in the public domain (CC0), courtesy of maps-for-free (https://maps-for-free.com).
Figure 9 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 9 (continued on next page). Sequential positions (1-34) occupied by a salticid (cf. Anarrhotus) as it constructed its retreat in Kasaragod, Kerala, taken from a 59.94 fps video record produced by Prasantha Krishna. At top selected frames from this sequence are composited to show movement from the end of one radius down to the hub (1-15), then movement down and to the stem from the hub with a trailing dragline (15-19), attachment of the dragline to anchor a new radius (22, arrow), followed by return to the hub while climbing beneath the new radius (25-28). 20-24, Individual frames showing trailing dragline as it was extended from the hub (20), hold on that dragline with the claws of leg RIV (21), first movement onto the attached (arrow) dragline (23), and the beginning of a rapid climb back to the hub (24).
Figure 10 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 10. Observations of cf. Anarrhotus in Goa. 1-2, Two views of spider resting on its silk platform. 3, cf. Anarrhotus after it has separated itself from the exuvium by descending on its dragline. The exuvium maintained its hold on the dragline with legs IV. 4-5, Closer views from (3). 6, Detail showing this spider extending and inflating its legs while suspended. All observations and photographs by Aditya Naik, used with permission.
Figure 8 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 8. Salticid (cf. Anarrhotus) with retreat. 1-2, Spider resting on its hub platform at night. 3, Detail of (1). 4, Empty hub on the next day. This retreat was constructed on a tree at a height of ~1.6-2 m above the ground and was only occupied at night. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.
Figure 12 in How jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) find and use indirect routes to reach their sighted objectives
Figure 12 (continued on next page). Representative salticids and their microhabitats in southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1-2, Female Lyssomanes viridis (Walckenaer 1837) with brachyceran fly, and the evergreen tree Magnolia grandiflora. L. viridis live on or beneath large leaves in the forest understory. 3-4, Female Colonus sylvanus (Hentz 1846) feeding on spider, and the small evergreen tree or shrub Prunus caroliniana. This is a common predator on spiders and insects in the forest understory. 5-6, Female Platycryptus undatus (De Geer 1778) with nematoceran prey, and trunk of the Virginia Pine, Pinus virginiana. P. undatus are dorsoventrally compressed and make their shelters under loose bark, often on dead or dying trees, or in crevices on the outside of man-made structures.
Figure 4 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 4. Salticid (cf. Anarrhotus) resting on its vertical platform at night (1), and views of the empty platform on the next day (2-4), when the spider could not be found in the vicinity. 3-4, Enhanced contrast images based on (2), showing details of the densely woven platform at the hub and associated radii. A small packet that might represent the remains of insect can be seen near the spider, attached to the hub, but there was no sign that the web, not sticky or adhesive, played a role in prey capture. This spider jumped and moved to nearby branches when the web was disturbed. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.
Figure 4 in How jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) find and use indirect routes to reach their sighted objectives
Figure 4. Hypothetical pursuit of nearby prey (primary objective) in a plane. 1, Spider facing the prey. 2, Spider facing a secondary objective (B) selected for its visible connection to the primary objective (A). 3, Spider facing a tertiary objective (C) selected for its visible connection to the secondary objective (B). 4, Spider moving away from the prey position toward the tertiary objective. 5, Spider reorienting to face the original prey position. 6, Spider moving toward the prey on the second segment of pursuit. 7, Spider reorienting to face the original prey position. 8, Spider moving toward its prey on the third segment of pursuit. As in the simpler example shown in Figure 3, the route would be visibly connected to the prey at all times during this pursuit.
Figure 5 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 5. Salticids (cf. Anarrhotus) resting on their vertical platforms at night. 1-3, Spider resting on its platform at night. 2, Detailed view of this spider from (1). 3, Enhanced contrast image based on (1), showing layout of the hub and radii. 4, Detailed anterior view of salticid (cf. Anarrhotus) shown in Figure 4. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.
Figure 3 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 3. Salticid (cf. Anarrhotus) resting on its vertical platform between dry grass stems (straw) at Putturu, Dakshinakannada District, Karnataka. 2-3, Detailed views of this spider resting at the hub. Initially this spider was facing down, but after it was disturbed it jumped away, still connected to the hub by its dragline. Photographed by Abhijith A. P. C.
Figure 1 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 1. Localities where these salticids (cf. Anarrhotus) have been observed in their orb-webs. These sites (1-7) span a distance of about 900 km along the southwestern coast of India, in Goa, Karnataka and Kerala.
Figure 7 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 7. Empty retreat (1-2) and close-up views of salticids (cf. Anarrhotus) that occupied these retreats. 1-2, Empty retreat on the morning after it was occupied by one of these spiders (Figure 6). 3-4, Detail of the spider shown in Figure 6 at night after it was disturbed and jumped away from its retreat. Photographs (1-4) by Abhijith A. P. C. in Sirsi, Uttarakannada District, Karnataka. 5, Detailed view of spider that appeared to be hunting away from its web during the daytime. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.
Figures 1-7. 1-2 in First record of the jumping spider genus Balmaceda Peckham & Peckham (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini) from Colombia
Figures 1-7. 1-2, Dorsal and frontal views of living ♂ Balmaceda nigrosecta (ICN-Ar 8339) from Colombia. Photographs by Ovidio Pulgarín. 3, Habitus of ♂ Balmaceda nigrosecta (ICN-Ar 8339). 4, Same, retrolateral view of left pedipalp. 5, Same, ventral view of left pedipalp. 6, Habitus of ♀ B. picta (ICN-Ar 8584). 7, Same, ventral view of epigynum. Abbreviations: AT=atrium, e=embolus, co=copulatory opening, sp=spermatheca, spe=spermophore, RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis.
Figures 1a-d in The first described female of the South American jumping spider genus Sumakuru Maddison, 2016 (Araneae: Salticidae: Lyssomaninae)
Figures 1a-d. Female Sumakuru felca Galvis (ICN-Ar 9688). a, Prosoma, dorsal view. b, Epigyne, ventral view. c, Epigyne, cleared, dorsal view. d, Lateral view, habitus.
Figure 3 in How jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) find and use indirect routes to reach their sighted objectives
Figure 3. Hypothetical pursuit of sighted prey (A, primary objective) in a plane. This assumes that the position of the prey is too far away for a direct jump. 1, Spider (S) facing the prey (A). 2, Spider facing a secondary objective (B), selected for its visible connection to the primary objective (A). 3, Spider moving along in the direction of (B). 4, Spider facing the expected position of its prey from a new position (reorientation), initiating a second segment of pursuit. 5, Spider moving to the secondary objective (B) on the second segment of pursuit. 6, Spider facing the expected position of its prey from this new position (reorientation), initiating a third segment of pursuit. 7, Spider moving toward the prey position. At all times during this pursuit the route would be visibly connected to the prey position.
Figure 1 in Tadpole predation by a jumping spider in Maharashtra (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 1. Small cliff in the Kumbarli Ghats. 1, Seasonal streamlets or waterfall wetting the exposed rock of the cliff. 2, Detail showing a salticid spider on the cliff face (center) feeding on a captured tadpole. Photos by S. Satpute.
Figure 1. A in Record of the jumping spider Pelegrina cf. aeneola (Araneae: Salticidae) feeding on insect eggs
Figure 1. A female Gray Swordgrass Moth, Xylena cineritia, near two clusters of recently-laid eggs. The cluster at top right was later attacked by a female Pelegrina cf. aeneola (Figures 2-5).
Figure 9 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India
Figure 9 (continued from previous page). 3-14, 31-34, Two sets of sequential frames showing how this spider turned around the hub of its orb-web to deposit the silk that comprised its resting platform (only visible in 32). Extension of the spinnerets can be seen in some of these frames (6, 8, 10, 12). This construction activity resembles the early stages of construction of an araneid orb-web (proto-hub and proto-radii).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.