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4,753 results for “SHAPE”
Geology and elevation shape microbial assembly in Antarctic endolithic communities
<p>The dataset includes three table files (.csv), and one archive file (.tgz).</p> <p><strong>bacteria_summary_out3.csv: </strong>the GTDB-Tk summary for bacterial genomes</p> <p><strong>filtered_repr.tgz: </strong>filtered genomes </p> <p><strong>otu_raw3_genomes_metadata.csv:</strong> environmental data and genome abundances for each location</p> <p><strong>tax_table_otu3.csv</strong>: taxonomic table for each genome</p>
Modeling of pressure induced magnetic and magnetocaloric effects in dissipative magnetic shape memory alloy systems
<p>This article presents a coupled magneto-thermo-mechanical model of pressure-dependent Magneto-caloric Effect (MCE) and magnetization responses for polycrystalline Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys (MSMA). Coupled constitutive equations are derived from a Helmholtz free energy function in a consistent thermodynamic way. The hysteretic and dissipative characteristics of phase transformations in MSMAs are captured by the internal state variables approach with their evolution equations. The model is calibrated and validated with the existing experimental data. The validated constitutive model is then exploited to predict MCEs at different pressures and magnetic field levels. Some predicted results are compared with the available experimental data.</p>
Food quality shapes gradual phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms facing temperature variability
<p><span>Organisms exhibit reversible physiological adjustments as a response to rapidly changing environments. Yet, such plasticity of the phenotype is gradual and may lag behind the environmental fluctuations, thereby affecting the long-term average performance of the organisms. By supplying energy and essential compounds for optimal tissue building, food determines the range of possible phenotypic changes and potentially the rate at which they occur. Here, we assess how differences in the dietary supply of essential lipids modulate the phenotypic plasticity of an ectotherm facing thermal fluctuations. </span><span>We use three phytoplankton strains to create a gradient of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols supply for <em>Daphnia</em> <em>magna</em> under constant and fluctuating temperatures. We used three different fluctuation periodicities to unravel the temporal dynamics of gradual plasticity and its long-term consequences on <em>D. magna</em> performance measured as juvenile somatic growth rate. In agreement with gradual plasticity theory, we show that in <em>D. magna</em>, fluctuation periodicity determines the differential between observed growth rates and those expected from constant conditions. Most importantly, we show that diet modulates both the size and the direction of the growth rate differential. Overall, we demonstrate that the nutritional context is essential for predicting ectotherm consumers' performance in fluctuating thermal environments.</span></p>
Shape functions and Integration quadrature of nine 3D transition elements
<p>This file houses the text files and Matlab function files that contain the shape functions and integration quadrature of nine 3D transition elements. The Matlab function file also computes the Shape function gradient matrix that can be readily used for FE applications.</p>
Heat-induced maternal effects shape avian eggshell traits and embryo development and phenotype at high incubation temperatures
<p>Phenotypic plasticity is an important avenue by which organisms may persist in the face of rapid environmental change. Environmental cues experienced by the mother can also influence the phenotype of offspring, a form of plasticity called maternal effects. Maternal effects can adaptively prepare offspring for the environmental conditions they will experience, however, their ability to buffer offspring against environmental stressors as embryos is understudied. Using captive zebra finches, we performed a maternal-offspring environmental match-mismatch experiment utilizing a 2x2x2 factorial design. Mothers were exposed to a mild heat conditioning (38 °C) or control (22 °C) treatment as juveniles, an acute high heat (42 °C) or control (22 °C) treatment as adults, then paired for breeding. The eggs produced by those females were incubated at a hyperthermic (38.5 °C) or optimal temperature (37.2 °C). We found that when mothers were exposed to a mild heat conditioning as juveniles, their embryos exhibited reduced water loss, longer development times, and produced hatchlings with heavier pectoralis muscles when incubated at high incubation temperatures, compared to embryos from control mothers. Mothers exposed to both the mild heat conditioning as juveniles and a high heat stressor as adults produced eggs with a higher density of shell pores, and embryos with lower heart rates during development. However, there was a cost when there was a mismatch between maternal and embryo environment. Embryos from these conditioned and heat-stressed mothers had reduced survival at control incubation temperatures, indicating the importance of offspring environment when interpreting potential adaptive effects.</p>
Data for: The evolution of enclosed nesting in passerines is shaped by competition, energetic costs and predation threat
<p><span>Many bird species breed in enclosed nests which may provide better protection against predation and climatic conditions compared to open nests and </span><span>are </span><span>generally associated with </span><span>larger clutch sizes</span><span> and slower offspring growth</span><span>. Here we show that different enclosed nesting strategies are each linked to behaviors with very different costs and benefits on a macroevolutionary scale. Using a detailed dataset of nest structure and location from the order Passeriformes we employed phylogenetic comparative methods to evaluate (1) how predation, competition, design complexity and energetic costs have shaped evolutionary transitions between different nesting strategies and (2) whether these strategies also have distinct relationships with life-history traits. We find that flexible strategies (i.e., nesting in both open and enclosed sites) as well as energetically demanding strategies are evolutionarily unstable, indicating the presence of underlying ecological trade-offs between anti-predator protections, construction costs and competition. We confirm that species with enclosed nests have larger clutch sizes and longer development and nestling periods compared to open nesters, but only species that construct enclosed nests rather than compete for pre-existing cavities spend more time incubating and are concentrated in the tropics. Flexible strategies prevail in seasonal environments and are linked to larger clutches – but not longer development – compared to nesting in the open. Overall, our results suggest that predation, competition and energetic costs affect the evolution of nesting strategies, but via distinct pathways, and that caution is warranted when generalizing about the functions of enclosed nest designs in birds. </span></p>
Domestication shapes the pig gut microbiome and immune traits from the scale of lineage to population
<p><span>Animal ecology and evolution have long been known to shape host physiology, but more recently, the gut microbiome has been identified as a mediator between animal ecology and evolution and health</span><span>. The gut microbiome has been shown to differ between wild and domestic animals, but the role of these differences for domestic animal evolution remains unknown. </span><span>Gut microbiome responses to new animal genotypes and local environmental change during domestication may promote specific host phenotypes that are adaptive (or not) to the domestic environment. Because the gut microbiome supports host immune function, understanding the effects of animal ecology and evolution on the gut microbiome and immune phenotypes is </span><span>critical. </span><span>We investigated how domestication affects the gut microbiome and host immune state in multiple pig populations across five domestication contexts representing domestication status and current living conditions: free-ranging wild, captive wild, free-ranging domestic, captive domestic in research or industrial settings. We observed that domestication context explained much of the variation in gut microbiome composition, pathogen abundances, and immune markers, yet the main differences in the repertoire of metabolic genes found in the gut microbiome were between the wild and domestic genetic lineages. We also documented population-level effects within domestication contexts, demonstrating that fine scale environmental variation also shaped host and microbe features. Our findings highlight that understanding </span><span>which gut microbiome and immune traits respond to host genetic lineage and/or scales of local ecology could inform </span><span>targeted interventions that manipulate the gut microbiome to achieve beneficial health outcomes. </span></p>
Solar-powered Shape-changing Origami Microfliers
<p>Datasets used in the paper: "Solar-powered Shape-changing Origami Microfliers".</p> <p> </p> <p>This deposit contains the <strong>entirety</strong> of the raw datasets collected from real world experiments used to generate all of the figures and supplementary materials in the aforementioned paper. These also include the MCU's source code and PCB design files used to create the leaf-out origami robot prototypes. </p> <p>Please see the Readme for more information.</p>
Data from: Navigating Polycrisis: long-run socio-cultural factors shape response to changing climate
<p>These data are part of a data portal that accompanies the special issue 'Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture,' published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B in 2023. To access the data portal, please visit <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4"><strong>10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4</strong></a>. We have systematically collected information about the nature and consequences of societal crisis in over 150 cases covering different regions in the world in the preindustrial period. In this contribution, we discuss some critical insights arising from initial analysis of this material, which has informed the basis of our work.</p>
Supplementary data for: "The demographic history of the wild crop relative Brachypodium distachyon is shaped by distinct past and present ecological niches"
<p>Supplementary data to https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.01.543285</p>
Multi-colony tracking of two pelagic seabirds with contrasting flight capability illustrates how windscapes shape migratory movements at an ocean-basin scale
<p>Migration is a common trait among many animals allowing the exploitation of spatiotemporally variable resources. It often implies high energetic costs to cover large distances, for example between breeding and wintering grounds. For flying or swimming animals, the adequate use of winds and currents can help reduce the associated energetic costs. Migratory seabirds are good models because they dwell in habitats characterized by strong winds while undertaking very long migrations. We tested the hypothesis that seabirds migrate through areas with favourable winds. To that end, we used a multi-colony geolocator tracking dataset of two North Atlantic seabirds with contrasting flight capabilities, the black-legged kittiwake (<em>Rissa</em> <em>tridactyla</em>) and the Atlantic puffin (<em>Fratercula</em> <em>arctica</em>), and wind data from the ERA5 climate reanalysis model. Both species had on average positive wind support during migration. Their main migratory routes were similar and followed seasonally prevailing winds. The general migratory movement had a loop-shape at the scale of the North Atlantic, with an autumn route (southward) along the east coast of Greenland, and a spring route (northward) closer to the British Isles. While migrating, both species had higher wind support in spring than in autumn. Kittiwakes migrated farther and benefited from higher wind support than puffins on average. The variation in wind conditions encountered while migrating was linked to the geographical location of the colonies. Generally, northernmost colonies had better wind support in autumn while the southernmost colonies had a better wind support in spring, with some exceptions. Our study helps in understanding how the physical environment shapes animal migration, which is crucial to further predict how migrants will be impacted by ongoing environmental changes.</p>
Larval and adult traits coevolve in response to asymmetric coastal currents to shape marine dispersal kernels
<p>Dispersal emerges as an outcome of organismal traits and external forcings. However, it remains unclear how the emergent dispersal kernel evolves as a by-product of selection on the underlying traits. This question is particularly compelling in coastal marine systems where dispersal is tied to development and reproduction, and where directional currents bias larval dispersal downstream causing selection for retention. We modelled the dynamics of a metapopulation along a finite coastline using an integral projection model and adaptive dynamics to understand how asymmetric coastal currents influence the evolution of larval (pelagic larval duration) and adult (spawning frequency) life history traits, which indirectly shape the evolution of marine dispersal kernels. Selection induced by alongshore currents favors the release of larvae over multiple time periods, allowing long pelagic larval durations and long-distance dispersal to be maintained in marine life cycles in situations where they were previously predicted to be selected against. Two evolutionary stable strategies emerged: one with a long pelagic larval duration and many spawning events resulting in a dispersal kernel with a larger mean and variance, and another with a short pelagic larval duration and few spawning events resulting in a dispersal kernel with a smaller mean and variance. Our theory shows how coastal ocean flows are important agents of selection that can generate multiple, often co-occurring, evolutionary outcomes for marine life history traits that affect dispersal.</p>
Data from: Numerical top-down effects on red deer (Cervus elaphus) are mainly shaped by humans rather than large carnivores across Europe
<p>Terrestrial ecosystems are shaped by interacting top-down and bottom-up processes, with the magnitude of top-down control by large carnivores largely depending on environmental productivity. While carnivore-induced numerical effects on ungulate prey populations have been demonstrated in large, relatively undisturbed ecosystems, whether large carnivores can play a similar role in more human-dominated systems is a clear knowledge gap. As humans influence both predator and prey in a variety of ways, the ecological impacts of large carnivores can be largely modified. We quantified the interactive effects of human activities and large carnivore presence on red deer (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) population density and how their impacts interacted and varied with environmental productivity</p> <p>Data on red deer density were collected based on a literature survey encompassing 492 study sites across 28 European countries. Variation in density across study sites was analysed using a generalised additive model in which productivity, carnivore presence (grey wolf, European lynx, Brown bear), human activities (hunting, intensity of human land-use activity), site protection status and climatic variables served as predictors. </p> <p>The results showed that a reduction in deer density only occurred when wolf, lynx and bear co-occurred within the same site. In the absence of large carnivores, red deer density varied along a productivity gradient without a clear pattern. Although a linear relationship with productivity in the presence of all three large carnivore species was found, this was not statistically significant. Moreover, hunting by humans had a stronger effect than the presence of all large carnivores in reducing red deer density and red deer density increased with increasing intensity of human land-use, with stronger large carnivore effects (all three carnivore species present) at sites with low human land-use activities. </p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: This study provides evidence for the dominant role played by humans (i.e. hunting, land-use activities) relative to large carnivores in reducing red deer density across European human-dominated landscapes. These findings suggest that when we would like large carnivores to exert numeric effects, we should focus on minimizing human impacts to allow the ecological impacts of large carnivores on ecosystem functioning.</p>
Dynamic social interactions and keystone species shape the diversity and stability of mixed-species biofilms – an example from dairy isolates - Dataset
<p>We previously reported a bacterial four-species biofilm model comprising <i>Stenotrophomonas rhizophila </i>(SR), <i>Bacillus licheniformis </i>(BL), <i>Microbacterium lacticum </i>(ML), and <i>Calidifontibacter indicus</i> (CI) that were isolated from the surface of a dairy pasteuriser after cleaning and disinfection. These bacteria produced 3.13-fold more biofilm mass compared to the sum of biofilm masses in monoculture (<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1159434">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1159434</a>). In a subsequent experiment we confirmed that the observed community synergy resulted from dynamic social interactions among various species pairs, encompassing commensalism, exploitation, and amensalism. <i>M. lacticum</i> appeared to be the keystone species as it increased the growth of all other species that led to the synergy in biofilm mass. Interactions among the other three species (in the absence of <i>M. lacticum</i>) also contributed towards the synergy in biofilm mass. Bacterial cell-free-supernatants were also investigated to assess the nature of the observed synergy. The first four sheets of the Excel file contain raw cell count data for the four species (SR, BL, ML, and CI), recorded every 4 h over a 24 h period on the surface of stainless steel (SS) in the presence of brain-heart-infusion (BHI) medium and skim-milk (SM). Data related to individual bacterial cell counts in various mixed-species biofilms are also presented. These biofilms were developed on SS in BHI for h. Data related to bacterial biofilm masses in different mixed-species biofilm combinations are also presented, showcasing the effect of replacing one strain with its CFS. Species written in red indicate that their CFS was used, not their viable form. </p>
Vertically inherited microbiota and environment-modifying behaviors indirectly shape the exaggeration of secondary sexual traits in the gazelle dung beetle
<p><span>Many organisms actively manipulate the environment</span><span> in ways that have the potential to feed back on their own development, a process referred to as developmental niche construction</span><span>. Yet, </span><span>the role that constructed biotic and abiotic environments play in shaping phenotypic variation and its evolution is insufficiently understood. Here, we assess whether environmental modifications made by developing dung beetles impact the environment-sensitive expression of secondary sexual traits</span><span>.</span> <span>Larval gazelle dung beetles both physically modify their ontogenetic environment and structure their biotic interactions through the vertical inheritance of microbial symbionts. By experimentally eliminating i) physical environmental modifications, and ii) the vertical inheritance of microbes, we assess the degree to which (sym)biotic and physical environmental modifications shape the exaggeration of several traits </span><span>varying in their degree and direction of sexual dimorphism. We expected the experimental reduction of a larva's ability to shape its environment to affect trait size and scaling, especially for traits that are sexually dimorphic and environmentally plastic</span><span>. </span><span>We find that compromised developmental niche construction indeed shapes sexual dimorphism in overall body size and the absolute sizes of male-limited exaggerated head horns, the strongly sexually dimorphic fore tibia length and width, as well as the weakly dimorphic elytron length and width. This suggests that ontogenetic environmental modifications affect sex-specific phenotypic variation in functional traits. However, most of these effects can be attributed to nutrition-dependent plasticity in size and non-isometric trait scaling, rather than body-size-independent effects on the developmental regulation of trait size. Our findings suggest that the reciprocal relationship between developing organisms, their symbionts, and their environment can have considerable impacts on sexual dimorphism and functional morphology. </span></p>
Birds are better at regulating heat loss through their legs than their bills: Implications for body shape evolution in response to climate
Endotherms use their appendages – such as legs, tails, ears and bills – for thermoregulation by controlling blood flow to near-surface blood vessels, conserving heat when it is cold, and dissipating heat in hot conditions. Larger appendages allow greater heat dissipation, and appendage sizes vary latitudinally according to Allen's Rule. However, little is known about the relative importance of different appendages for thermoregulation. We investigate physiological control of heat loss via bird bills and legs using infra-red thermography of wild birds. Our results demonstrate that birds are less able to regulate heat loss via their bills than their legs. In cold conditions, birds lower their leg surface temperature to below that of their plumage surface, retaining heat at their core. In warm conditions, birds increase their leg surface temperature to above that of their plumage surface, expelling heat. In contrast, bill surface temperature remains ~2˚C warmer than the plumage surface, indicating consistent heat loss under almost all conditions. Poorer physiological control of heat loss via bird bills likely entails stronger selection for shorter bills in cold climates. This could explain why bird bills show stronger latitudinal size clines than bird legs, with implications for predicting shape-shifting responses to climate change.
Pear-shaped jar with lid
Material: [Earthenware](http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300140803). Accession no: DG 058. Current location: [The Hunt Museum](https://www.huntmuseum.com/), [Limerick](https://www.geonames.org/7778675/limerick-city.html). A pear-shaped jar with a lid. The lid is stepped with an knob handle. The jar is decorated with blue lines which encircle the base, centre and neck of the jar. Between the lines the body is decorated with a curvilinear leaf pattern. Possibly [Thailand](http://www.geonames.org/1605651/kingdom-of-thailand.html). [More](https://www.huntmuseum.com/explore/item/c43c0081-01b7-3aeb-ab9c-a12dd0988d7d/?s%3Dpear&pos=1). Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Porcelain perfume bottle in the shape of heart
ID no.: FZRS/55 Museum: Collection of the Sosenko Family Foundation https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/1732 Digitalisation: RDW MIC, Virtual Małopolska project Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Song Noir Chinese Shaped Vase
Referenced off of the beautiful Song Noir Chinoiserie Shaped Vase by Frontgate Chinoiseries are European interpretations of Chinese & other East Asian artifacts. **Credit me if used in projects** Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bird-shaped whistle from 15th c.
This hollow figure of a bird has a mouth piece in its front, indicating that it was a type of whistle. Partially filled with water and blown into, the whistle would warble like a songbird, hence the whistle's shape. The original object was recently discovered in an archaeological dig around the childhood home of Martin Luther (1483–1546). See https://sketchfab.com/models/b7908d4fb06c49fc91d88a7ef8bd86dc# and http://here-i-stand.com/en/order#three-d-objects for more details. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.