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Fig. 5 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of immature female of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 collected from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). A – apical view of cephalic region; B – vulva; C – conical tail end; D – conical tail. Abbrevations: A – anus; CA – caudal papilla; L – labium; MT – mucron tip; PL – pseudolabium.

Fig. 4 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 4. Illustrations of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 – male, reproductive structures and tail end. A – lateral aspect of posterior section with left and right spicules, and associated structures; B – tip of left spicule from two views and tip of the right spicule with fleshy extension; C – ventral aspect of posterior section with caudal papillae and cloacal opening. Abbreviation: C – cloacal opening; CCO – cytoplasmic core opening; LS – left spicule; LSB – left spicule blade; LSS – left spicule shaft; M – manubrium; PcP – postcloacal papillae; PP – precloacal papillae; RP – rugosa plates; RS – right spicule; SM – spicule muscle; SP – spicular pouch; VD – vas deferens.

Fig. 7 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic relationships of Spinitectus spp. based on available cox1 mtDNA for Spinitectus based on Bayesian inference (BI)), with Rhabdochona xiphophori Caspeta-Mandujano, Moravec et Salgado-Maldonado, 2001 as the designated outgroup. Posterior probability (BI) and 1,000 bootstrap replicate (maximum likelihood (ML)) support indicated (BI/ML), nodes with less than 0.5 (50 %) support not annotated. Data shaded in colour from indicated geographical locality or river system, and three haplotypes recorded from the Vaal River system indicated (VRS1–VRS3).

Fig. 2 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 2. Light and scanning electron micrographs of adult females of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 collected from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). A – neck showing spines on annular rings; B – first three rings on neck, rings indicated numerically and spine length measurement illustrated; C – apical view of the cephalic region; D – lateral view of cephalic region; E – apical view of cephalic structures; F – excretory pore; G – diminishing spines; H – posterior end; inlay gonopore with vulva I – posterior end with gonopore, vulva position indicated; J – conical tail tip; K – conical tail and mucron tip. Abbreviations: A – anus; AP – amphid; CP – cephalic papillae; L – labia; MT – mucron tip; PL – pseudolabia; PS – porous structure; OO – oral opening; V – vulva; SL – sublabium.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Fig. 4 in A revision of distribution, ecology and conservation issues of the threatened comb-claw beetle Gerandryus aetnensis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, Alleculinae)

Fig. 4 – Geonemy and area of occupancy (AOO) of Gerandryus aetnensis (Rottenberg, 1871). Main figure, species geonemy; boxes, AOO calculation. Symbols: triangles, new records; circles, literature records; black cross, extinct in the site; yellow, records ante 2000; green, records post 1999 (main figure); large squares, 10 x 10 km grid cells; small squares, 2 x 2 km grid cells (boxes).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Figs 1-3 in A revision of distribution, ecology and conservation issues of the threatened comb-claw beetle Gerandryus aetnensis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, Alleculinae)

Figs 1-3 – Collecting sites of Gerandryus aetnensis (Rottenberg, 1871). 1, Val Clarea, Piedmont (photo D. Bellone); 2, burned pine woods of Colle delle Vacche, Majella, Abruzzo (photo A. B. Biscaccianti); 3, Bosco Afreni, Aspromonte, Calabria (photo A. B. Biscaccianti).

Fig. 1. A in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 1. A – map of South Africa; B – map of the river systems in the inlay showing the sampling sites where Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 was collected in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Abbreviations: 1 – down-stream of the Vaal River Barrage; 2 – in the Vaal Dam reservoir; 3 – down-stream of the Grootdraai Dam; 4 – Crocodile River.

openeupl-1.2Sep 2020View details →

Key landscapes for the conservation of biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proposal for modification of polygons. BIOPAMA.

Key Landscapes for Conservation (KLC) are areas recognised to be of global wildlife importance with intact ecosystems that are capable of sustaining wildlife populations in the face of increasing isolation from other similar areas (Larger Than Elephants - Inputs for EU strategic approach to wildlife conservation in Africa - Regional Analysis, European Commission, 2016). In 2019 and 2020, following discussions with experts, the JRC proposed an update of the layer published in 2016. The 2020 layer was created in QGIS with python (10.5281/zenodo.8207793). The layer is available in three different data formats: ESRI shapefile, geojson and kml. The document KLC_modifications_20200922.pdf illustrates the proposed changes relative to the 2016 version of the polygons.

Fig. 1 in The highs and lows of serow (Capricornis sumatraensis): multi-scale habitat associations inform large mammal conservation strategies in the face of synergistic threats of deforestation, hunting, and climate change

Fig. 1. Camera-trap image of mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) from the lowlands of the Pasoh Forest Reserve in Peninsular Malaysia at an elevation of ~100 m.

Fig. 4 in The highs and lows of serow (Capricornis sumatraensis): multi-scale habitat associations inform large mammal conservation strategies in the face of synergistic threats of deforestation, hunting, and climate change

Fig. 4. Regional-scale relationships between serow captures and covariates. Displayed are the variables within the top-performing multivariate model as assessed by lower AICc scores. All covariates are averaged at a 20-km radius around the study area.

Fig. 5 in The highs and lows of serow (Capricornis sumatraensis): multi-scale habitat associations inform large mammal conservation strategies in the face of synergistic threats of deforestation, hunting, and climate change

Fig. 5. The relationships between serow predicted abundance and habitat variables at the local scale from Royle-Nichols hierarchical models. Oil palm, roughness and Human Footprint Index were in the top performing multivariate model.

Fig. 3 in The highs and lows of serow (Capricornis sumatraensis): multi-scale habitat associations inform large mammal conservation strategies in the face of synergistic threats of deforestation, hunting, and climate change

Fig. 3. Presence of the serow within its Southeast Asian range. Panel a) shows the IUCN Red List range extent of occurrence (EOO; shaded orange), and the occurrence records coloured by the data source. Panel b) shows the jackknife-based assessment of variable importance. The blue bars showing the explanatory power in the model using only the denoted variable, while the teal bars show the predictive power of the full model without the denoted variable, highlighting whether the variable captures unique information. Panel c) shows the probability of presence of the serow from Maxent modelling mapped within the Southeast Asian region covered by this study. Panel d) shows the forest cover in 2015 that is potentially occupied within the EOO. Panel e) is the Maxent probability of presence of serow inside the remaining forested areas within Southeast Asia. Original artwork courtesy of Tamzin Barber (https://www.talkinganimals.com.au/).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Figure 29 in Cave-dwelling gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Brazil: state of the art and conservation

Figure 29. Map of Brazil highlighting the caves where the species listed here occur: (SP) São Paulo, square 1 shows caves located in the Upper Ribeira karst area; (MG) Minas Gerais, square 2 corresponds to caves in the municipalities of Pains and Pedro Leopoldo, and square 3 to caves in Presidente Olegário municipality; (BA) Bahia, square 4 shows caves in the Serra do Ramalho region. Other state abbreviations: (CE) Ceará, (GO) Goiás, (MS) Mato Grosso do Sul, (PI) Piauí.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Figures 23–28 in Cave-dwelling gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Brazil: state of the art and conservation

Figures 23–28. Examples of caves where some of the species listed here inhabit: (23) Tapagem cave (Eldorado, São Paulo); (24) Gruna das Três Cobras cave (Carinhanha, Bahia; photo: Adriano Gambarini); (25) Aranhas cave (Apiaí, São Paulo); (26) Lapa Zé de Sidinei cave (Presidente Olegário, Minas Gerais); (27) Lapa da Fazenda São Bernardo cave (Presidente Olegário, Minas Gerais); (28) Teminina II cave (Apiaí, São Paulo cave; photo: Adriano Gambarini).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Figures 1–22 in Cave-dwelling gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Brazil: state of the art and conservation

Figures 1–22. (1) Habeas corpus, holotype MZSP 110000, shell height H = 10.3 mm; (2) Habeas data, holotype MZSP 106810, H = 5.7 mm; (3) Habeastrum parafusum, holotype MZSP 134301, H = 1.4 mm; (4) Habeastrum omphalium, holotype MZSP 135583, H = 1.7 mm; (5) Habeastrum strangei, paratype MZSP 137432, H = 1.6 mm; (6) Habeastrum strangei, SEM image of holotype MZSP 151626, H = 2.8 mm; (7) Spiripockia puncata, holotype MZSP 105000, H = 4.6 mm; (8) Spiripockia umbraticola, paratype MZSP 151100, H = 4.8 mm; (9) Spiripockia umbraticola, SEM image of holotype MZSP 151099, H = 5.2 mm; (10) Potamolithus karsticus, paratype MZSP 27946, H = 1.2 mm; (11) Potamolithus troglobius, paratype MZSP 27948, H = 2.3 mm; (12) Lavajatus moroi, holotype MZSP 131060, H = 35.4 mm; (13) Streptartemon molaris, holotype MZSP 112451, H = 8.7 mm; (14) Gonyostomus elinae, holotype MZSP 106226, H = 48.0 mm; (15) Gastrocopta sharae, holotype MZSP 122725, H = 1.9 mm; (16) Gastrocopta sharae, SEM image of holotype; (17) Anctus prolatus, holotype MZSP 112450, H = 25.2 mm; (18) Kora nigra, holotype MZSP 106232, H = 30.1 mm; (19) Bahiensis ribeirensis, holotype MZSP 120774, H = 21.3 mm; (20) Clinispira insolita, holotype MZSP 111847, H = 14.6 mm; (21) Cyclodontina capivara, holotype MZSP 112448, H = 19.2 mm; (22) Rhinus gilbertus, holotype MZSP 112449, H = 21.9 mm.

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Data from: An adaptive biomolecular condensation response is conserved across environmentally divergent species

Cells must sense and respond to sudden maladaptive environmental changes—stresses—to survive and thrive. Across eukaryotes, stresses such as heat shock trigger conserved responses: growth arrest, a specific transcriptional response, and biomolecular condensation of protein and mRNA into structures known as stress granules under severe stress. The composition, formation mechanism, adaptive significance, and even evolutionary conservation of these condensed structures remain enigmatic. Here we provide an unprecedented view into stress-triggered condensation, its evolutionary conservation and tuning, and its integration into other well-studied aspects of the stress response. Using three morphologically near-identical budding yeast species adapted to different thermal environments and diverged by up to 100 million years, we show that proteome-scale biomolecular condensation is tuned to species-specific thermal niches, closely tracking corresponding growth and transcriptional responses. In each species, poly(A)-binding protein—a core marker of stress granules—condenses in isolation at species-specific temperatures, with conserved molecular features and conformational changes modulating condensation. From the ecological to the molecular scale, our results reveal previously unappreciated levels of evolutionary selection in the eukaryotic stress response, while establishing a rich, tractable system for further inquiry.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Figs 10‒12 in Can biogeography help bumblebee conservation?

Figs 10‒12. Current regional preponderance of the two principal bumblebee groups. 10. Comparison of species richness for Lowland Grassland (LG: in green) and Montane Grassland (MG: in blue) bumblebees (groups as in Fig. 6). The map overlays numbers of species (Figs 7–8) in green and blue (Williams & Gaston 1998) within equal-area grid cells (Fig. 1). Both colour axes are transformed to give near-uniform frequency distributions among classes along both axes (so that the scales differ among the figures, see the colour-scale boxes to the upper right of each map). Cells with high richness on both green and blue axes appear white, whereas cells with low richness on both axes appear black, with areas of intermediate and precisely covarying richness appearing in shades of grey. By contrast, deviations from an overall positive relationship appear as increasingly saturated green or blue, showing an 'excess' richness of one axis over the other (the colour values represented on the map are indicated in the scale box with grey spots). Background map as in Fig. 1. 11. Similar comparison of LG (in green) and MG (in blue) bumblebee richness across Europe from the European guide data (Rasmont et al. 2021) on a 2° × 2° grid (not equal-area grid cells) with north at the top of the map. 12. Comparison of LG (in green) and MG (in blue) bumblebee richness across Britain from the bumblebee atlas data (Alford 1980) on a 10 × 10 km grid with north at the top of the map.

Fig. 1 in Can biogeography help bumblebee conservation?

Fig. 1. Revising bumblebee species world-wide. The total bumblebee (indigenous) species richness is highest in Asia, especially in the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains on the southern and eastern fringes of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Williams 1998, data updated). There are no indigenous bumblebees in sub-Saharan Africa, lowland India, or in Australia and New Zealand (and Antarctica). Species numbers peak in the region of Xining, Qinghai. Even when mapping such a globally well-sampled group as bumblebees, using a coarse-scale equal-area grid reduces species-area effects, reduces the effects of sampling heterogeneity (species-accumulation curves for these large grid cells are more nearly asymptotic than for many smaller grid cells), and smooths the effects of local habitat variation. The grid is based on intervals of 10° longitude, which are used to calculate graduated latitudinal intervals so as to provide equal-area cells (each cell has an area of approximately 611 000 km²). The colour scale has equal-frequency richness classes. Cylindrical orthomorphic equal-area projection (excluding Antarctica) with north at the top of the map. Lower left, inset: field-work sites sampled for bumblebees by the author 1971–2018 (red spots).

Figs 2‒5. Biogeographic boundaries and the Central Asian deserts. 2 in Can biogeography help bumblebee conservation?

Figs 2‒5. Biogeographic boundaries and the Central Asian deserts. 2. Principal faunal (biogeographic) regions world-wide derived directly from bumblebee data, include an Oriental Region (1, black), a Southeast Asian Region (2, light grey), a Palaearctic Region (3, dark grey), a North American Region, (4, mid grey), a Mesoamerican Region (5, light grey), an Andean Region (6, dark grey), and a Lowland South American Region (7, light grey). Principal faunal regions are identified from grid-cell bumblebee faunas (Fig. 1) using the TWINSPAN procedure that combines ordination with classification (Williams 1996, data updated). Background map as in Fig. 1. 3. One of the most marked transition zones between bumblebee faunas globally (in orange) corresponds to the arid zone of the Central Asian deserts (the centre of this arid belt is traced by the dotted black line). The map scores measure the differences in species composition among bumblebee faunas within neighbourhoods of grid cells (Fig. 1) using the β-3 spatial turnover index (Williams 1996; Williams et al. 2022b). Background map and colour scale as in Fig. 1. 4. Image of Asia based on satellite images shows wet (green) and arid (yellow) regions, with the Central Asian desert belt, its centre traced out with a dotted red line (cf. Fig. 3). Image (without line) from GoogleEarth. 5. Searching for bumblebees across the Central Asian arid belt of Inner Mongolia with Huang Jiaxing – in the northern wooded/grassland edge zones finding some old favourites from Europe, including Bombus distinguendus Morawitz, 1869, B. subterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758), B. consobrinus Dahlbom, 1832, B. muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758), B. humilis Illiger, 1806, B. pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763), B. lucorum (Linnaeus, 1761) and B. cryptarum (Fabricius, 1775), as well as some striking local species in the desert-edge zones (north and south), such as B. sibiricus (Fabricius, 1781) and the large B. amurensis Radoszkowski, 1862, but finding no bumblebees here nearer the middle (An et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2017a).

Figs 6‒8 in Can biogeography help bumblebee conservation?

Figs 6‒8. Distribution of the two principal bumblebee groups. 6. Bumblebee subgenera world-wide as revised (Williams et al. 2008) based on an estimate of phylogeny from five genes (Sanger sequencing, trees estimated using models of DNA-sequence evolution fitted with Bayesian methods: Cameron et al. 2007), updated from estimates from broad genomic data (Illumina sequencing of ca 10 000 genes, trees from maximum likelihood analysis: Sun et al. 2020) and shown as a non-metric tree. Lowland Grassland (LG) group highlighted in green and Montane Grassland (MG) group highlighted in blue. 7. Bumblebee species richness (see Fig. 1) for the Lowland Grassland (LG) group (excluding the subgenus Psithyrus Lepeletier, 1832, with its divergent parasitic habit), showing an example (inset) of Bombus pseudobaicalensis Vogt, 1911, from the grasslands of north-eastern Inner Mongolia (Williams et al. 2022b). 8. Bumblebee species richness (see Fig. 1) for the Montane Grassland (MG) group, showing an example (inset) of Bombus kashmirensis Friese, 1909, from the mountains of the eastern Tibetan plateau (Williams et al. 2022b). Background maps and colour scale of 7 and 8 as in Fig. 1.