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2,914 results for “replacement”
Data from: A signature of dynamic biogeography: enclaves indicate past species replacement
Understanding how species have replaced each other in the past is important to predicting future species turnover. While past species replacement is difficult to detect after the fact, the process may be inferred from present-day distribution patterns. Species with abutting ranges sometimes show a characteristic distribution pattern, where a section of one species range is enveloped by that of the other. Such an enclave could indicate past species replacement: when a species is partly supplanted by a competitor, but a population endures locally while the invading species moves around and past it, an enclave forms. If the two species hybridize and backcross, the receding species is predicted to leave genetic traces within the expanding one under a scenario of species replacement. By screening dozens of genes in hybridizing crested newts, we uncover genetic remnants of the ancestral species, now inhabiting an enclave, in the range of the surrounding invading species. This independent genetic evidence supports the past distribution dynamics we predicted from the enclave. We suggest that enclaves provide a valuable tool in understanding historical species replacement, which is important because a major conservation concern arising from anthropogenic climate change is increased species replacement in the future.
Data from: Tooth replacement in basal sarcopterygians
Teeth were an important innovation in vertebrate evolution but basic aspects of early dental evolution remain poorly understood. Teeth differ from other odontode organs, like scales, in their organised, sequential pattern of replacement. However, tooth replacement patterns also vary between the major groups of jawed vertebrates. Although, tooth replacement in stem- osteichthyans and extant species has been intensively studied it has been difficult to resolve scenarios for the evolution of osteichthyan tooth replacement because of a dearth of evidence from living and fossil sarcopterygian fishes. Here we provide new anatomical data informing patterns of tooth replacement in the Devonian sarcopterygian fishes Onychodus, Eusthenopteron and Tiktaalik and the living coelacanth Latimeria based on microfocus- and synchrotron radiation-based X-Ray microtomography. Early sarcopterygians generated replacement teeth on the jaw surface in a pattern similar to stem-osteichthyans, with damaged teeth resorbed and replacement teeth developed on the surface of the bone. However, resorption grades and development of replacement teeth vary spatially and temporally within the jaw. Particularly in Onychodus, where teeth were also shed through anterior rotation and resorption of bone at the base of the parasymphyseal tooth whorl, with new teeth added posteriorly. As tooth whorls are also present in more stem-osteichthyans, and statodont tooth whorls are present among acanthodians (putative stem-chondrichthyans), rotational replacement of the anterior dentition may be a stem-osteichthyan character. Thus, our data are compatible with a disparate pattern of evolution of tooth replacement and more complex evolutionary history of jawed vertebrates.
Figure 2 from: Barkworth M, Cialdella A, Gandhi K (2014) Piptochaetium fuscum (Nees ex Steud.) Barkworth, Ciald., & Gandhi, a new combination replacing Piptochaetium setosum (Trin.) Arechav. PhytoKeys 35: 17-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.35.6622
Figure 2 - Native distribution of Piptochaetium fuscum. Information and base map from Zuloaga et al. (2008), used with permission of Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Figure 1 from: Barkworth M, Cialdella A, Gandhi K (2014) Piptochaetium fuscum (Nees ex Steud.) Barkworth, Ciald., & Gandhi, a new combination replacing Piptochaetium setosum (Trin.) Arechav. PhytoKeys 35: 17-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.35.6622
Figure 1 - Isotype of Piptochaetium fuscum deposited at CGE, the Cambridge University Herbarium, England. Image used with permission.
Figures 10-15 from: Perez-Miles F, Bragio Bonaldo A, Miglio L (2014) Bumba, a replacement name for Maraca Pérez-Miles, 2005 and Bumba lennoni, a new tarantula species from western Amazonia (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). ZooKeys 448: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.448.7920
Figures 10-15 - Bumba lennoni sp. n.: 10–13 male paratype (MPEG 975) 14–15 female paratype (MPEG 19039). 10–12 Copulatory bulb: 10 Prolateral 11 Prolateral, tegular apophysis (TA), detail 12 Prolateral, ring-shaped keel, detail 13 Type III urticating hair, silhouette 14–15 Type IV urticating hair: 14 Silhouette; 15 Tip, detail.
Figures 1-9 from: Perez-Miles F, Bragio Bonaldo A, Miglio L (2014) Bumba, a replacement name for Maraca Pérez-Miles, 2005 and Bumba lennoni, a new tarantula species from western Amazonia (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). ZooKeys 448: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.448.7920
Figures 1-9 - Bumba lennoni sp. n.: 1–4 and 6–8 male holotype (MPEG 983) 5, 9 female paratype (MPEG 19039). 1–2 Tibiae and metatarsi of left leg I: 1 Prolateral 2 Ventral 3–4 Copulatory bulb: 3 Prolateral 4 Retrolateral 5 Spermathecae, dorsal 6 carapace, dorsal 7 abdomen, dorsal 8 retrolateral process in male palpal tibiae 9 sternum, ventral Scales: 1–2: 3 mm; and 3–5: 1 mm.
Figure 1 from: Gutiérrez EE, Pine RH (2015) No need to replace an "anomalous" primate (Primates) with an "anomalous" bear (Carnivora, Ursidae). ZooKeys 487: 141-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.487.9176
Figure 1 - The maximum-likelihood tree resulting from the analysis of sequence data for the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene under its best–fitting model (GTR + G, ln-likelihood - 3123.29336). Only non-negligible nodal support is indicated. Bootstrap values for the maximum-likelihood analysis are indicated above branches, whereas Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated below branches. See Acknowledgments for photo credits.
Figures 1-12 from: Sun H-Y, Yang L, Chen X-S (2014) A new replacement name for Tropidocephala speciosa Ding, 2006 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Delphacidae). ZooKeys 462: 43-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.462.8332
Figures 1-12 - Tropidocephala dingi Sun, Yang & Chen, nom. n. 1 head and thorax, dorsal view 2 frons and clypeus 3 head and thorax, lateral view 4 male habitus, dorsal view 5 the same, lateral view 6 male genitalia, posterior view 7 the same, lateral view 8 genital style, lateral view 9 the same, posterior view 10 anal segment, aedeagus and genital style, left lateral view 11 aedeagus, lateral view 12 aedeagus, posterior view. Scale 0.5 mm (Figures 1–5); 0.2 mm (Figures 6–12).
Figure 5 from: Johnson RL, Stevens MR, Johnson LA, Robbins MD, Anderson CD, Ricks NJ, Farley KM (2016) Molecular and morphological evidence for Penstemon luculentus (Plantaginaceae): a replacement name for Penstemon fremontii var. glabrescens. PhytoKeys 63: 47-62. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7952
Figure 5 - Box percentile plots showing variations among plant characteristics between Penstemon fremontii, Penstemon luculentus, and Penstemon scariosus var. garrettii. Boxes delimit the 75th and 25th percentiles. The whiskers delimit the 10th and 90th percentile with outliers shown as circles outside the whiskers. The horizontal bar shows the 50th percentile and the horizontal triangle is the mean.
Figure 4 from: Johnson RL, Stevens MR, Johnson LA, Robbins MD, Anderson CD, Ricks NJ, Farley KM (2016) Molecular and morphological evidence for Penstemon luculentus (Plantaginaceae): a replacement name for Penstemon fremontii var. glabrescens. PhytoKeys 63: 47-62. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7952
Figure 4 - Plots of eigenvectors of the first two coordinates of principal coordinate analysis based on pairwise RST (top graph) or FST (bottom graph) values computed from genotypes of ten SSR markers on all taxa. Numbers in parentheses on each axis indicate the percent variation explained by each coordinate.
Figure 3 from: Johnson RL, Stevens MR, Johnson LA, Robbins MD, Anderson CD, Ricks NJ, Farley KM (2016) Molecular and morphological evidence for Penstemon luculentus (Plantaginaceae): a replacement name for Penstemon fremontii var. glabrescens. PhytoKeys 63: 47-62. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7952
Figure 3 - A Plot of the second order difference (ΔK) of K values (2–8) tested in STRUCTURE analysis identifying K = 3 as the optimal number of populations based on the accessions of Penstemon luculentus, Penstemon fremontii, Penstemon scariosus var. garrettii, and Penstemon gibbensii tested. As the K values tested were from 2 to 8, the first difference in K values (ΔK) starts at K = 3 B Bar plot of inferred ancestry coefficients from STRUCTURE analysis results for with K = 3 using 248 samples from 32 accessions. Each number on the x axis represents the accessions ID# in Table 1.
Figure 2 from: Johnson RL, Stevens MR, Johnson LA, Robbins MD, Anderson CD, Ricks NJ, Farley KM (2016) Molecular and morphological evidence for Penstemon luculentus (Plantaginaceae): a replacement name for Penstemon fremontii var. glabrescens. PhytoKeys 63: 47-62. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7952
Figure 2 - Map showing known distribution of Penstemon luculentus in Rio Blanco and Garfield counties Colorado.
Figure 1 from: Johnson RL, Stevens MR, Johnson LA, Robbins MD, Anderson CD, Ricks NJ, Farley KM (2016) Molecular and morphological evidence for Penstemon luculentus (Plantaginaceae): a replacement name for Penstemon fremontii var. glabrescens. PhytoKeys 63: 47-62. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7952
Figure 1 - A Penstemon luculentus in its commonly found native whitish or tan shale habitat B An individual Penstemon luculentus plant growing in its typical shale habitat.
Raw data for "Multimodal imaging of cubic Cu2O@Au nanocage formation via galvanic replacement using X-ray ptychography and nano diffraction"
<p><strong>Raw data for "Multimodal imaging of cubic Cu2O@Au nanocage formation via galvanic replacement using X-ray ptychography and nano diffraction"</strong></p> <p>The file "raw_data_ptychography_waxs.zip" contains one HDF5 archive for each scan. The archives are structured as follows:</p> <ul> <li>section experiment: <ul> <li>identifiers of the lightsource, beamline, beamtime, session number, and scan number</li> </ul> </li> <li>section measured: <ul> <li>N diffraction patterns of size 512x512 px used for ptychography</li> <li>N WAXS patterns of size 514x1030 px</li> <li>N scan positions in mm</li> <li>one detector mask of size 512x512 px used for ptychography</li> <li>one detector mask of size 514x1030 px used for WAXS</li> <li>slice separation in mm for multi slice reconstruction</li> </ul> </li> <li>section parameters: <ul> <li>distance between sample and forward detector (ptychography) in mm</li> <li>pixel size of forward detector (ptychography) in mm</li> <li>photon energy in keV</li> <li>cropping of diffraction patterns in px used for ptychographic reconstruction</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>The following lists show the scan numbers with their corresponding reaction times and slice separations for the in situ series recorded during growth of Cu<sub>2</sub>O nanocubes, as well as galvanic replacement with Au measured out of focus and in focus.</p> <p>Growth of Cu<sub>2</sub>O nanocubes:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>scan number</strong></td> <td><strong>slice distance, mm</strong></td> <td><strong>reaction time, h</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>179</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.58</td> </tr> <tr> <td>185</td> <td>1</td> <td>3.59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>191</td> <td>1</td> <td>4.78</td> </tr> <tr> <td>192</td> <td>1</td> <td>5.21</td> </tr> <tr> <td>193</td> <td>1</td> <td>5.64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>194</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.08</td> </tr> <tr> <td>195</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>196</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.94</td> </tr> <tr> <td>197</td> <td>1</td> <td>7.37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>198</td> <td>1</td> <td>7.81</td> </tr> <tr> <td>199</td> <td>1</td> <td>8.24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>200</td> <td>1</td> <td>8.67</td> </tr> <tr> <td>201</td> <td>1</td> <td>9.10</td> </tr> <tr> <td>202</td> <td>1</td> <td>9.53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>203</td> <td>1</td> <td>9.97</td> </tr> <tr> <td>204</td> <td>1</td> <td>10.41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>205</td> <td>1</td> <td>10.86</td> </tr> <tr> <td>207</td> <td>0.96</td> <td>11.53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>208</td> <td>0.94</td> <td>11.96</td> </tr> <tr> <td>209</td> <td>0.92</td> <td>12.41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>210</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>12.85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>211</td> <td>0.88</td> <td>13.29</td> </tr> <tr> <td>212</td> <td>0.86</td> <td>13.74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>213</td> <td>0.84</td> <td>14.19</td> </tr> <tr> <td>215</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>15.07</td> </tr> <tr> <td>216</td> <td>0.78</td> <td>15.50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>218</td> <td>0.74</td> <td>16.06</td> </tr> <tr> <td>219</td> <td>0.72</td> <td>16.50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>220</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>16.82</td> </tr> <tr> <td>221</td> <td>0.68</td> <td>17.08</td> </tr> <tr> <td>223</td> <td>0.64</td> <td>17.79</td> </tr> <tr> <td>225</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>18.53</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Galvanic replacement with Au measured out of focus:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>scan number</strong></td> <td><strong>slice distance, mm</strong></td> <td><strong>reaction time, h</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>263</td> <td>1</td> <td>-0.53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>265</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.13</td> </tr> <tr> <td>266</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.38</td> </tr> <tr> <td>267</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.63</td> </tr> <tr> <td>268</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.89</td> </tr> <tr> <td>269</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.14</td> </tr> <tr> <td>270</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>271</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>272</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>273</td> <td>1</td> <td>2.14</td> </tr> <tr> <td>274</td> <td>1</td> <td>2.39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>275</td> <td>1</td> <td>2.63</td> </tr> <tr> <td>276</td> <td>1</td> <td>2.87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>277</td> <td>1</td> <td>3.11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>278</td> <td>1</td> <td>3.35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>279</td> <td>1</td> <td>3.60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>280</td> <td>1</td> <td>3.84</td> </tr> <tr> <td>281</td> <td>1</td> <td>4.08</td> </tr> <tr> <td>282</td> <td>1</td> <td>4.32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>283</td> <td>1</td> <td>4.74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>284</td> <td>1</td> <td>5.15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>286</td> <td>1</td> <td>5.59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>287</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.01</td> </tr> <tr> <td>288</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>289</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>290</td> <td>1</td> <td>7.15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>291</td> <td>1</td> <td>7.55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>292</td> <td>1</td> <td>7.94</td> </tr> <tr> <td>293</td> <td>1</td> <td>8.35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>294</td> <td>1</td> <td>8.75</td> </tr> <tr> <td>295</td> <td>1</td> <td>9.16</td> </tr> <tr> <td>296</td> <td>1</td> <td>9.56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>297</td> <td>1</td> <td>9.96</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Galvanic replacement with Au measured in focus:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>scan number</strong></td> <td><strong>slice distance, mm</strong></td> <td><strong>reaction time, h</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>117</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>118</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.93</td> </tr> <tr> <td>119</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>120</td> <td>1</td> <td>2.08</td> </tr> <tr> <td>121</td> <td>1</td> <td>2.66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>122</td> <td>1</td> <td>3.24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>123</td> <td>1</td> <td>3.87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>124</td> <td>1</td> <td>4.44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>125</td> <td>1</td> <td>5.02</td> </tr> <tr> <td>126</td> <td>1</td> <td>5.61</td> </tr> <tr> <td>127</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.19</td> </tr> <tr> <td>128</td> <td>1</td> <td>6.77</td> </tr> <tr> <td>129</td> <td>1</td> <td>7.35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>130</td> <td>1</td> <td>7.93</td> </tr> <tr> <td>131</td> <td>1</td> <td>8.50</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The files "waxs_detector_calibration_cu2o_growth.poni" and "waxs_detector_calibration_au_galvanic_replacement.poni" contain the PONI data to be used for azimuthal integration of WAXS patterns using the pyFAI library.</p> <p><strong>Ptychographic reconstructions</strong></p> <p>The file "ptychographic_reconstructions.zip" contains the ptychographic reconstructions shown in the article and supplementary information in tiff format.</p> <p>Stacks of images corresponding to time series:</p> <ul> <li>Figure 1b, 2: P06_Cu2O_growth_scans_00179-00225_entrance_window.tif</li> <li>Figure 1b, 2: P06_Cu2O_growth_scans_00179-00225_exit_window.tif</li> <li>Figure 1d, 4, 5: P06_Au_galvanic_replacement_de-focus_scans_00263-00297_exit_window.tif</li> <li>Figure 5c: P06_Au_galvanic_replacement_in-focus_scans_00117-00131_exit_window.tif</li> </ul> <p><strong>SEM and EDX</strong></p> <p>The file "SEM_EDX.zip" contains the SEM images and EDX maps shown in Figure 3 in png format. Subfolders indicate the reaction time.</p>
FIGURE 1 in A replacement name for Nemophora divina Diakonoff, 1951 (Lepidoptera: Adelidae) a secondary junior homonym of Nemophora divina (Caradja, 1939)
FIGURE 1. Nemophora diakonoffi Kozlov, nom. nov., male, holotype. Scale: 2 mm.
Enhancing concrete properties with microsilica and fly ash as cement replacements: an experimental study
<p>Enhancing concrete properties with microsilica and fly ash as cement replacements: an experimental study</p>
Figs 71–76 in Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924
Figs 71–76. Tipula (Sinotipula) wardi EdwaRds, 1928, ♂ (CAU). 71. Tergite 9, dorsal view. 72. Hypopygium, ventral view. 73. Outer gonostylus, lateral external view. 74. Outer gonostylus, dorsal view. 75. Inner gonostylus, lateral external view. 76. Adminiculum, ventral view. Scale bars: 71–73, 76 = 0.2 mm; 74–75 = 0.1 mm.
Figs 44–47 in Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924
Figs 44–47. Tipula (Sinotipula) hobsoni EdwaRds, 1928, ♂ (CAU). 44. Hypopygium, lateral view. 45. Habitus, lateral view. 46. Head and thorax, dorsal view. 47. Wing. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
Figs 25–28 in Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924
Figs 25–28. Tipula (Sinotipula) forcipicauda sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (CAU). 25. Habitus, lateral view. 26. Hypopygium, lateral view. 27. Head and thorax, dorsal view. 28. Wing. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
Figs 69–70 in Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924
Figs 69–70. Tipula (Sinotipula) wardi EdwaRds, 1928, ♀ (CAU). 69. Habitus, lateral view. 70. Ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
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