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Fig. 5 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 5. Monthly distribution of number (N) of females of Alphestes afer in sex change during reproductive cycle (from March 2008 up to October 2009); I, gonadosomatic index. G Fbi (Im), inactive bisexual phase of female; Tr(Re), transitional phase of resting; Tr(Rp), transitional phase of ripe; Tr(Sp), transitional phase of spent female; Rc, reproductive cycle (n= 17).

Fig.7 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig.7. Monthly variation analysis of the gonasosomatic index (I) of Females (I F; n=200) Males (I M; n=57); and fat G G G deposited in the mesenteries (Mesenteric fat – Mf F; Mf M) of Alphestes afer from Pernambuco coast. Error bars show standard deviation of original data.

Fig. 4 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 4. (left column) Females with bisexual and transitional phases in Alphestes afer. (a) Section showing a gonad in bisexual phase of immature female (bar = 50 μm) (16.1 cm T; L May 2008). (a*) Detail of spermatic crypt in major magnification of same specimen (1000x; bar = 20 μm). (b) Section showing a gonad in transitional phase of resting female with sperm crypts spread among ovarian tissue (bar = 50μm) (19.8 cm T; May L 2009). (b*) Detail of spermatic crypt (1000x; bar = 2μm). (c) Section of ovary showing transitional phase of spent female with sperm crypts around vitellogenic stage oocyte (bar = 50 μm) (21.1 cm T; October 2009). (c*) Detail of spermatic crypt L (1000x, bar = 2 μm) O = primary growth stage oocyte; dot = 1 degenerating ovarian tissue, scr = sperm crypts; mb = muscle boundle; O3 = vitellogenic stage oocyte; atr = atretic vitellogenic oocytes; spd = spermatides.

Fig. 2 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of histological sections from males Alphestes afer gonads. (a), (b) Section from a ripe male (a - bar = 300μm, 15.1 cm T; September 2008; b - bar = 37 μm, 19.0 cm L T; August 2009). (c) Section from a ripening male with residual L previtellogenic oocytes (bar = 50μm; 21 cm T; June 2009). lu L = lumen, spz = spermatozoa; ro = residual oocytes.

Fig. 3 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of a histological section from male Alphestes afer spermatogenesis stages. (a), go = spermatogonias, (b), spcI = spermatocytes in first stage (bar = 5μm); (c),spcII = secondary spermatocytes (bar = 2.5μm); (d), spd = spermatides (bar = 2μm); (e), spz = spermatozoa (bar = 2μm) (18.6 cm T ; September 2009).

Fig. 2 in Morphological development of Anchoviella vaillanti (Steindachner, 1908) (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) larvae and early juveniles

Fig. 2. Variation of (a) predorsal (PDL) and (b) preanal (PAL) lengths as percentage of standard length (SL) of larvae and juveniles of Anchoviella vaillanti, and (c) mean values for PDL/SL and PAL/SL for larval stages (preflexion, flexion and postflexion) and juveniles. Mean values; box: mean±standard deviation, whisker: minimum-maximum values.

Fig. 7 in A new vision of the origin and the oocyte development in the ostariophysi applied to Gymnotus sylvius (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes)

Fig. 7. Schema comparing oocyte development in a saltwater perciform, Sciaenops ocellatus and in a freshwater gymnotiform, Gymnotus sylvius.

Fig. 1 in A new vision of the origin and the oocyte development in the ostariophysi applied to Gymnotus sylvius (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes)

Fig. 1. Folliculogenesis in Gymnotus sylvius. Light Microscopy. A: Scattered in the germinal epithelium, the quiescent oogonium (g) is wrapped by the epithelial cells (arrow). Ovarian lumen: ol; Primary growth oocyte: po. B: Oogonia (g) proliferate and are surrounded by cells derived from the epithelium, the prefollicle cells (pf). Epithelium: arrow; Ovarian lumen: ol; Primary growth oocyte: po. C: Proliferation of the oogonium give rise to cell clusters, the germ cell nests (n), upon the magenta, PAS-positive basement membrane (bm) which in cross section is seen surrounding the nest. Epithelium: arrow; Ovarian lumen: ol; Secondary growth oocyte: so. D, E: In the nests (n), with the beginning and progress of meiosis, the prophase oocytes differentiate. In leptotene (lo) and in pachytene (po), they can be distinguished by the pattern of chromatin condensation. Proliferating oogonia (g) and prophase oocytes co-occur in a same nest (n). Epithelium: arrow; Ovarian lumen: ol. F, G: Prefollicle cells increasingly surround the oocytes, separating them one from another. As basement membranes form around individual oocytes and the prefollicle cells surrounding them, they are separated from the cell cluster. Completely surrounded by and individualized by

Fig. 2 in Scientific Note Reproductive and population parameters of discus fish Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-PP),

Fig. 2. Oocyte size distribution of pre-spawning female discus Symphysodon aequifasciatus captured in November 2006 in Ayapuá Lake (AM) showing four types of egg distribution.

Fig. 1. Length x in Scientific Note Reproductive and population parameters of discus fish Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-PP),

Fig. 1. Length x weight plots for specimens of Symphysodon aequifasciatus captured in Ayapuá Lake during September- November 2006 and 2007.

Fig. 8 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 8. Oblique section through the gill gland on the first right gill arch of a mature male Macropsobrycon uruguayanae examined by transmission electron microscopy, showing columnar cells (cc) with nucleus (n) near the base of the cell and cytoplasm filled with electron-lucent vesicles between the reduced gill secondary lamellae (sl). In B, note that some vesicles contain more electron-dense material. A, magnification: 1290x. B, magnification: 4135x.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 1. Monthly distribution of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of males (A) and females (B) of Macropsobrycon uruguayanae. IGS means (triangles) were calculated based only in adult specimens (circles), excluding immature specimens (squares). There were no males collected in August, October, December, and January. A single adult male was captured in November.

Fig. 2 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 2. Relative frequency of males (A) and females (B) of Macropsobrycon uruguayanae with mature gonads (dark bars) and gonads in advanced stages of maturation (white bars).

Fig. 4 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 4. Total counts of vitellogenic oocytes versus body weight (g) of thirteen mature females of Macropsobrycon uruguayanae.

Fig. 7 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 7. Light micrographs of sections through gill glands of two mature male Macropsobrycon uruguayanae; A, C, D, MCP 11939, 28.2 mm SL, glycol methacrylate, toluidine blue; B, MCP 18588, 39.0 mm SL, paraffin, modified Masson's trichrome. A, sagittal section showing gill gland of first gill arch formed from at least 23 modified gill filaments that are fused and covered distally by epithelial tissue (arrowheads) thus forming enclosed chambers (lumen, asterisks); anterior is to the left; unmodified gill filaments (ug) are seem at the posterior region of the gill arch; gill rakers (gr). B, frontal section through ventral region of first gill arch showing a gill gland made up of at least 24 modified gill filaments; each chamber (lumen, asterisk) that is covered distally by epithelial tissue (arrowheads) over most of the surface of the gland eventually opens (o) into the gill chamber ventrally. Note that the gill gland is only formed on the distal side of the first gill arch, unmodified gill filaments (ug) are seen medially. C, higher magnification of the gill gland in "A" showing columnar cells (c) between reduced secondary lamellae; epithelial cover (arrowhead) of gill chambers (lumen, asterisk); artifact space (a). D, higher magnification of "C" showing columnar cells (c) with basal nuclei and granular apical cytoplasm in between greatly shortened secondary lamellae (arrow); artifact spaces (a) due to shrinkage during tissue preparation actually help demonstrate the integrity of the reduced secondary lamellae; gill gland chamber lumen (asterisk).

Fig. 3 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 3. Ovaries and testis. Sagital sections (3mm), stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). A, ovary of a maturing female with previtelogenic oocytes containing spermatozoa (arrows) in the lúmen (specimen collected in July 2001; 27.8 mm SL; IGS=0.89). Magnification: 10x10. B, ovary of a mature female containing spermatozoa in the lúmen (arrows) (specimen collected in September 2001; 28.9 mm SL; IGS=4.87). C, testis showing initial phases of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa. D, testis containing spermatozoa. B, C, D magnification: 40x10.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 5. Left eye size (diameter, in mm) versus total length (in mm) in the seven specimens (respectively a to g) of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus of the Passa Três 2004 offspring.

Fig. 2 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 2. Size (total length, in mm) versus age (in days) in four specimens of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Passa Três Cave born in laboratory in March 2003.

Fig. 4 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 4. Size (total length, in mm) versus age (in days) of two wild caught specimens of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Angélica Cave kept in laboratory.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 1. (a) Reproductive adults of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Passa Três Cave kept in laboratory: two females (to the left) and male (to the right, dorso-posterior region of the head red-colored); arrow indicates the entrance of the shelter occupied by the male. Photograph taken on April 2004. (b) Cluster of eggs adhered to the ceiling of the shelter, average diameter = 4.0 mm. (c) Area around the shelter entrance (within the white circle) defended by the male (close to the center of the circle). (d) Clockwise from the top left: embrio (eyes visible), newly hatched larva (10.4 mm TL), more advanced larva (12.5 mm TL), with yolk-sac almost completely absorbed. (e) Top: 53 mm long juvenile from Passa Três Cave, with regressed eyes; arrow indicates the orbit reduced to a small depression covered with skin. Bottom: 53 mm long juvenile from Angélica Cave, probable the same age as the former, showing non-regressed eyes. (f) Detail of the head of the juvenile from Passa Três; arrows indicate the first primordia of tentacles.