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FIGURE 1 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 1. Map of the Red Sea showing localities that provided the fossil Polylacophora discussed in text, including historical sources; (a) general map, showing also the position of some Recent sites; (b) detail of the northern Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba were most stations are located.

FIGURE 22. Choneplax indica Odhner, 1919. A–G, J–L in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 22. Choneplax indica Odhner, 1919. A–G, J–L. Egypt, Hurghada (St. 13), Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–C. MZB 50563a, head valve, width 1.3 mm, dorsal view, detail of tegmentum surface and posterior view. D–G. MZB 50563b, intermediate valve, width 2.6 mm, dorsal view, detail of tegmentum surface of latero-pleural area, ventral and lateral views. J–L. MZB 50563c, tail valve, width 1.5 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. H–I. Saudi Arabia, Gulf of Aqaba, Ash Shaykh Humayd (St. 9), Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e), MZB 50564, intermediate valve, width 1.5 mm, dorsal and lateral views. Scale bars: 100 µm (B, E).

FIGURE 16 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 16. "Onithochiton" vandingeneni n. sp. A–E. Saudi Arabia, Gulf of Aqaba, Ash Shaykh Humayd (St. 8), Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e), Holotype, MZB 50552, intermediate valve, width 1.5 mm, dorsal view (A), detail of tegmentum surface of pleural-lateral area (B), ventral (C), frontal (D) and posterior (E) views. F–I. Present-day, Zabargad Island, st. 13/30, MZB 50553, intermediate valve, width 3.6 mm, dorsal view (F), detail of tegmentum surface of pleural area (G), of lateral areas (H) and frontal view (I). Scale bar: 100 µm (B, H); 50 µm (G).

FIGURE 18 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 18. Acanthochitona penicillata (Deshayes, 1863). A–I. Egypt, Hurghada, Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–C. MZB 50555, head valve (St. 14bis), width 3.3 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. D–F. MZB 50556a, intermediate valve (St. 13), width 5 mm, dorsal, ventral and frontal views. G–I. MZB 50556b, tail valve (BL), width 4.4 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views.

FIGURE 15. Lucilina colantonii n in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 15. Lucilina colantonii n. sp. A–F. Egypt, Hurghada (St. 16), Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–C. Holotype, MZB 50549, intermediate valve, width 2.7 mm, dorsal, ventral and frontal views. D–F. Paratype, RMNH xxx, intermediate valve, width 3.9 mm, dorsal and frontal views, and detail of tegmentum surface of pleural area. G–L. Present-day. G–I. Egypt, Gulf of Aqaba (P447), MZB 50550, intermediate valve, width 4 mm, dorsal view (G), detail of tegmentum surface of pleural and lateral areas (H) and detail of granules of pleural area (I). J–L. Sudan, Shab Runi Reef (P078), MZB 50551, intermediate valve, width 3.6 mm, dorsal view (J), and detail of tegmentum surface of pleural (K) and lateral (L) areas. Scale bar: 100 µm (F, H, K, L); 50 µm (I).

FIGURE 8 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 8. Rhyssoplax maldivensis (E.A. Smith, 1903). A–I. Egypt, Hurghada (St. 13), Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–C. MZB 50532a, head valve, width 2.8 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. D–F. MZB 50532b, intermediate valve, width 3.2 mm, dorsal, ventral and frontal views. G–I. MZB 50532c, tail valve, width 3.8 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views.

FIGURE 6 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 6. Callochiton sp., Egypt, Hurghada (St. 13), Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–D. MZB 50529, intermediate valve, width 4 mm, dorsal view, detail of tegmentum surface of central area, ventral and frontal views. Scale bar: 100 µm (B).

FIGURE 4 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 4. Ischnochiton yerburyi (E.A. Smith, 1891). A–F. Egypt, Hurghada (St. 14), Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–C. MZB 50526a, head valve, width 4.8 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. D–F. MZB 50526b, intermediate valve, width 4.8 mm, dorsal, ventral and frontal views. G–I. Saudi Arabia, Gulf of Aqaba, Ash Shaykh Humayd, Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e) (St. 9), MZB 50527, tail valve, width 5.2 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views.

FIGURE 3. Parachiton hylkiae Strack, 1993 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 3. Parachiton hylkiae Strack, 1993, Egypt, Hurghada, Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–C. MZB 50524a, head valve (St. 13), width 4.5 mm, dorsal, lateral and posterior views. D–G. MZB 50524b, intermediate valve (St. 13), width 4 mm, dorsal view, detail of tegmentum surface of central and lateral areas, ventral and frontal views. H–I. MZB 50525, tail valve (St. 14), width 3.1 mm, dorsal and lateral views. Scale bar: 100 µm (E).

FIGURE 2 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 2. Leptochiton nierstraszi (Leloup, 1981), Egypt, Hurghada (St. 13), Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–D. MZB 50523a, head valve, width 1.8 mm, dorsal, ventral, lateral and posterior views. E–H. MZB 50523b, intermediate valve, width 2.3 mm: E. Dorsal view; F. Detail of tegmentum surface of central area; G–H. Ventral and frontal views. I–L. MZB 50523c, tail valve, width 1.8 mm, dorsal, ventral, lateral and posterior views. Scale bar: 100 µm (F).

FIGURE 7 in Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora

FIGURE 7. Rhyssoplax affinis (Issel, 1869). A–I. Egypt, Hurghada, Late Pleistocene (last interglacial MIS5e). A–C. MZB 50530a, head valve (St. 14), width 3.6 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. D–F. MZB 50530b, intermediate valve (St. 14), width 5.7 mm, dorsal, ventral and frontal views. G–I. MZB 50531, tail valve (St. 13), width 2.5 mm, dorsal, ventral and lateral views.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Data from: A red knot as a black swan: how a single bird shows navigational abilities during repeat crossings of the Greenland Icecap

Despite the wealth of studies on seasonal movements of birds between southern nonbreeding locations and High Arctic breeding locations, the key mechanisms of navigation during these migrations remain elusive. A flight along the shortest possible route between pairs of points on a sphere ('orthodrome') requires a bird to be able to assess its current location in relation to its migration goal and to make continuous adjustment of heading to reach that goal. Alternatively, birds may navigate along a vector with a fixed orientation ('loxodrome') based on magnetic and/or celestial compass mechanisms. Compass navigation is considered especially challenging for summer migrations in Polar regions, as continuous daylight and complexity in the geomagnetic field may complicate the use of both celestial and magnetic compasses here. We examine the possible use of orientation mechanisms during migratory flights across the Greenland Icecap. Using a novel 2 g solar-powered satellite transmitter, we documented the flight paths travelled by a female red knot (Calidris canutus islandica) during two northward and two southward migrations. The geometry of the paths suggests that red knots can migrate across the Greenland Icecap along the shortest-, orthodrome-like, path instead of the previously suggested loxodrome path. This particular bird's ability to return to locations visited in a previous year, together with its sudden course changes (which would be appropriate responses to ambient wind fields), suggest a map sense that enables red knots to determine location, so that they can tailor their route depending on local conditions.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Measuring personality traits in Eurasian red squirrels: a critical comparison of different methods

Data and R code used for the analysis of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) personality traits derived from open field test (activity, shyness, exploration) and capture-mark-recapture data (trappability/trap-diversity).

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Database of Romanian cave invertebrates with a Red List of cave species and a list of hotspot/coldspot caves

The increasing human impact in Romanian caves raises the urgency of publishing a correct database of the strictly-adapted cave fauna. Previous attempts at indexing cave fauna and classifying caves by using their fauna opened many questions regarding the use of an incomplete list of cave species and mixed lists of troglobionts/stygobionts with troglophiles/stygophiles for ranking caves with priority for protection. It has also become obvious that there is a need to publish a list of Romanian cave species that are under threat. Cave species in Romania (and elsewhere) are endemic on small ranges, are unique and must be considered as important units for conservation. A cave must be equally protected if it has one or more rare and strictly endemic cave species. Although not exhaustive, we here provide the first checklist of Romanian troglobionts/stygobionts developed in the framework of the DARKFOOD and GROUNDWATERISK projects, coordinated by the "Emil Racovita" Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The GIS application was used to complement the checklist of cave species with data on caves and surface environments above the caves. Until complete data on species diversity and population sizes are made available for each cave, measures of conservation can be implemented, based on the presence/absence of cave species, while classifications of caves for protection, based on the number of species, must be avoided. We also propose a list of Romanian caves with fauna that are under threat and a tentative Red List of Romanian troglobiont/stygobionts. This is the first database with identified troglobiont and stygobiont species of Romania, with a critical analysis of their distribution inside the country. A list of caves that need protection for their rare and unique species and a tentative Red List of Romanian cave fauna are also added. A total of 173 species were identified, of which 77 troglobionts and 96 stygobionts are currently registered in 366 caves. The database is divided into two parts, one part with a list of troglobionts, their revised systematic position, cave name, cave code and geographic region; and the second part with the same information on stygobionts. The database represents the contribution of many active researchers, who are the authors of this paper and of review publications of many other authors of the "Emil Racoviță" Institute of Speleology.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Far-red pentamethine cyanine dyes as fluorescent probes for detection of serum albumins

Benzothiazole based cyanine dyes with bridged groups in pentamethine chain were studied as potential far-red fluorescent probes for protein detection. Spectral-luminescent properties were characterized for unbound dyes and in the presence of serum albumins (bovine (BSA), human (HSA), equine (ESA)), and globular proteins (β-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin). We have observed that the addition of albumins leads to a significant increase in dyes fluorescence intensity. However, the fluorescent response of dyes in the presence of other globular proteins was noticeably lower. The value of fluorescence quantum yield for dye bearing sulfonate group complexed with HSA amounted to 42% compared with 0.2 % for the free dye. The detection limit of HSA by this dye was about > 0.003 mg/ml that indicates the high sensitivity of dye to low HSA concentrations. Modeling of structure of the dyes complexes with albumin molecules was performed by molecular docking. According to these data, dyes could bind to up to five sites on the HSA molecule; the most preferable are the hemin-binding site in subdomain IB and the dye-binding site in the pocket between subdomains IA, IIA, and IIIA. This work confirms that pentamethine cyanine dyes could be proposed as powerful far-red fluorescent probes applicable for highly sensitive detection of albumins.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

The impact of local population genetic background on the spread of the selfish element Medea-1 in red flour beetles

Selfish genetic elements have been found in the genomes of many species, yet our understanding of their evolutionary dynamics is only partially understood. A number of distinct selfish Medea elements are naturally present in many populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Although these Medea elements are predicted by models to increase in frequency within populations because any offspring of a Medea-bearing mother that do not inherit at least one Medea allele will die, experiments demonstrating an increase in a naturally occuring Medea element are lacking. Our survey of the specific Medea element, M1, in the United States showed that it had a patchy geographic distribution. From the survey it could not be determined if this distribution was caused by a slow process of M1 colonization of discrete populations or if some populations lacked M1 because they had genetic factors conferring resistance to the Medea mechanism. We show that populations with naturally low to intermediate M1 frequencies likely represent transient states during the process of Medea spread. Furthermore, we find no evidence that genetic factors are excluding M1 from US populations where the element is not presently found. We also show how a known suppressor of Medea can impair the increase of M1 in populations and discuss the implications of our findings for pest-management applications of Medea elements.

opencc-zeroApr 2021View details →

Human impact overrides bioclimatic drivers of red fox home range size globally

Aim Identifying the variables that influence animal home range size is important for understanding the biological requirements of individuals and their social interactions. Given their often broad distributions, carnivores are model organisms for studying range-wide determinants of home range size. Here we test predictions about environmental determinants of home range size for one of the world's most widely distributed carnivores, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Location Global Methods We compiled a database of 70 mean home range estimates from 62 studies and four continents, which we analysed according to site-based temperature, precipitation, environmental productivity and human influence variables. Results We found a very strong negative effect of the Human Footprint Index (HFI), with fox home range size decreasing as the level of human impact increased. When analysing the constituent components of the HFI separately, we found that human population density was the only well supported variable (cf. built environments, croplands, pasture lands, nightlights, railways, roads and navigable waterways). Predicted home range size at the highest human population densities (0.75 km2) was 93% lower than at the lowest population densities (10.83 km2). We also found that home range size increased as mean annual temperature and temperature seasonality increased. The analyses did not support our prediction that home ranges would be smaller in areas of higher environmental productivity or precipitation. Main conclusions Smaller home range sizes observed in highly disturbed areas can be attributed to increased food availability from anthropogenic sources. The lack of an effect of environmental productivity contrasts with previous studies that have shown a negative relationship with carnivore home range size. It may be that anthropogenic food sources have negated the impacts that low productivity environments have on fox home ranges. Our results emphasise the strong potential for human activities to transform animal space use across the globe.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Testosterone regulates CYP2J19-linked carotenoid signal expression in male red-backed fairywrens (Malurus melanocephalus)

Carotenoid pigments produce most red, orange, and yellow colours in vertebrates. This coloration can serve as an honest signal of quality that mediates social and mating interactions, but our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control carotenoid signal production, including how different physiological pathways interact to shape and maintain these signals, remains incomplete. We investigated the role of testosterone in mediating gene expression associated with a red plumage sexual signal in red-backed fairywrens (Malurus melanocephalus). In this species, males within a single population can flexibly produce either red/black nuptial plumage or female-like brown plumage. Combining correlational analyses with a field-based testosterone implant experiment and qPCR, we show that testosterone mediates expression of carotenoid-based plumage in part by regulating expression of CYP2J19, a ketolase gene associated with ketocarotenoid metabolism and pigmentation in birds. This is the first time that hormonal regulation of a specific genetic locus has been linked to carotenoid production in a natural context, revealing how endocrine mechanisms produce sexual signals that shape reproductive success.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Data from: Variable effects of a changing climate on lay dates and productivity across the range of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker

Many temperate bird species are breeding earlier in response to warming temperatures. We examined the effects of climate on breeding phenology and productivity in 19 populations across the range of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis), an endangered species endemic to pine (Pinus spp.) forests in the southeastern United States. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers nested earlier in warmer springs and delayed nesting in wetter springs. Earlier nesting and larger group sizes resulted in higher productivity. Spring temperatures have warmed over time across the range, but this has not led to range-wide advances in nesting date over time. Coastal and northern populations have exhibited a trend of earlier nesting over time, but the response of inland populations has been variable, including some populations in which nesting has become later over time. Geographic patterns included high and increasing productivity at higher latitudes, and declining productivity in the southwestern portion of the range, suggesting a possible shift in acceptable climate conditions for the species. Earlier nesting over time was associated with increasing productivity at higher latitudes, while elsewhere earlier nesting over time was associated with declining or stable productivity, suggesting that populations differ in their ability to adjust to a changing climate. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker is a habitat specialist heavily reliant on habitat management and has little capacity to shift its range, so its long-term viability will depend on its ability to adjust in place to changing local conditions.