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Figure 9 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 9 - Right petrosal Type A (Protolambda) after Wible (1990) showing reconstruction of vasculature. Abbreviations: ac aqueductus cochleae; adm arteria diploetica magna; cev capsuloparietal emissary vein; cp crista parotica; ctpp caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er epitympanic recess; fc fenestra cochleae; fi fossa incudis; fs facial sulcus; fv fenestra vestibuli; hF, hiatus Fallopii; If, lateral flange of petrosal; lhv lateral head vein; It, lateral trough of petrosal; me mastoid exposure; mp mastoid process; pc prootic canal; pcv vein ofprootic canal; pff primary facial foramen; pp paroccipital process; pr promontorium; ri ramus inferior of stapedial artery; rs ramus superior of stapedial artery; rtpp rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sa stapedial artery; sev sphenoparietal emissary vein; sf stapedius fossa; sff secondary facial foramen; sips sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus; spd sulcus for perilymphatic duct; vdm vena diploetica magna.

Figure 7 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 7 - Cast of holotype of Asiatherium reshetovi. A postcranial skeleton B close-up of right forelimb C ventral view of skull. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

Figure 13 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 13 - Tarsus of the Cretaceous stem therian Eomaia and Cretaceous metatherians. A–F isolated calcaneum (A–C) (cf. Sulestes?) from the Bissetky Locale, Uzbekistan in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and distal (C) views after Szalay and Sargis (2006). D–F isolated astragalus (cf. Sulestes?) from the Bissetky Locale, Uzbekistan in dorsal (D), ventral (E), and distal (F) views after Szalay and Sargis (2006). G articulated partial pes of Sinodelphys in ventral view H–I calcaneum and astragalus, respectively, of Eomaia in ventral view J–K calcaneum and astragalus of Sinodelphys, respectively, in ventral view L–M calcaneum and astragalus of Protolambda, respectively, in ventral view G–M are after Luo et al. (2003). Scale bars equal 1 mm.

Figure 14 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 14 - World map showing Late Cretaceous metatherian locales. Numbering of locales corresponds to the Cretaceous metatherian localities listed in Table 3.

Figure 12 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 12 - Partial femora of unidentified metatheria (cf. Sulestes?) from the Bissetky Locale, Uzbekistan after Chester et al. (2012). A–C right distal femur in anterior (A), posterior (B), and distal (C) views D–F right proximal femur of a possible unidentified metatherian in proximal (D), anterior (E), and posterior (F) views.

Figure 6 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 6 - Strict consensus of 2008 trees of 500 steps calculated using TNT (Goloboff et al. 2008) based on a taxon-character matrix of 95 taxa and 83 dental characters (CI = 0.210; RI = 0.703). Analysis conducted using a New Technology Search with a Driven Search (Sectorial Search, Ratchet, Drift, and Tree Fusing), finding minimum length 10 times. All characters are unweighted and 19 characters are additive. Numbers to the left of each node correspond to nodes in Online Suppl. material 1 listing the synapomorphies common to the 500 shortest trees. Numbers to the right of each node correspond to Bremer branch supports calculated from a pool of 30,000 suboptimal trees of up to 10 steps longer than the shortest trees obtained.

Figure 4 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 4 - Homologies between postcanine teeth of adult basal therian, basal metatherian, and basal eutherian mammals after O'Leary et al. (2013).

Figure 5 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 5 - Representative upper and lower molars of Cretaceous and early Paleogene metatherians. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

Figure 11 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 11 - Humerus and carpi of Cretaceous metatherians. A Distal humerus of unidentified metatherian (cf. Sulestes?) from the Bissetky Locale, Uzbekistan after Chester et al. (2010) in anterior view. Carpus of the Cretaceous stem therian Eomaia (B) and the Cretaceous metatherians Sinodelphys (C) and Asiatherium (D) after Szalay and Trofimov (1996) and Luo et al. (2003). Scale bars equal 1 mm.

Figure 2 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 2 - Molar terminology and wear facet designation showing upper and lower molar tooth cusp homologies between the "symmetrodont" Kuehneotherium (A) and the metatherian Kokopellia (B) after Davis (2011a).

Figure 3 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 3 - Molar tooth nomenclature of basal metatherian right M2 (upper) and left m2 (lower). Mesial is to the right, buccal is up. Teeth are based on the Late Cretaceous metatherian Glasbius.

Figure 15 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 15 - Taxonomic richness of Cretaceous and earliest Paleocene metatherians (see Tables 3–4, Suppl. materials 4–5 for data used to calculate values).

Figure 8 from: Williamson TE, Brusatte SL, Wilson GP (2014) The origin and early evolution of metatherian mammals: the Cretaceous record. ZooKeys 465: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.465.8178

Figure 8 - Skull of Monodelphis brevicaudata, modified from Wible (2003). Skull (A–D) and mandible (C) in dorsal (A), ventral (B), left lateral (C), and caudal (D) views. Abbreviations: an angular process; as alisphenoid; astp alisphenoid tympanic process; bo basioccipital; bs basisphenoid; coc coronoid crest; con mandibular condyle; cor coronoid process; ctpp caudal tympanic process of the petrosal; ec ectotympanic; eo exoccipital; fc fenestra cochleae; fm foramen magnum; fr frontal; ham pterygoid hamulus; inf incisive foramen; iof infraorbital foramen; ip interparietal; jf jugular foramen; ju jugal; lac lacrimal; lacf lacrimal foramen; m malleus; maf masseteric fossa; mapf major palatine foramen; mf mental foramen; mpf minor palatine foramen; mx maxilla; na nasal; oc occipital condyle; pa parietal; pal palatine; pcp paracondylar process of the exoccipital; pe petrosal; pmx premaxilla; pgp postglenoid process; ppt postpalatine torus; pptf foramen in the postpalatine torus; ps presphenoid; pt pterygoid; ptn posttemporal foramen; ptp posttympanic process; rtpp rostral tympanic process of the petrosal; so supraoccipital; sq squamosal; tl temporal line.

Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment, containing one kind of pollen; b, d, e) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in polar (b, d) and equatorial (e) views showing the long colpi with coarsely verrucate aperture membranes; note the semitectate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpium regions and foveolate-punctate tectum in the polar regions and along the aperture margins; c) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri and short, densely-spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107785 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 1.5 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment, containing one kind of pollen; b, d, e) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in polar (b, d) and equatorial (e) views showing the long colpi with coarsely verrucate aperture membranes; note the semitectate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpium regions and foveolate-punctate tectum in the polar regions and along the aperture margins; c) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri and short, densely-spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107785 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 1.5 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 36. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–e) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Volume rendering of follicle in lateral (a) and ventral (b) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from the follicle base to the apex but lacks a distinct papillate zone; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0341) of follicle showing under-developed ovules towards the base and numerous well-developed ovules/seeds in the upper part suggesting that the follicle is probably mature; d) Dorsal view of follicle apex showing the cleft in the presumed stigmatic apical region; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1294) of follicle with one dorsal and two ventral bundles and two placentae bulging into the locule, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the strongly compressed outer epidermis and the homogenized cells of the mesocarp. Specimen, Catefica 49-S174915 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 36. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–e) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Volume rendering of follicle in lateral (a) and ventral (b) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from the follicle base to the apex but lacks a distinct papillate zone; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0341) of follicle showing under-developed ovules towards the base and numerous well-developed ovules/seeds in the upper part suggesting that the follicle is probably mature; d) Dorsal view of follicle apex showing the cleft in the presumed stigmatic apical region; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1294) of follicle with one dorsal and two ventral bundles and two placentae bulging into the locule, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the strongly compressed outer epidermis and the homogenized cells of the mesocarp. Specimen, Catefica 49-S174915 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 35. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, e) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of slender follicle with an almost straight ventral margin and a slightly curved dorsal margin; b) Lateral view of small, broad follicle with slightly sinuous ventral margin and rounded dorsal margin; c) Lateral view of small, broad follicle with slightly sinuous ventral margin and rounded dorsal margin; d) Apical part of follicle in (a) showing the slight apical cleft in the probable stigmatic region; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0407) of follicle showing ovules and distinct follicle wall with small, thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis (arrow), larger, isodiametric cells of the mesocarp and an inner layer of smaller, thin-walled cells. Specimens, Catefica 50-S171523 (a, d), Catefica 343-S171515 (b), Catefica 49-S174929 (c, e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c), 100 Μm (d, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 35. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, e) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of slender follicle with an almost straight ventral margin and a slightly curved dorsal margin; b) Lateral view of small, broad follicle with slightly sinuous ventral margin and rounded dorsal margin; c) Lateral view of small, broad follicle with slightly sinuous ventral margin and rounded dorsal margin; d) Apical part of follicle in (a) showing the slight apical cleft in the probable stigmatic region; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0407) of follicle showing ovules and distinct follicle wall with small, thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis (arrow), larger, isodiametric cells of the mesocarp and an inner layer of smaller, thin-walled cells. Specimens, Catefica 50-S171523 (a, d), Catefica 343-S171515 (b), Catefica 49-S174929 (c, e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c), 100 Μm (d, e).

Text-fig. 34. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–h) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume rendering of follicles in lateral (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from base of the follicle to the apex; note papillate zone forming a probable stigma along the full length of the ventral suture; e) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0326) near the base of the follicle showing two ovules with a striate-reticulate surface (asterisks); note transverse fibers lining the inner follicle wall and large cells of the mesocarp; f) Transverse section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice xy2475) of follicle showing two rows of ovules borne on placentae on either side of the ventral suture (asterisks); note also the pronounced and densely-spaced papillae around the ventral suture; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1988) of follicle showing two ventral vascular bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds borne on two placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of the small thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis that cover the thicker-walled cells of the mesocarp; h) Transverse section (orthoslice xy2860) of follicle showing two ventral bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds in two rows on the placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of small epidermal cells and the large rounded cells of the mesocarp with thicker walls. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174916 (a, b), Catefica 49-S174917 (c–f, h), Catefica 50-S171525 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 34. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–h) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume rendering of follicles in lateral (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from base of the follicle to the apex; note papillate zone forming a probable stigma along the full length of the ventral suture; e) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0326) near the base of the follicle showing two ovules with a striate-reticulate surface (asterisks); note transverse fibers lining the inner follicle wall and large cells of the mesocarp; f) Transverse section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice xy2475) of follicle showing two rows of ovules borne on placentae on either side of the ventral suture (asterisks); note also the pronounced and densely-spaced papillae around the ventral suture; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1988) of follicle showing two ventral vascular bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds borne on two placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of the small thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis that cover the thicker-walled cells of the mesocarp; h) Transverse section (orthoslice xy2860) of follicle showing two ventral bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds in two rows on the placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of small epidermal cells and the large rounded cells of the mesocarp with thicker walls. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174916 (a, b), Catefica 49-S174917 (c–f, h), Catefica 50-S171525 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e–h).

Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen fragments with in situ Clavatipollenites- or Asteropollis-type pollen" (sp. 1: a–c; sp. 2: d–f; sp. 3: g–i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing pollen sacs; b) Distal view of pollen grain from (a) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; c) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered, columellae supporting muri with fine pits and rounded supratectal ornamentation; note orbiculae with a finely spiny surface (arrows); d) Stamen showing very short filament, lateral pollen sacs and short apical extension of the narrow connective; e) Folded pollen grain from (d) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall from (d) showing the semitectatereticulate tectum and muri with fine rounded ornamentation; g) Stamen fragment; h, i) Detail of pollen grains from (g) showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum with smooth muri, long scattered columellae and tiny scattered orbicules (arrow). Specimens, Catefica 50-S170395 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172561 (d–f), Catefica 50-S170390 (g–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d, g), 6 Μm (b, e, h), 1.5 Μm (c, f, i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen fragments with in situ Clavatipollenites- or Asteropollis-type pollen" (sp. 1: a–c; sp. 2: d–f; sp. 3: g–i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing pollen sacs; b) Distal view of pollen grain from (a) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; c) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered, columellae supporting muri with fine pits and rounded supratectal ornamentation; note orbiculae with a finely spiny surface (arrows); d) Stamen showing very short filament, lateral pollen sacs and short apical extension of the narrow connective; e) Folded pollen grain from (d) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall from (d) showing the semitectatereticulate tectum and muri with fine rounded ornamentation; g) Stamen fragment; h, i) Detail of pollen grains from (g) showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum with smooth muri, long scattered columellae and tiny scattered orbicules (arrow). Specimens, Catefica 50-S170395 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172561 (d–f), Catefica 50-S170390 (g–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d, g), 6 Μm (b, e, h), 1.5 Μm (c, f, i).

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Canrightia foveolata sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume renderings of abraded seeds in ventral (a), lateral (b, d) and apical (c) views showing the slightly protruding chalaza (arrows) and dense longitudinal grooves with shallow pits in the surface of the endotesta; e) Transverse section of seed (orthoslice xy0665) showing the irregular grooved surface of the endotesta (oi-en) and the tegmen comprised of two layers of thick-walled cells that surround the cells of the prominent endothelium (asterisk); f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz1195) through seed showing the thin-walled endothelium cells (asterisk) surrounded by the thicker cells of the outer tegmen and endotesta; g) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0727) through seed showing outlines of angular crystals evenly distributed in cells of the endotesta (oi-en); note the outer epidermis of the tegmen (ii-o) composed of thick-walled cells; h) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0940) of seed showing details of the chalazal region with course of the vascular bundle (vb), cells of the prominent endothelium (asterisk), crystalliferous endotesta of the outer integument (oi-en) and the distinct thick walled cells of the outer cells of the tegmen (ii-o); i) Longitudinal and tangential section (orthoslice yz0542) through the endotesta (oi-en) showing the outlines of densely spaced crystals. Specimens, Catefica 242-S175178 (a–c, e–h), Catefica 49-S175179 (d, i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e, f, h, i), 50 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Canrightia foveolata sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume renderings of abraded seeds in ventral (a), lateral (b, d) and apical (c) views showing the slightly protruding chalaza (arrows) and dense longitudinal grooves with shallow pits in the surface of the endotesta; e) Transverse section of seed (orthoslice xy0665) showing the irregular grooved surface of the endotesta (oi-en) and the tegmen comprised of two layers of thick-walled cells that surround the cells of the prominent endothelium (asterisk); f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz1195) through seed showing the thin-walled endothelium cells (asterisk) surrounded by the thicker cells of the outer tegmen and endotesta; g) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0727) through seed showing outlines of angular crystals evenly distributed in cells of the endotesta (oi-en); note the outer epidermis of the tegmen (ii-o) composed of thick-walled cells; h) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0940) of seed showing details of the chalazal region with course of the vascular bundle (vb), cells of the prominent endothelium (asterisk), crystalliferous endotesta of the outer integument (oi-en) and the distinct thick walled cells of the outer cells of the tegmen (ii-o); i) Longitudinal and tangential section (orthoslice yz0542) through the endotesta (oi-en) showing the outlines of densely spaced crystals. Specimens, Catefica 242-S175178 (a–c, e–h), Catefica 49-S175179 (d, i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e, f, h, i), 50 Μm (g).

Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamen with "Asteropollis-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with pollen in situ showing the dome-shaped extension of the connective with hairs; b–d) Pollen in situ in stamen in (a) showing poorly defined pentachotomocolpate (b, d) and possibly tetrachotomocolpate (c) apertures and semitectate-reticulate tectum; e) Detail of broken pollen grains showing the loosely attached reticulum, long scattered columellae and thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101209 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamen with "Asteropollis-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with pollen in situ showing the dome-shaped extension of the connective with hairs; b–d) Pollen in situ in stamen in (a) showing poorly defined pentachotomocolpate (b, d) and possibly tetrachotomocolpate (c) apertures and semitectate-reticulate tectum; e) Detail of broken pollen grains showing the loosely attached reticulum, long scattered columellae and thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101209 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e).