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FIGURE 18 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 18. Manual phalanx (probably right phalanx III-1) of Wiehenvenator albati in medial (1), dorsal (2) and distal (3) views. Scale bar equals 50 mm.

FIGURE 9 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 9. Right lacrimal of Wiehenvenator albati in lateral (1; stereophotographs), medial (2), anterior (3; stereophotographs), posterior (4; stereophotographs), and dorsal (5) views. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fossa; d, depression; fo, foramen; lf, lacrimal fenestra; prf, facet for prefrontal; r, ridge. Scale bar equals 50 mm.

FIGURE 29 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 29. Number of Late Jurassic localities in which theropods have been recorded. The green portion of the column indicates how many of these occurrences are accounted for by the Morrison Formation.

FIGURE 15 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 15. Mid-caudal vertebra of Wiehenvenator albati in anterior (1) and lateral (2; stereophotographs) views. Abbreviations as in Figure 14, and: as, anterior spur. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 13 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 13. Dentition of Wiehenvenator albati. 1, replacement tooth in the 2nd maxillary alveolus; 2, functional tooth in the 4th maxillary alveolus; 3, probable maxillary tooth with partially preserved root (WMN P27459) in lingual view; 4-6, probable maxillary tooth with complete root (WMN P27483) in distal (4), lingual (5) and mesial (6) views; 7, mesial (posterior premaxillary or anterior dentary) tooth (WMN P27467) in labial(?) view; 8, maxillary or dentary tooth (WMN P27473) in labial(?) view; 9, detail of crown apex of WMN P27373, showing the carina that is continuous across the tip (mesial is to the left); 10-12, mesial (probably premaxillary) tooth (WMN P27456) in distal (10), labial (11) and mesial (12) views. Abbreviations: idp, interdental plates; pdl, paradental lamina. Scale bars equal 10 mm (1, 2) and 50 mm (3-12; not 9).

FIGURE 12 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 12. Right dentary of Wiehenvenator albati in lateral (1), ventral (2), and medial (3) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 9 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 9. Reconstruction of the dorsal and ventral views of the shells of the three Podocnemididae species studied here, Eocenochelus lacombianus sp. nov. (1–2), Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov. (3–4), and Eocenochelus farresi sp. nov. (5–6), compared to those of the extant Malagasy Erymnochelys madagascariensis (7–8), and the European Eocene Neochelys liriae (9–10).

FIGURE 8 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 8. Shell of the holotype of Eocenochelus farresi sp. nov., MGSB 74.641-GLV.T.45, from the upper Eocene (Priabonian) of Can Beuloví (Sobremunt, Barcelona, Spain), in dorsal (1–2) and ventral (3–4) views. Abbreviations: AB, abdominal scute; AN, anal scute; c, costal; en, entoplastron; ep, epiplastron; FE, femoral scute; GU, gular scute; hp, hypoplastron; HU, humeral scute; hy, hyoplastron; IG, intergular scute; M, marginal scute; ms, mesoplastron; n, neural; p, peripheral; PC, pectoral scute; PL, pleural scute; py, pygal; V, vertebral scute; xi, xiphiplastron.

FIGURE 4 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 4. Some elements of the carapace of the holotype of Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov., MNHN.F CGR 101, from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines, Île-de-France, France). 1–2, plates of the carapace, in dorsal and ventral views. 3–4, reconstruction of the dorsal view of the shell, showing the position of all these elements of the carapace. 4–6, details of the outer surface of some plates of the carapace: the second left peripheral (4), the distal region of the sixth right costal (5), and the proximal region of the fourth left costal (6). Abbreviations: c, costal; M, marginal scute; n, neural; p, peripheral; PL, pleural scute; py, pygal; V, vertebral scute.

FIGURE 1 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 1. Stratigraphic and paleobiogeographical distributions of the currently accepted members of Erymnochelyinae, including the European taxa described here, i.e., the representatives of the new genus Eocenochelus, belonging to the Erymnochelys group. The shell and skull symbols accompanying the name of each taxon indicate which of these elements are known. The star indicates continental Stereogenyina, and the pentagon indicates continental or littoral Stereogenyina.

FIGURE 15 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 15. Relative abundances of the glirid species within each glirid assemblage from Moncucco Torinese.

FIGURE 14 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 14. Relative abundances of the families of small mammals (chiropeterans excluded) from Moncucco Torinese. Proportions are based on nNISP (normalized number of identified specimens, see Material and methods for further details). Castoridae and Hystricidae (not visible in the graph) are present only in samples MCC3 and MCC4 respectively with only a single specimen each and are not shown herein.

FIGURE 12. 1-3 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 12. 1-3. Baranogale cf. helbingi from Moncucco Torinese. Left M1 (MGPT-PU136483). Mesial (reversed) (1), occlusal (2) and distal (3) views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 3. Skull of the holotype of Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov., MNHN.F CGR 101, from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines, Île-de-France, France), in dorsal (1–2), ventral (3–4) and right lateral (5–6) views. Abbreviations: ane, apertura narium externa; ang, angular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cm, condylus mandibularis; cpt, cavum pterygoidei; cv, cervical vertebra; den, dentary; ex, exoccipital; fct, foramen anterius chorda tympani; fo, fossa orbitalis; fpo, fenestra postotica; fpp, foramen palatinum posterius; fr, frontal; FR, frontal scute; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; IP, interparietal scute; ju, jugal; MS, masseterian scute; mx, maxilla; MX, maxillary scute; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; PA, parietal scute; pal, palatine; pf, prefrontal; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; ptp processus trochlearis pterygoidei; pw, pterygoid wing; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; SO, subocular scute.

FIGURE 10. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 10. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2. Pliocervus sp.: fragmentary skull (MGPT-PU 130574), medial (1) and lateral (2) views. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 8. Aves from Moncucco Torinese. 1 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 8. Aves from Moncucco Torinese. 1. Palaeortyx cf. gallica: right carpometacarpus (MGPT-PU 127032), ventral view. 2. Coturnix sp.: left coracoid (MGPT-PU 130574), dorsal view. 3-4. Coliidae gen. et sp. indet.: right tarsometatarsus (MGPT-PU 127020), dorsal (3) and distal (4) views. 5,7,9. Strigidae gen. et sp. indet.: 5, right tibiotarsus (MGPT-PU 127018), cranial view; right tarsometatarsus (MGPT-PU 127019) in proximal (7) and dorsal (9) views. 6. Columbidae gen. et sp. indet.: right ulna (MGPT-PU 127017), ventral view. 8. Apodidae gen. et sp. indet.: left scapula (MGPT-PU 127014), lateral view. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 7 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 7. Shell of the holotype of Eocenochelus lacombianus sp. nov., MNHN.F EBA 534, from the lower Eocene (Ypresian) of Soulane (Jonquières, Aude, France). 1–2, carapace, in dorsal view. 3–4, carapace, in ventral view. 5, reconstruction of the dorsal view of the shell, showing the position of the preserved elements of the carapace. 6–7, plastron, in ventral view. 8–9, plastron, in dorsal view. Abbreviations: AB, abdominal scute; AN, anal scute; c, costal; en, entoplastron; ep, epiplastron; FE, femoral scute; GU, gular scute; hp, hypoplastron; HU, humeral scute; hy, hyoplastron; IG, intergular scute; M, marginal scute; ms, mesoplastron; n, neural; nu, nuchal; p, peripheral; PC, pectoral scute; PL, pleural scute; py, pygal; V, vertebral scute; xi, xiphiplastron.

FIGURE 7. Reptiles from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 7. Reptiles from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2. Crocodylia indet.: isolated tooth (MGPT-PU 132316) in labial (1) and mesial (2) views. 3-4. Testudo sp: eight peripheral (MGPT-PU 132048) in external view (3) and pygal (MGPT-PU 132050) connected to the eleventh peripherals (MGPT-PU 132051-52) in external view (4). 5-8. Mauremys sp.: entoplastron (MGPT-PU 132059) in ventral view (5), right epiplastron (MGPT-PU 132320) in ventral view (6), pygal (MGPT-PU 132057) in external view (7) and tenth peripheral (MGPT-PU 132342) in external view (8). 9. cf. Euleptes sp.: left maxilla (MGPT-PU 132432) in lateral view. 10. Agamidae indet.: tooth bearing bone (MGPT-PU 132438) in lateral view. 11-12. non-Anguis Anguinae indet.: vertebra (MGPT-PU 132612) in dorsal (11) and ventral (12) views. 13- 16. cf. Lacerta sp.: right dentary (MGPT-PU 132501) in lateral (13) and medial (14) views and fused frontals (MGPTPU 132532) in dorsal (15) and ventral (16) views. 17-19. Amphisbaenia indet.: trunk vertebra (MGPT-PU 132593) in dorsal (17), ventral (18), and left lateral (19) views. 20. Scolecophidia indet.: trunk vertebra (MPUT-PU 132027) in left lateral view. 21-22. Eryx sp.: caudal vertebra (MGPT-PU 132626) in anterior (21) and left lateral (22) views; 23-25. Colubrines A: trunk vertebra (MPUT-PU 132662) in dorsal (23), ventral (24), and posterior (25) views. 26-28. Colubrines B: trunk vertebra (MPUT-PU 132663) in dorsal (26), ventral (27), and anterior (28) views. 29-30. Vipera sp. (Oriental group): trunk vertebra (MPUT-PU 1320661) in left lateral (29) and posterior (30) views. Scale bars equal 1 mm (1-2, 9-30) and 10 mm (3-6)

FIGURE 6. Amphibians from Moncucco Torinese. 1–2 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 6. Amphibians from Moncucco Torinese. 1–2. Albanerpeton sp.: right dentary (MGPT-PU 132003) in medial (1) and dorsal (2) views. 3-5. Chelotriton sp.: trunk vertebra (MGPT-PU 132302) in anterior (3), dorsal (4) and left lateral (5) views. 6-7. Lissotriton sp.: trunk vertebra (MGPT-PU 132306) in dorsal (6) and posterior (7) views. 8. Bufo gr. B. viridis: left ilium (MGPT-PU 132177) in lateral view. 9. Pelophylax sp.: right ilium (MGPT-PU 132317) in lateral view. 10. Hyla gr. H. arborea: left ilium (MGPT-PU 132201) in lateral view. 11-12. Latonia sp.: left angular (MGPT-PU 132314) in ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views. 13-14. Pelobates sp.: left ilium (MGPT-PU 132308) in medial (13) and lateral (14) views. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 11. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1, 6-7, 10-13 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 11. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1, 6-7, 10-13. Viverridae gen. et sp., indet.: fragmentary skull (MGPT-PU 130546), palatal view (1) and detail of P4 and M1 in occlusal view (6); 7, left upper canine (MGPT-PU 130573), buccal view; right lower fourth premolar (MGPT-PU 130654), occlusal (10) and buccal (11) views; 12, left radius (MGPT-PU 130572), dorsal view; 13, right metacarpal III (MGPT-PU 130512), dorsal view. 2-3. Euarctos pyrenaicus: left upper carnassial (MGPT-PU 130529), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views. 4-5, 8-9. Pantherinae gen. et sp. indet.: left premaxilla (MGPT-PU 130545), lateral (4) and ventral (5) views; right tibia (MGPT-PU 130518), dorsal (8) and distal (9) views. 14. cf. Mesopithecus pentelicus pentelicus: right lower canine (MGPT-PU 130502). 15. cf. Macaca sp.: left lower third molar (MGPT-PU 130506). The figures 14 and 15 are from Alba et al., (2014). Scale bars equal 10 mm.