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FIGURES 11a–e. Andrena gravida Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 11a–e. Andrena gravida Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 8a–e. Andrena florivaga Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 8a–e. Andrena florivaga Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 10a–e. Andrena fulvitarsis Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 10a–e. Andrena fulvitarsis Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 9a–e. Andrena fulva Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 9a–e. Andrena fulva Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 7a–e. Andrena floricola Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 7a–e. Andrena floricola Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 6a–f. Andrena fallax Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 6a–f. Andrena fallax Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, male: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—genitalia; c—head, frontal view; d— labrum, dorsal view; e—T1–T3, dorsal view f—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 3a–e. Andrena candens Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 3a–e. Andrena candens Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, male: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 4a–e. Andrena comta Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 4a–e. Andrena comta Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 1a–f. Andrena aberrans Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 1a–f. Andrena aberrans Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, male: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—genitalia; c— head, frontal view; d—labrum, dorsal view; e—T1–T3, dorsal view; f—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 5a–e. Andrena consobrina Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 5a–e. Andrena consobrina Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 2a–e. Andrena ambigua Eversmann, 1852 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution V. Family Andrenidae, genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775, species described by E. Eversmann

FIGURES 2a–e. Andrena ambigua Eversmann, 1852. Lectotype, male: a—habitus, lateral view and labels; b—head, frontal view; c—labrum, dorsal view; d—T1–T3, dorsal view; e—mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 1. Adult female paratype of the cuckoo wasp Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate, Bellheim, 10 June 2012; voucher ID: ZFMK-TIS-36479), Photograph: O. Niehuis.

Fig. 4 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 4. Exemplar chromatograms showing diagnostic differences (specified inTables 1 and 2) between the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis in the female (A) and male (B) sex. The x-axis represents the retention time shown in form of Kovats retention indices (Kováts 1958), the y-axis shows the total intensity of ions (TIC). Diagnostic alkenes are indicated with their Kovats retention index (Kováts 1958) in parentheses to differentiate them from alkenes with the same chain length but differing in the location of their double bond.

Fig. 3 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of males and females of the cuckoo wasps Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (6 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀) and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀) as well as of three vespid wasps known to serve as hosts of these two cuckoo wasps, Ancistrocerus antilope (23 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀), Euodynerus notatus (13 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀), and Euodynerus quadrifasciatus (14 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀). Note that the plot includes the CHC profile data of the holotype of C. parabrevitarsis n. sp. and CHC profile data of the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis.

Fig. 2 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree inferred from Kimura-2-parameter nucleotide sequence distances between COI haplotypes of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (blue branches), Chrysis brevitarsis and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (yellow branches). Support values are based on 10 000 bootstrap replicates. Acronyms in capital letters after the species names specify the country of origin: Belorussia (BLR), Estonia (EST), Finland (FIN), Germany (GER), Lithuania (LIT), Norway (NOR), Russia (RUS), and Sweden (SWE). Sample IDs are given in parentheses.

Fig. 7 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of antennal flagellomeres (F) 4–6 in females of Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (top, voucher ID: TUZ117252) and Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (bottom, voucher ID:TUZ102387).

Fig. 6 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 6. Shape of the internal metasomal segments (T4–T7 and S4–S6) of female Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (voucher ID:TUZ102402). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

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dryad32/100

Species list, with traits, in four forest types

<p>Ecological strategy is the tactics employed by species in adapting to abiotic and biotic conditions. Ecological strategy spectrum is defined as the relative proportion of species in different ecological strategy types within a community. Determinants of ecological strategy spectrum of plant community explored by most previous studies are about abiotic factors. Yet, the roles of biotic factors in driving variations of ecological strategy spectra of forest communities across different geographic regions remains unknown. Here, we established 200 0.04-ha forest dynamics plots and measured three leaf functional traits of tree and shrub species in four forest vegetation types across four climatic zones. Based on Grime's CSR triangular framework and the StrateFy method, we categorized species into four ecological strategy groups (C-, S-, Int-, and R-groups) and related the ecological spectra of the forests to three species diversity indices (species richness, Shannon Wiener index, and stem density (stem abundance)). Linear-regression, redundancy analysis and variance partition analysis were utilized for assessing the roles of species diversity in regulating ecological strategy spectra of forest communities across different climatic zones. We found that the proportion of species in the C- and Int-groups increased, while that in the S-group decreased, with the increase of three indices of species diversity. Among the three species diversity indices, stem abundance played the most important role in driving variations in ecological strategy spectra of forests across different climatic zones. Our finding highlights the necessity of accounting for biotic factors, especially stem abundance, in modeling or predicting the geographical distributions of plant species with varied ecological adaptation strategies to future environmental changes.</p>

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FIGURES 49–60 in Revision of the types of the genus Rhamphomyia species (Diptera, Empididae) described by R. Frey from the collection of the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg

FIGURES 49–60. Primary types of Rhamphomyia species. 49, 50. R. (Rhamphomyia) sphaerophora Frey, holotype, male, 49. habitus, lateral view, 50. labels; 51, 52. R. (P.) stackelbergi Frey, lectotype, male, 51. habitus, lateral view, 52. labels; 53, 54. R. (R.) subtibialis Frey, lectotype, male, 53. habitus, lateral view, 54. labels; 55, 56. R. (R.) taimyrensis Frey, lectotype, female, 55. habitus, lateral view, 56. labels; 57, 58. R. (Pararhamphomyia) transversipyga Frey, lectotype, male, 57. habitus, lateral view, 58. labels; 59, 60. R. (R.) ussuriensis Frey, lectotype, female, 59. habitus, lateral view, 60. labels.