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3,018 results for “aire”
Data from: Longleaf pine proximity effects on air temperatures and hardwood top-kill from prescribed fire
Background Regulation of the dominance of sprouting understory hardwoods is a common objective for prescribed fire in open-canopy longleaf pine woodland of the southeastern USA. Nevertheless, little is known about the influence of individual pines on fire and hardwood mortality. We studied growing-season fires in stem-mapped stands in southwest Georgia USA which displayed large variation in structure due to cutting treatments applied 7 yr earlier. We measured air temperature and heating duration, and measured post-fire sprouting behavior of four guilds of understory hardwoods: mesic oaks, upland oaks, xeric oaks, and fleshy-fruited hardwoods. Mean air temperature (i.e., of flames, buoyant plume and smoldering combustion) and heating duration (time over 60°C) were analyzed with respect to fuel-bed conditions and neighboring tree density. Hardwood top-kill was analyzed with respect to neighboring tree density and hardwood height. Results Size of and distance to longleaf pines strongly affected time over 60°C, which increased linearly from a mean of 87 s to a mean of 234 s across a gradient of pine basal area from 0 to 30 m2 ha-1. Mean air temperature during prescribed fire was unaffected by pine density but increased linearly from a mean of 114°C to a mean of 148°C across a gradient of wiregrass cover from 0 to 100%. Neighborhood models showed that time over 60°C during the burns was longest at the base of pines and decreased by two-thirds at 3.3 m distance. Pines affected hardwood top-kill probability at a similar scale, the effect at 4.4 m decreasing by two-thirds compared to at the base of the pine. The four hardwood guilds were readily top-killed when ≤ 1 m tall, but at 2 m height upland and xeric oaks had become more resistant to top-kill than mesic oaks or fleshy fruited broadleaved trees. Conclusions The influence of individual pine trees on heating duration and top-kill power of prescribed fire drops by ⅔ of maximum within 3 to 4 m of a tree, compared to a maximum at the base of the tree. Neighborhood models provide a method to estimate tree effects on prescribed fire heating duration and top-kill probability, and thus a way of predicting stand structures that provide ecological benefits of openings while remaining below thresholds that trigger vigorous hardwood response.
Data from: Air pollution and visitation at national parks
Hundreds of millions of visitors travel to U.S. national parks every year to visit America's iconic landscapes. Concerns about air quality in these areas have led to strict, yet controversial pollution control policies. We document pollution trends in U.S. national parks and estimate the relationship between pollution and park visitation. From 1990-2014, average ozone concentrations in national parks were statistically indistinguishable from the 20 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. Further, relative to U.S. cities, national parks have seen only modest reductions in days with ozone concentrations exceeding levels deemed unhealthy by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. We find a robust, negative relationship between in-park ozone concentrations and park visitation. Still, 35% of all national park visits occur when ozone levels are elevated.
Threats from the air: damselfly predation on diverse prey taxa
<p>1. To understand the diversity and strength of predation in natural communities, researchers must quantify the total amount of prey species in the diet of predators. Metabarcoding approaches have allowed widespread characterization of predator diets with high taxonomic resolution. To determine the wider impacts of predators, researchers should combine DNA techniques with estimates of population size of predators using mark-release-recapture (MRR) methods, and with accurate metrics of food consumption by individuals.</p> <p>2. Herein, we estimate the scale of predation exerted by four damselfly species on diverse prey taxa within a well-defined 12-ha study area, resolving the prey species of individual damselflies, to what extent the diets of predatory species overlap, and which fraction of the main prey populations are consumed.</p> <p>3. We identify the taxonomic composition of diets using DNA metabarcoding and quantify damselfly population sizes by MRR. We also use predator-specific estimates of consumption rates, and independent data on prey emergence rates to estimate the collective predation pressure summed over all prey taxa and specific to their main prey (non-biting midges or chironomids) of the four damselfly species.</p> <p>4. The four damselfly species collectively consumed a prey mass equivalent to roughly 870 (95% CL 410–1,800) grams, over two months. Each individual consumed 29%-66% (95% CL 9.4–123) of its body weight during its relatively short life span (2.1-4.7 days 95% CL 0.74–7.9) in the focal population. This predation pressure was widely distributed across the local invertebrate prey community, including 4 classes, 19 orders, and ca. 140 genera. Different predator species showed extensive overlap in diets, with an average of 30% of prey shared by at least two predator species.</p> <p>5. Of the available prey individuals in the widely-consumed family Chironomidae, only a relatively small proportion (0.76%; 95% CL 0.35%–1.61%) were consumed.</p> <p>6. Our synthesis of population sizes, per-capita consumption rates and taxonomic distribution of diets identifies damselflies as a comparatively minor predator group of aerial insects. As the next step, we should add estimates of predation by larger odonate species, and experimental removal of odonates, thereby establishing the full impact of odonate predation on prey communities. </p>
Data from: Aggression supersedes individual oxygen demand to drive group air-breathing in a social catfish
1) Group-living is widespread among animals and comes with numerous costs and benefits. To date, research examining group-living has focused on trade-offs surrounding foraging, while other forms of resource acquisition have been largely overlooked. 2) Air breathing has evolved in many fish lineages, allowing animals to obtain oxygen in hypoxic aquatic environments. Breathing air increases the threat of predation, so some species perform group air breathing, to reduce individual risk. Within species, air breathing can be influenced by metabolic rate as well as personality, but the mechanisms of group air breathing remain unexplored. It is conceivable that keystone individuals with high metabolic demand or intrinsic tendency to breathe air may drive social breathing, especially in hypoxia. 3) We examined social air breathing in African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, to determine whether individual physiological traits and spontaneous tendency to breathe air influence the behaviour of entire groups, and whether such influences vary in relation to aquatic oxygen availability. 4) We studied eleven groups of four catfish in a laboratory arena and recorded air-breathing behaviour, activity, and agonistic interactions at varying levels of hypoxia. Bimodal respirometry was used to estimate individual standard metabolic rate (SMR) and the tendency to utilise aerial oxygen when alone. 5) Fish took more air breaths in groups as compared to when they were alone, regardless of water oxygen content, and displayed temporally clustere air-breathing behaviour, consistent with existing definitions of synchronous air breathing. However, groups displayed tremendous variability in surfacing behaviour. Aggression by dominant individuals within groups was the main factor influencing air breathing of the entire group. There was no association between individual SMR, or the tendency to obtain oxygen from air when in isolation, and group air breathing. 6) For C. gariepinus, synchronous air breathing is strongly influenced by agonistic interactions, which may expose subordinate individuals to risk of predation. Influential individuals exerted an overriding effect on risk-taking by the entire group, for reasons independent of their physiological oxygen requirements. Overall, this illustrates that social context can obscure interactions between an individual's physiological and behavioural traits and their tendency to take risks to obtain resources.
Data from: Genetic signatures of natural selection in response to air pollution in red spruce (Picea rubens, Pinaceae)
One of the most important drivers of local adaptation for forest trees is climate. Coupled to these patterns, however, are human-induced disturbances through habitat modification and pollution. The confounded effects of climate and disturbance have rarely been investigated with regard to selective pressure on forest trees. Here, we have developed and used a population genetic approach to search for signals of selection within a set of 36 candidate genes chosen for their putative effects on adaptation to climate and human-induced air pollution within five populations of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), distributed across its natural range and air pollution gradient in eastern North America. Specifically, we used FST outlier and environmental correlation analyses to highlight a set of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were overly correlated with climate and levels of sulphate pollution after correcting for the confounding effects of population history. Use of three age cohorts within each population allowed the effects of climate and pollution to be separated temporally, as climate-related SNPs (n = 7) showed the strongest signals in the oldest cohort, while pollution-related SNPs (n = 3) showed the strongest signals in the youngest cohorts. These results highlight the usefulness of population genetic scans for the identification of putatively nonneutral evolution within genomes of nonmodel forest tree species, but also highlight the need for the development and application of robust methodologies to deal with the inherent multivariate nature of the genetic and ecological data used in these types of analyses.
Dataset for the analysis of the association of atopic dermatitis(AD) symptom with air pollution and weather
<p>This dataset includes atopic dermatitis(AD) symptom, air pollution, weather data on a daily bases. The dataset was made for the analyses of the association of AD symptom in children with air pollution and weather. 177 AD patients <6 years old from the Seoul Metropolitan Area in Korea were enrolled and followed for 17 months between August 2013 and December 2014.</p> <p>Definition of symptom presence: Parents or guardians were instructed to record the extent of itching, sleep disturbance, erythema, dryness, oozing, and edema on a scale of 0 to 4 by using smartphone-adjusted symptom diary. The presence of AD symptoms was determined when a symptom score was 2 points or more for both itching and sleep disturbance scores, accompanied by at least 2 points of the sum of the following symptoms: erythema, dryness, edema, or oozing. </p>
FIGURES 28–33 in Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species
FIGURES 28–33. Microcerella asymmetrica sp. nov. 28. Male holotype, left lateral view. 29. Cerci, dorsal (or posterior) view. 30. Left cercus, lateral view. 31. Pregonite and postgonite, left lateral view. 32. Phallus, left lateral view. 33. Phallus, apical (or ventral) view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: albj, anterior lobe of juxta; h (lp), harpes (or lateral plates); j, juxta; lbj, lobes of juxta; llbj, lateral lobe of juxta; lst, lateral styli; po, postgonite; pr, pregonite; sur, surstylus; v, vesica.
FIGURES 5–7. 5 in Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species
FIGURES 5–7. 5. Microcerella muehni, male abdominal sternites, ventral view. 6. M. acrydiorum, female abdominal sternite 7+8, ventral view. 7. M. erythropyga, female abdominal sternite 7+8, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.20 mm. The arrow shows the hump at distal part. Abbreviation: ST, sternite.
FIGURES 1–4. 1. Microcerella erythropyga, arista. 2 in Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species
FIGURES 1–4. 1. Microcerella erythropyga, arista. 2. Sarcophaga (Lipoptilocnema) lanei, arista. 3. Oxysarcodexia varia, head frontal view, male. 4. S. (L.) koehleri, head frontal view, male. Scale bars = 0.20 mm. Abbreviations: fr s, frontal setae.
FIGURES 17–21 in Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species
FIGURES 17–21. Sarcophaga, female terminalia, dorsal view (abdominal T6). 17. S. (Bercaea) africa. 18. S. (Lipoptilocnema) argyrostoma. 19. S. (L.) crassipalpis. Posterior view of female mid femur with the shining striated sensory area white circled. 20. S. (Liopygia) argyrostoma. 21. S. (L.) crassipalpis.
FIGURES 26–27 in Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species
FIGURES 26–27. Sarcophaga (Lipoptilocnema), male abdominal ST 5, ventral view. 26. S. (L.) koehleri. 27. S. (L.) lanei. Scale bars = 0.20 mm.
FIGURES 14–16. Thorax. 14. Oxysarcodexia bicolor, left lateral view. 15. O. culmiforceps, left lateral view. 16 in Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species
FIGURES 14–16. Thorax. 14. Oxysarcodexia bicolor, left lateral view. 15. O. culmiforceps, left lateral view. 16. Sarcophaga (Lipoptilocnema) koehleri, dorsal view.
FIGURES 22–25. 22 in Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species
FIGURES 22–25. 22. Oxysarcodexia marina, female abdominal ST 7+8. 23. O. paulistanensis, female abdominal ST 7+8. 24. O. bicolor, female abdominal ST 7+8. 25. Sarcophaga (Lipoptilocnema) koehleri, female abdominal ST 6 and ST 7. Scale bars = 0.20 mm. The arrows show the concavity of the sternites. Abbreviation: ST, sternite.
FIGURES 8–13 in Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species
FIGURES 8–13. Female terminalia, postero-ventral view. 8. Oxysarcodexia varia. 9. O. terminalis. 10. O. marina. 11. O. paulistanensis. 12. O. bicolor. 13. Sarcophaga (Lipoptilocnema) koehleri.
FIGURES 83–88 in Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Argentina: revision of Buenos Aires province fauna, with a pictorial key to species
FIGURES 83–88. Geographic distribution in Argentina. 83. Syllimnophora variceps. 84. Bithoracochaeta calopus. 85. B. leucoprocta. 86. Neodexiopsis geniculata. 87. N. paulistensis. 88. Spathipheromyia guttipennis. Black dots: new records; gray squares: previous distribution; grey stars: province record (inexact data). Buenos Aires province is denoted in blue.
FIGURES 66–70 in Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Argentina: revision of Buenos Aires province fauna, with a pictorial key to species
FIGURES 66–70. Geographic distribution in Argentina. 66. Gymnodia debilis. 67. G. delecta. 68. G. quadristigma. 69. Mydaea plaumanni. 70. M. sexpunctata. Black dots: new records; gray squares: previous distribution; grey stars: province record (inexact data). Buenos Aires province is denoted in blue.
FIGURES 71–76. Mydaea sexpunctata. Male. 71. Sternite 5. 72. Cercal plate, dorsal view. 73 in Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Argentina: revision of Buenos Aires province fauna, with a pictorial key to species
FIGURES 71–76. Mydaea sexpunctata. Male. 71. Sternite 5. 72. Cercal plate, dorsal view. 73. Aedeagus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Female. 74. Terminalia, dorsal view. 75. Terminalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. 76. Spermathecae. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: aed, aedeagus; aed apod, aedeagal apodeme; epiph, epiphallus; gon, gonopod; pm, paramere.
FIGURES 77–82 in Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Argentina: revision of Buenos Aires province fauna, with a pictorial key to species
FIGURES 77–82. Geographic distribution in Argentina. 77. Myospila fluminensis. 78. M. obscura. 79. Limnophora aurifacies. 80. L. brevihirta, L. marginata, and Schoenomyza argyriceps. 81. L. narona. 82. Lispe setuligera. Black dots: new records; gray squares: previous distribution; grey stars: province record (inexact data). Buenos Aires province is denoted in blue.
FIGURES 58–60. Helina nivaloides, female. 58. Terminalia, dorsal view. 59 in Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Argentina: revision of Buenos Aires province fauna, with a pictorial key to species
FIGURES 58–60. Helina nivaloides, female. 58. Terminalia, dorsal view. 59. Terminalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. 60. Spermathecae. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 61–65 in Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Argentina: revision of Buenos Aires province fauna, with a pictorial key to species
FIGURES 61–65. Geographic distribution in Argentina. 61. Dolichophaonia trigona. 62. Helina nivaloides. 63. Phaonia trispila. 64. Graphomya auriceps. 65. G. maculata. Black dots: new records; gray squares: previous distribution; grey stars: province record (inexact data). Buenos Aires province is denoted in blue.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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