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Figure 2 in Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and rooting media on rooting and survival of air layered wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) CV Jambu Madu

Figure 2. Effects of IBA hormones and different rooting media on the survivability of rate of wax apple air layered. M 1 C 0: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 2 0 3 0 1 1 1000 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 1500 mg L-1, 2 1 3 1 1 2 M C: Vermicompost + IBA 1500 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 1500 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 2000 mg L-1, M C: 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 Vermicompost + IBA 2000 mg L-1 and M C: Garden soil + IBA 2000 mg L-1. Bars represent means (n = 7) ± standard error (S.E.). a, b, and 3 3 c indicate significant differences within each growth period (p <0.05).

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Figure 3 in Late effects of Beauveria bassiana on larval stages of Aedes aegypti Linneo, 1762 (Diptera: Culicidae)

Figure 3. Biological cycle of Ae. aegypti, phase to phase time contrast in the survivors of the tested strains and the daily cycle according to the literature under laboratory conditions [25 ± 2 ° C; 12:12 h (light: darkness)].

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Figure 2 in Late effects of Beauveria bassiana on larval stages of Aedes aegypti Linneo, 1762 (Diptera: Culicidae)

Figure 2. Mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae by conidia of Beauveria bassiana (NB3 and GHA strain) in different development phase under laboratory conditions [25 ± 2 ° C; 12:12 h (light: darkness). Treatments with different letters are significantly different (p≤0.05).

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Data from: The effect of external flow on 3D orientation of a microscopic sessile suspension feeder, Vorticella convallaria

Vorticella convallaria are microscopic sessile suspension feeders that live attached to substrates in aquatic environments. They feed using a self‐generated current and help maintain the health of aquatic ecosystems and wastewater treatment facilities by consuming bacteria and detritus. Their environmental impact is mediated by their feeding rate. In ambient flow, feeding rates are highly dependent on an individual's orientation relative to the substrate and the flow. Here, we investigate how this orientation is impacted by flow speed. Furthermore, we examined whether individuals actively avoid orientations unfavorable for feeding. We exposed individuals to unidirectional laminar flow at shear rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 s−1, and recorded their 3D orientation using a custom biplanar microscope. We determined that V. convallaria orientation became progressively tilted downstream as the shear rate increased, but individuals were still able to actively reorient. Additionally, at higher shear rates, individuals spent a larger fraction of their time in orientations with reduced feeding rates. Our shear rates correspond to freestream flows on the scale of mm s−1 to cm s−1 in natural environments.

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Fig. 1 in The effects of short-term climate change on the range of species: the case of the expanding European dwarf mantis Ameles spallanzania in northern Italy (Mantodea: Amelidae)

Fig. 1 – Distribution of Ameles spallanzania in Italy across a, past period and b, current period. Confirmed data refer to already known presence cells in the previous time interval.

Figure 6 in Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord

Figure 6. Estimated area of Disenchantment Bay (km2) containing three different ice cover types: scattered (1–3 tenths), intermediate (4–6 tenths), and dense (7–10 tenths), and all types combined (i.e., ice-covered area [ICA]) from 3 May to 4 August 2002. Estimates of ice cover were averaged within grid cells (when n> 1) and the areas of cells with each type of ice cover were summed (Jansen et al. 2006)) and then scaled upward (proportionately) based on the percent of the study area that was sampled on a given day.

Figure 7 in Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord

Figure 7. Patterns of ship movement and visitation time in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska, in 2002 (n = 56 cruise ships of 105 total during study). Shading of cells represents the cumulative time that visiting ships spent within that cell for each of three months: May, June, and July (including early August). Four distinct shades, from gray to black, reflect increasing residence: <5 min, 5–10 min, 10–20 min,>20 min, respectively. Refer to Figure 1 for geographical points and scale.

Figure 5 in Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord

Figure 5. Standardized resource selection coefficient by harbor seals for ice cover class in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska, 3 May to 4 August 2002, for the Bernoulli part of the P1B model (i.e., for the cell-based abundance of seals). The solid circles and lines are for all seals, and the open circles and dashed lines are for mother-pup pairs. Confidence intervals (95%) are shown by the vertical bars. The thin horizontal line represents equal selection for all ice cover classes.

Figure 4 in Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord

Figure 4. Standardized resource selection coefficient by harbor seals for ice cover class in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska, 3 May to 4 August 2002, for the Bernoulli part of the P1B model (i.e., for the cell-based spatial distribution of seals). The solid circles and lines are for all seals, and the open circles and dashed lines are for mother-pup pairs. Confidence intervals (95%) are shown by the vertical bars. The thin horizontal line represents equal selection for all ice cover classes.

Figure 3 in Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of harbor seals, ice cover zones, and maximum penetration of cruise ships on the day of surveys () and the previous day () in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska, on (A) 6 May, (B) 16 May, (C) 31 May, (D) 20 June, (E) 18 July, and (F) 4 August 2002 (figures for all 18 survey dates are available as supplemental material online). The time of day that ships reached their maximum penetration appears near the location symbol. The range of seal counts summed per grid cell is shown in three levels: small dot (<5 seals), medium dot (5–20 seals), and large dot (>20 seals). A small, overlying white dot indicates the presence of at least one mother-pup pair within that grid cell. Ice cover is represented by a gradient in cell-color shading: light gray (scattered), medium gray (intermediate), dark gray (dense). For this graphic, if cells with no ice data were bounded on three sides by cells with ice measures, the average of neighboring cells was used as an estimate. Refer to Figure 1 for geographical points and scale.

Figure 2 in Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord

Figure 2. Counts of all seals and pups along video sampling transects (relative abundance) in Disenchantment Bay, May to August 2002. Raw counts for all seals are shown as solid circles, and raw counts for pups are shown as open circles. The thick solid curve is the fitted GAM model for all seals, with the 95% prediction intervals shown by the thinner solid lines. The thick dashed curve is the fitted GAM model for pups, with the 95% prediction intervals shown by the thinner dashed lines.

Figure 1 in Natural and human effects on harbor seal abundance and spatial distribution in an Alaskan glacial fjord

Figure 1. Map of Disenchantment Bay study areas near Yakutat, Alaska. Major tidewater glaciers are labeled. The location of the terminus of Hubbard Glacier was mapped in early June 2002 as part of this study. The extent of snow and ice-covered terrain (stippled area) was derived from a NOAA Coastal Service satellite photo taken in 1993. Icy Bay, an adjacent tidewater glacial fjord with a seal population (see Discussion), is shown for reference.

Fig. 4 in Disruption of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in citrus: effect of blend and placement height, longevity of disruption and emission profile of a new dispenser

Fig. 4. Pheromone release profiles for DCEPT CLM™ (closed circles) and SPLAT CLM™ (open circles). DCEPT CLM data (top graph) are mean (± SD) percentage of initial amount of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal remaining in the dispensers (n = 10). SPLAT CLM points are equivalent data previously published (Stelinski et al. 2010). The amount of pheromone released (bottom graph) was calculated as the mean difference in pheromone remaining from the preceding period.

Fig. 1 in Disruption of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in citrus: effect of blend and placement height, longevity of disruption and emission profile of a new dispenser

Fig. 1. Mean ± SEM number of male Phyllocnistis citrella captured in pheromone-baited traps in untreated control plots (filled circles, n = 9) and in pheromonetreated plots (open circles, n = 14) of grapefruit at Emerald grove, St. Lucie County, Florida, USA. Triangles are mean ± SEM (n = 14) percentage trap catch disruption (right y axis). Insert: DCEPT CLM dispenser. Rubber disk is 1.2 cm in diameter; white plastic hanger is 3.5 × 4.3 cm.

Fig. 5 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 5. Pupa and adult traits (mean ± SE) afer different treatments. (A) Development time of pupae, (B) emergence rate, (C) adult longevity and (D) fecundity in the diamondback moth following emergence from eggs exposed to different fluctuating temperature ranges (25 ± 0, 25 ± 2, 25 ± 4, 25 ± 6, 25 ± 8 and 25 ± 10 °C). Different letters at the tops of columns indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.

Fig. 3 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 3. Egg traits (mean ± SE) afer different treatments. (A) Development time of eggs and (B) hatching rate of diamondback moth under 6 different temperature regimens with the same mean temperature but different ranges of temperature fluctuations (25 ± 0, 25 ± 2, 25 ± 4, 25 ± 6, 25 ± 8 and 25 ± 10 °C). Different letters at the tops of the columns indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.

Fig. 2 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 2. Target temperatures in experiments. Target temperatures with different ranges of temperature fluctuations around 25 °C in climate chambers for 3 consecutive days.

Fig. 4 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 4. Traits of larvae (mean ±SE) hatched from eggs exposed to treatments involving the same mean temperature but various ranges of temperature fluctuations. (A) Development times of larvae, (B) pupation rates, (C) pre-pupal masses and (D) growth rates of larvae following emergence from eggs exposed to different fluctuating temperature ranges (25 ± 0, 25 ± 2, 25 ± 4, 25 ± 6, 25 ± 8 and 25 ± 10 °C). Different letters at the tops of columns indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.

Fig. 1 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 1. Diurnal air temperature fluctuations in a cabbage field in the summer in Beijing. Temperature was recorded with a data logger placed close to the underside of leaves and placed 30–35 cm above the ground in the middle of a 2 ha cabbage field.

Fig. 7 in The effects of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone on the feeding, development, and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 7. The correlation between the concentration of 20-hydroxyecdysone used for treatment and the mean number of eggs deposited on the treated seedlings. R represents the correlation coefficient; the symbol ** next to the coefficient indicates that the correlation between X and Y was significant at P <0.01.