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Data from: Transition from conventional to light-emitting diode street lighting changes activity of urban bats
Light pollution is rapidly increasing and can have deleterious effects on biodiversity, yet light types differ in their effect on wildlife. Among the light types used for street lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are expected to become globally predominant within the next few years. In a large-scale field experiment, we recorded bat activity at 46 street lights for 12 nights each and investigated how the widespread replacement of conventional illuminants by LEDs affects urban bats: we compared bat activity at municipal mercury vapour (MV) street lamps that were replaced by LEDs with control sites that were not changed. Pipistrellus pipistrellus was the most frequently recorded species; it was 45% less active at LEDs than at MV street lamps, but the activity did not depend on illuminance level. Light type did not affect the activity of Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrellus pygmaeus or bats in the Nyctalus/Eptesicus/Vespertilio (NEV) group, yet the activity of P. nathusii increased with illuminance level. Bats of the genus Myotis increased activity 4·5-fold at LEDs compared with MV lights, but illuminance level had no effect. Decreased activity of P. pipistrellus, which are considered light tolerant, probably paralleled insect densities around lights. Further, our results suggest that LEDs may be less repelling for light-averse Myotis spp. than MV lights. Accordingly, the transition from conventional lighting techniques to LEDs may greatly alter the anthropogenic impact of artificial light on urban bats and might eventually affect the resilience of urban bat populations. Synthesis and applications. At light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the competitive advantage – the exclusive ability to forage on insect aggregations at lights – is reduced for light-tolerant bats. Thus, the global spread of LED street lamps might lead to a more natural level of competition between light-tolerant and light-averse bats. This effect could be reinforced if the potential advantages of LEDs over conventional illuminants are applied in practice: choice of spectra with relatively little energy in the short wavelength range; reduced spillover by precisely directing light; dimming during low human activity times; and control by motion sensors. Yet, the potential benefits of LEDs could be negated if low costs foster an overall increase in artificial lighting.
Data from: Developing state and transition models of floodplain vegetation dynamics as a tool for conservation decision-making: a case study of the Macquarie Marshes Ramsar wetland
1. Floodplain vegetation states (communities) exhibit spatiotemporal dynamics in vegetation structure and composition, which reflect unique hydrological and connectivity patterns. Shifts in inundation regimes can drive succession and establish new stable states, determined by the magnitude and duration of the hydrological perturbation. 2. We aimed to develop a modelling approach that is able to capture ecosystem dynamics, identify and quantify the main drivers of change, and provide a tool for conservation decision-making. We developed state and transition models for floodplain vegetation states based on surveys in 1991 and 2008 in the Macquarie Marshes (Australia), a Ramsar wetland of international importance. We used a Bayesian logistic regression approach to model state and transitions between vegetation states and investigated how flood frequency, distance to stream and fire frequency were associated with vegetation dynamics during this period. 3. During 1991–2008, significant transitions have occurred towards drier states. Semi-permanent wetland vegetation had the lowest persistence probability (ppsis = 0·456) and a significant threshold response of transitioning to terrestrial vegetation (ptran = 0·505). Transition to drier states was driven by lower inundation probabilities followed by increased fire probability, and distance to nearest stream. 4. Using developed models, we predicted persistence probabilities of vegetation states under an unregulated (i.e. no dams or diversions) and regulated water availability system. Under a regulated system, semi-permanent wetland vegetation had an average persistence of ppsis = 0. 67 and 0·08 in the northern and southern sections of the nature reserve, respectively. Under an unregulated system, the predicted persistence of semi-permanent wetland vegetation was considerably higher: ppsis = 0·87 and 0·38, respectively. 5. Synthesis and applications. Developing quantitative models of state transitions significantly improved our understanding of ecosystem dynamics, identifying sensitive indicators for monitoring and thus supporting conservation decision-making. This helps managers understand potential trajectories of change in ecosystems in response to management options. For example, increasing environmental flows in the Macquarie Marshes is predicted to shift the community towards more of a wetland than the terrestrial state, resulting from river regulation. State and transition models identified how key ecological assets respond to drivers of change, particularly where these can be managed. This is critical for ensuring that all ecosystem components are managed and that these do not shift into undesirable states.
FIGURES 8–13. Cladograms obtained. 8–11 in A new species of Hystrichopsylla Taschenberg (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae) from the Mexican transition zone
FIGURES 8–13. Cladograms obtained. 8–11, Four most parsimonious cladograms obtained; 12, strict consensus cladogram; 13, most parsimonious cladogram obtained removing H. guatemalensis.
Multigenerational backcrossing and introgression between two woodrat species at an abrupt ecological transition
<p>When organisms experience secondary contact after allopatric divergence, genomic regions can introgress differentially depending on their relationships with adaptation, reproductive isolation, recombination, and drift. Analyses of genome-wide patterns of divergence and introgression could provide insight into the outcomes of hybridization and the potential relationship between allopatric divergence and reproductive isolation. Here, we generate population genetic data (26,262 SNPs; 353 individuals) using a reduced-representation sequencing approach to quantify patterns of ancestry, differentiation, and introgression between a pair of ecologically distinct mammals – the desert woodrat (<i>N. lepida</i>) and Bryant's woodrat (<i>N. bryanti</i>) – that hybridize at a sharp ecotone in southern California. Individual ancestry estimates confirmed that hybrids were rare in this bimodal hybrid zone, and entirely consisted of a few F<sub>1</sub> individuals and a broad range of multigenerational backcrosses. Genomic cline analyses indicated more than half of loci had elevated introgression from one genomic background into the other. However, introgression was not associated with relative or absolute measures of divergence, and loci with extreme values for both were not typically found near detoxification enzymes previously implicated in dietary specialization for woodrats. The decoupling of differentiation and introgression suggests that processes other than adaptation, such as drift, may underlie the extreme clines at this contact zone.</p>
Lattice Boltzmann simulations on the tumbling to tank-treading transition: effects of membrane viscosity
<p>The tumbling to tank-treading (TB-TT) transition for red blood cells (RBCs) has been widely investigated, with a main focus on the effects of the viscosity ratio λ (i.e., the ratio between the viscosities of the fluids inside and outside the membrane) and the shear rate γ ̇ applied to the RBC. However, the membrane viscosity μm plays a major role in a realistic description of RBC's dynamics, and only a few works have systematically focused on its effects on the TB-TT transition. In this work, we provide a parametric investigation on the effect of membrane viscosity μm on the TB- TT transition, for a single RBC. It is found that, at fixed viscosity ratios λ, larger values of μm lead to an increased range of values of capillary number at which the TB-TT transition occurs. We systematically quantify such an increase by means of mesoscale numerical simulations based on the lattice Boltzmann models.</p>
Data from: Fin ray patterns at the fin to limb transition
<p>The fin-to-limb transition was marked by the origin of digits and the loss of dermal fin rays. Paleontological research into this transformation has focused on the evolution of the endoskeleton with little attention paid to fin ray structure and function. To address this knowledge gap, we study the dermal rays of the pectoral fins of three key tetrapodomorph taxa—<em>Sauripterus taylori</em> (Rhizodontida), <em>Eusthenopteron foordi</em> (Tristichopteridae), and <em>Tiktaalik roseae</em> (Elpistostegalia)—using computed tomography. These data show several trends in the lineage leading to digited forms, including the consolidation of fin rays (e.g., reduced segmentation and branching), reduction of the fin web and, unexpectedly, the evolution of asymmetry between dorsal and ventral hemitrichia. In <em>Eusthenopteron</em>, dorsal rays cover the preaxial endoskeleton slightly more than ventral rays. In <em>Tiktaalik</em>, dorsal rays fully cover the third and fourth mesomeres, while ventral rays are restricted distal to these elements, suggesting the presence of ventralized musculature at the fin tip, analogous to a fleshy 'palm.' Asymmetry is also observed in cross sectional area of dorsal and ventral rays. <em>Eusthenopteron</em> dorsal rays are slightly larger than ventral rays; by contrast, <em>Tiktaalik</em> dorsal rays can be several times larger than ventral rays, and degree of asymmetry appears to be greater at larger sizes. Analysis of extant osteichthyans suggests cross sectional asymmetry in the dermal rays of paired fins are plesiomorphic to crown-group osteichthyans. The evolution of dermal rays in crownward stem tetrapods reflects adaptation for a fin-supported elevated posture and resistance to substrate-based loading prior to the origin of digits.</p>
FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions
FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Immune Evasion and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Fallopian Tube as an Early Event for Ovarian Cancer Development in Women with Germline BRCA1 Mutation
<p>The single cell RNA-seq and TCR-seq data of BRCA1 mutation carriers and normal controls</p>
CMT Energy Transition Dataset 1 (Exmouth Plateau)
<p>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, attribution: “Geoscience Australia”.</p> <p>Dataset available as a Petrel project: Northwest Shelf, Australia (containing Chandon Field), acknowledgements: Chris Jackson (Imperial), source: Geoscience Australia.</p>
CMT Energy Transition Dataset 2 (Scarborough Field)
<p>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, attribution: "Geoscience Australia".</p> <p>Dataset available as a Petrel project: Northwest Shelf, Australia (containing Scarborough Field), acknowledgements: Chris Jackson (Imperial), source: Geoscience Australia.</p>
FIGURE 7 in Three new species of Botanophila Lioy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from the Mexican Transition Zone
FIGURE 7. Map of Mexico and distribution of Botanophila species from Mexican Transitional Zone (MTZ), sensu Morrone et al. 2017. Circle: red= B. hernandezi sp. nov.; yellow= B. mayorgae sp. nov.; blue= B. zaldivari sp. nov.
FIGURE 6 in Three new species of Botanophila Lioy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from the Mexican Transition Zone
FIGURE 6. Botanophila zaldivari sp. nov. Male terminalia: (A) sternite 5, dorsal view; (B) epandrium, cerci and surstyli, posterior view; (C) epandrium, cerci and surstyli, lateral view; (D) aedeagus and associated structures, lateral view; (E) aedeagus and associated structures, dorsal view. Female terminalia: (F) ovipositor, dorsal view; (G) ovipositor, ventral view; (H) spermathecae. Abbreviations: cerc, cerci; distph, distiphallus; epand, epandrium; epiph, epiphallus; epipcrt, epiprocto; hypcrt, hypoprocto; phapod, phalapodeme; pgt, postgonite; pregt, pregonite; st, sternite; sur, surstyli; tg, tergite.
FIGURE 2 in Three new species of Botanophila Lioy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from the Mexican Transition Zone
FIGURE 2. Botanophila mayorgae sp. nov. Male: head, frontal view (A); habitus, dorsal view (B); habitus, lateral view (C).
FIGURE 5 in Three new species of Botanophila Lioy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from the Mexican Transition Zone
FIGURE 5. Botanophila mayorgae sp. nov. Male terminalia: (A) sternite 5, dorsal view; (B) epandrium, cerci and surstyli, posterior view; (C) epandrium, cerci and surstyli, lateral view; (D) aedeagus and associated structures, lateral view; (E) aedeagus and associated structures, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cerc, cerci; distph, distiphallus; epand, epandrium; epiph, epiphallus; phapod, phalapodeme; pgt, postgonite; pregt, pregonite; sur, surstyli.
FIGURE 1 in Three new species of Botanophila Lioy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from the Mexican Transition Zone
FIGURE 1. Botanophila hernandezi sp. nov. Male: head, frontal view (A); habitus, dorsal view (B); habitus, lateral view (C).
FIGURE 4 in Three new species of Botanophila Lioy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from the Mexican Transition Zone
FIGURE 4. Botanophila hernandezi sp. nov. Male terminalia: (A) sternite 5, dorsal view; (B) epandrium, cerci and surstyli, posterior view; (C) epandrium, cerci and surstyli, lateral view; (D) aedeagus and associated structures, lateral view; (E) aedeagus and associated structures, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cerc, cerci; distph, distiphallus; epand, epandrium; phapod, phalapodeme; pgt, postgonite; pregt, pregonite; sur, surstyli.
FIGURE 3 in Three new species of Botanophila Lioy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from the Mexican Transition Zone
FIGURE 3. Botanophila zaldivari sp. nov. Male: head, frontal view (A); habitus, dorsal view (B); habitus, lateral view (C). Female: head, frontal view (D); habitus, dorsal view (E); habitus, lateral view (F).
Transverse barrier formation by electrical triggering of a metal-to-insulator transition
<p>Application of an electric stimulus to a material with a metal-insulator transition can trigger a large resistance change. Resistive switching from an insulating into a metallic phase, which typically occurs by the formation of a conducting filament parallel to the current flow, is a highly active research topic. Using the magneto-optical Kerr imaging, we found that the opposite type of resistive switching, from a metal into an insulator, occurs in a reciprocal characteristic spatial pattern: the formation of an insulating barrier perpendicular to the driving current. This barrier formation leads to an unusual N-type negative differential resistance in the current-voltage characteristics. We further demonstrate that electrically inducing a transverse barrier enables a unique approach to voltage-controlled magnetism. By triggering the metal-to-insulator resistive switching in a magnetic material, local on/off control of ferromagnetism is achieved using a global voltage bias applied to the whole device.</p>
Facilitation by isolated trees triggers woody encroachment and a biome shift at the savanna-forest transition
<p>1. Woody encroachment into grassy biomes is a global phenomenon, often resulting in a nearly complete turnover of species, with savanna specialists being replaced by forest-adapted species. Understanding the mechanisms involved in this change is important for devising strategies for managing savannas.</p> <p>2. We examined how isolated trees favor woody encroachment and species turnover by overcoming dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. In a savanna released from fire in southeastern Brazil (Cerrado) we sampled woody plants establishing under 40 tree canopies and in paired treeless plots. These trees comprised eight species selected for habitat preference (savanna or forest) and dispersal syndrome (bird-dispersed or not). We recorded dimensions of each tree, dispersal syndrome and habitat preference of recruits, and quantified the physical environment within each plot, aiming at a mechanistic understanding of woody encroachment.</p> <p>3. We found clear evidence that isolated trees cause nucleation and drive changes in functional composition of savanna. Effectiveness as nucleator differed among species, but was unrelated to their functional guilds (habitat preference or dispersal syndrome). Density of saplings in nuclei was partially explained by soil moisture (+), daily temperature amplitude (-), and sum of bases (-).</p> <p>4. Our results indicate that isolated trees act first as perches, strongly favoring bird-dispersed species. They then act as nurse trees, considerably changing the environment in favor of forest-adapted recruits. In the long term, as the nuclei expand and merge, savanna specialists tend to disappear and the savanna turns into a low-diversity forest.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications: Fire suppression has allowed the nucleation process and consequently the woody encroachment and fast replacement of savanna specialists by forest species in the Cerrado. By elucidating the mechanisms behind woody encroachment, we recommend using prescribed fires to burn forest seedlings and to reduce tree canopy size wherever the management goal is to maintain the typical savanna structure and composition.</p>
Figure 5 in Seasonal community structure of the molluscan macrofauna at the marine-lagoonal environmental transition at Kalloni solar saltworks (Lesvos Island, NE Aegean Sea, Greece)
Figure 5. Environmental gradients and the corresponding variations of molluscan community descriptors in the study area.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.