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Factors influencing distribution of the endangered Hispid hare in Babai valley, Bardiya National Park, Nepal
<p>The hispid hare, <span><em>Caprolagus</em> <em>hispidus</em></span>, is an endangered elusive mammal that dwells in the tall grassland of the Himalayan foothills across Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. The species has faced serious threats from anthropogenic activity and seasonal flooding in the various protected areas, leading to population decline. Most work on the species has been conducted in the grasslands of Shuklaphanta National Park, but only one study has been conducted in Bardia National Park over the past decade. Here, we aim to evaluate current distribution pattern of the hispid hare in the Babai Valley of Bardia National Park, identify the environmental factors that influenced distribution, and assess existing threats to the species. <span>We conducted a field survey in December 2020 before grassland burn and May-June 2021, after a grassland burn. A total of 428 transects (50 m * 2 m) in a 1 km x 1 km grid were conducted across 1048.55 hectares of grassland in the valley. Hispid hare pellets were recorded in the grassland of Kalinara, Guthi, Sano Shree Phanta, Chitaale Phanta, Ratomate, Rhino Release Site (Babai), and Mulghat (Chepang) in Bardia National Park. The distribution pattern of the pellets was found to be clumped in the Babai Valley. We recorded higher pellet density post-grassland burn than the pre-burn, which indicated higher population density in summer in comparison to winter. The best-fit model suggested that </span>grass density, grassland burning, and annual precipitation have influenced the distribution of hispid hare. <span>Results suggest the species prefers the riverbank in winter but short grassland in summer, while the forest and edge between the grassland and forest were avoided. The grassland patches in Babai (preferred hispid hare habitat) comprised 14 grass species in Babai dominated by <em>Imperata</em> <em>cylindrica</em>, <em>Schharum</em> <em>spontaneum</em>, and <em>Cynodon</em> <em>doctylon</em>. Seasonal grassland burn, summer flood, invasive species, vegetation succession, and predators were major threats in the field. Our findings can help park officials in the management and restoration of degraded grassland of the park and guide the developing management and species action plan. We recommend conservation efforts focus on protecting and managing grasslands that provide suitable habitat for the hispid hare.</span></p>
FIGURE 7 in Unraveling the Enigma of Androcalymma (Fabaceae: Dialioideae): The Rediscovery of a Critically Endangered Legume Genus in the Heart of the Amazon
FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree presenting the relationship between Androcalymma, few species of Dicorynia, Dialium, and one representative of other 13 Dialioideae genera. Only clades with 60% or higher bootstrap values (represented above each node) are shown. At the center a short representation of the clade containing Androcalymma, Dicorynia, and Dialium with examples of flowers (left) and a floral diagram (right) of each group. Note the trimerous corolla of Dicorynia, the pentamerous one of Androcalymma and the absence of corolla in most species of Dialium, represented here by an American and an Asian species. Also note two stamens in Dicorynia and most Dialium species and four stamens in Androcalymma. Photos: D. platysepalum: Cerlin Ng; D. guianensis: Herve Galliffet; D. paraensis; A. glabrifolium, D. guianense and the floral diagrams and trees: Marcus Falc"o.
FIGURE 8. Morphological comparisons between Androcalymma and Dicorynia. A in Unraveling the Enigma of Androcalymma (Fabaceae: Dialioideae): The Rediscovery of a Critically Endangered Legume Genus in the Heart of the Amazon
FIGURE 8. Morphological comparisons between Androcalymma and Dicorynia. A. Stamen of A. glabrifolium; B. Stamen of D. paraensis. Note the thick filament and the similar basifixed insertion which differs for being apiculate only in Androcalymma; Abaxial face of the leaflet base in C. A. glabrifolium; and in D. D. guianensis; Detail of inflorescence in E. A. glabrifolium; and in F. D. paraensis; Floral buds in G. A. glabrifolium; and in H. D. paraensis. Note the unusual imbrication of sepals; I. Fruits in D. paraensis; J. Detail of the flat and elliptical carpel in A. glabrifolium. Note the reduced style; K. Similar but more elongated carpel in D. paraensis. A: Falcão, M.J 265; B, K: Falcão, M.J. 268; C, E, G, J: Krukoff, B. 9005; D: Billiet, F. 4375; F: Amaral, I.L 618; H: Cid, C.A. 3564; I: Falcão, M.J. 91. Scale bar. A, J: 1 mm; B, K: 5 mm; C–D, G–H: 7 mm; E–F, I: 1cm. Source. A–B, G–K: Marcus Falc"o; C–F: Reflora.
FIGURE 6. Androcalymma glabrifolium. SEM images. A in Unraveling the Enigma of Androcalymma (Fabaceae: Dialioideae): The Rediscovery of a Critically Endangered Legume Genus in the Heart of the Amazon
FIGURE 6. Androcalymma glabrifolium. SEM images. A. Flower bud; B–C. Flower in pre-anthesis with the perianth removed. Note the anthers covering the gynoecium but not yet inflexed; D. side view of anther still closed; E. Front and side view of a stamen at anthesis, note the inflexed anthers. F. Detail of anther with the two open pores; G. Detail of the anther still closed. H Filament with anther removed and apiculate apex; I. Detail of anther surface showing uncinate trichomes and stomata; J. Polar and equatorial view of the pollen grains; K. Side view of the carpel; L. side view of a young fruit, note the reduced wing forming at the left; M. Detail of the ovules; N. Detail of carpel surface showing uncinate and straight trichomes; O. Detail of the stigma and short style; P. Detail of the receptacle with petals, stamens and carpel removed. Note the shallow hypanthium. Scale bar. A–B, E, K–L: 500 µm; C, P: 200 µm; D, F–H, M, O: 100 µm; I: 20 µm; J: 2 µm; N: 50 µm. A–P: Falcão, M.J. 265; Photos: M. Falc"o.
FIGURE 5. Androcalymma glabrifolium. A in Unraveling the Enigma of Androcalymma (Fabaceae: Dialioideae): The Rediscovery of a Critically Endangered Legume Genus in the Heart of the Amazon
FIGURE 5. Androcalymma glabrifolium. A. Detail of the flower, polar view; B. side view; C. Detail of senescent flowers without petals and stamens showing the heteromorphy of the five sepaled calyx; D. Inflorescence with young fruits; E–F: Immature fruits at different sizes. Scale bar. A–C: 0.5 cm; D: 2 cm; E–F: 1 cm. A–F: Falcão, M.J. 265; Photos: M. Falc"o
FIGURE 2. Androcalymma glabrifolium. A in Unraveling the Enigma of Androcalymma (Fabaceae: Dialioideae): The Rediscovery of a Critically Endangered Legume Genus in the Heart of the Amazon
FIGURE 2. Androcalymma glabrifolium. A. Leaf; B. Axillary bud at the base of the leaf; C. Detail of the petiolule and base of the terminal leaflet; D. Inflorescence; E. Immature flower bud; F. Flower bud at pre-anthesis; G. Flower, polar view; H. Flower, side view; I. Abaxial sepal; J–K. The two adaxial sepals; L. One of the two lateral sepals; M. Flower without petals and stamens, polar view; N. Flower in pre-anthesis without sepals and petals, lateral view; O. Stamen, side view; P. Anther with open pores, frontal view; Q. Tip of the apiculate filament without anther; R. Longitudinal cut of the carpel showing three ovules; S. Detail of the stigma; T. Young fruit. A–T: Falcão, M.J. 265; Drawn by M. Falc"o.
FIGURE 4. Androcalymma glabrifolium. A–C in Unraveling the Enigma of Androcalymma (Fabaceae: Dialioideae): The Rediscovery of a Critically Endangered Legume Genus in the Heart of the Amazon
FIGURE 4. Androcalymma glabrifolium. A–C. Distichous thyrsoids inflorescences; D. Senescent thyrsoid with flowers presenting only sepals and carpels; E. Subthyrsoid apex with distichous cymose subunits; F–I. Flowers in anthesis, flower buds and senescent flowers containing sepals and carpel, note the inflexed anthers pointing to the gynoecium in I. Scale bar. A–D: 2 cm; E–H: 0.5 cm; I: 0.25 cm. A–I: Falcão, M.J. 265; Photos: M. Falc"o.
FIGURE 3. Androcalymma glabrifolium. A in Unraveling the Enigma of Androcalymma (Fabaceae: Dialioideae): The Rediscovery of a Critically Endangered Legume Genus in the Heart of the Amazon
FIGURE 3. Androcalymma glabrifolium. A. Emergent tree; B. Detail of the base of the trunk; C. Detail of the bark; D. Cut section of the bark; E. Detail of the branch showing the insertion of leaves and small axillary buds; F. Detail of fallen branch with leaves and inflorescences; G. Leaf detail; H. Leaflet detail, adaxial side; I. Leaflets detail, abaxial side. Scale bar. A–B, F: 10 cm; C, G–I: 4 cm; D–E: 1 cm. A–I: Falcão, M.J. 265; Photos: M. Falc"o.
Fig. 6 in Genome-wide transcriptional analysis unveils the molecular basis of organ-specific expression of isosteroidal alkaloids biosynthesis in critically endangered Fritillaria roylei Hook
Fig. 6. Heatmap representing organ specific significantly enriched genes corresponding to (A) Isosteroidal alkaloid biosynthesis, (B) Sucrose and starch metabolism, (C) UGTs and CYPs, (D) aquaporins, (E) ABC transporters, (F) Transcription factor and Transposable elements. The red-blue scale represents positive enrichment (red) and negative enrichment (Blue) of transcripts. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 5 in Genome-wide transcriptional analysis unveils the molecular basis of organ-specific expression of isosteroidal alkaloids biosynthesis in critically endangered Fritillaria roylei Hook
Fig. 5. Significantly enriched transcripts (nodes) in predicted interactome network. (A) Steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis pathways (B) Isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis pathway, (C) Sucrose and starch metabolic pathways and (D) Aquaporins. The nodes encircled in red color represents higher enrichment in the bulb while the nodes encircled in grey and blue represents higher enrichment in arial organs (leaf and stem). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 7 in Genome-wide transcriptional analysis unveils the molecular basis of organ-specific expression of isosteroidal alkaloids biosynthesis in critically endangered Fritillaria roylei Hook
Fig. 7. qRT-PCR expression-based validation of RNA-seq data using potential 20 genes involved in isosteroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. (A) Bulb vs. Leaf, (B) Leaf vs. Stem and (C) Bulb vs. Stem.
Fig. 3 in Genome-wide transcriptional analysis unveils the molecular basis of organ-specific expression of isosteroidal alkaloids biosynthesis in critically endangered Fritillaria roylei Hook
Fig. 3. Significant KEGG pathway enrichment analysis in tissues from aerial organs (leaf & Stem) and bulb. The green colour enrichment indicates higher expression in aerial tissue while pink represents higher enrichment in bulb. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in Genome-wide transcriptional analysis unveils the molecular basis of organ-specific expression of isosteroidal alkaloids biosynthesis in critically endangered Fritillaria roylei Hook
Fig. 4. Transcriptional protein-protein interactome (PPIN) prediction in F. roylei along the network statistics. (A) Overall prediction of PPI network based on significantly differential expressed transcripts. Spatial PPI network prediction of significantly enriched transcripts in (B) Bulb, (C) Leaf and (D) Stem.
Fig. 1 in Genome-wide transcriptional analysis unveils the molecular basis of organ-specific expression of isosteroidal alkaloids biosynthesis in critically endangered Fritillaria roylei Hook
Fig. 1. Summary of organ specific spatial transcriptome sequencing in F. roylei. (A): Overall quality filtering of sequenced reads; (B): Tissue specific high quality filtered reads obtained after removing low quality/adaptor contaminated sequences; (C): Assembly statistics details; (D): Venn diagram representing functional annotation with six different public protein databases.
Fig. 8 in Genome-wide transcriptional analysis unveils the molecular basis of organ-specific expression of isosteroidal alkaloids biosynthesis in critically endangered Fritillaria roylei Hook
Fig. 8. Representation of isosteroidal alkaloid biosynthesis pathway in F. roylei and heat map representing expression of genes in Stem, Leaf and Bulb tissue using red-blue scale (red: positive enrichment and Blue: negative enrichment of transcripts). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Genome-wide transcriptional analysis unveils the molecular basis of organ-specific expression of isosteroidal alkaloids biosynthesis in critically endangered Fritillaria roylei Hook
Fig. 2. Clustering of 2488 significant differentially expressed transcripts in leaf, stem and bulb in F. roylei (A) sub-cluster 1 represent transcripts with significant higher expression in bulb; (B): Sub-cluster 2 in Stem and (C): Sub-cluster 3 in leaf; (D): Pearson's correlation of organ specific significant differentially expressed clustered transcripts in leaf, stem and bulb tissues.
Fig. 4 in Association analysis and molecular tagging of phytochemicals in the endangered medicinal plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)
Fig. 4. Principal component analysis (PCA) for the variable traits in the 59 Glycyrrhiza glabra localizations used in the study. Dimension1, Dim1; Dimension2, Dim2; Contribution, Contrib.
Fig. 2. Sampling sites for the 59 in Association analysis and molecular tagging of phytochemicals in the endangered medicinal plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)
Fig. 2. Sampling sites for the 59 localizations of Glycyrrhiza glabra, collected in the 21 provinces of Iran and used in the study. Each localization (L1, L2, etc.) included 2–3 different individuals, separated 50–100 m among them. Detailed descriptions for each localization are included in Supplementary Table 4. The black line separates provinces from North-Western and Eastern/Southern Iran.
Fig. 3 in Association analysis and molecular tagging of phytochemicals in the endangered medicinal plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)
Fig. 3. AFLP dendrogram (UPGMA) for the 170 individual Glycyrrhiza glabra plants sampled in 59 localizations and used in the study. Individuals where subpopulations A and B were predominant are depicted in green and red, respectively. Individuals (identified by numbers) are grouped in localizations (identified by L1, L2, etc., and also by the corresponding codes). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1. Structure analysis, determined using 15 in Association analysis and molecular tagging of phytochemicals in the endangered medicinal plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)
Fig. 1. Structure analysis, determined using 15 AFLP primer combinations and the STRUCTURE software, of the 170 individual Glycyrrhiza glabra plants sampled in 59 localizations. Sub-populations A and B are represented in green and red color, respectively. Individuals (identified by numbers) are grouped in localizations (identified by L1, L2, etc., and also by the corresponding codes). See Supplementary Table 4 for information on the different localizations. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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